In this doctoral thesis I analyzed the response of stratification in dimictic waters to climate change and management stratigies, by using one, two and three dimensional hydrodynamic models.:List of Tables v List of Figures vi List of Abbreviations x 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Thermal stratification 2 1.2. Recent studies on stratification and current research gaps 3 1.3. Main research questions and hypotheses 6 1.3.1. Assessing vertical diffusion in a stratified lake using a 3D hydrodynamic model 6 1.3.2. Stratification dynamics in Rappbode Reservoir under different wind conditions 7 1.3.3. Variable withdrawal elevations as a management tool to counter the effects of climate warming in Rappbode Reservoir 7 1.3.4. Ensemble warming projections in Rappbode Reservoir and potential adaptation strategies 8 2. Assessing vertical diffusion in a stratified lake using a 3D hydrodynamic model 9 2.1. Abstract 9 2.2. Introduction 9 2.3. Materials and Methods 11 2.3.1. Study site 11 2.3.2. Numerical model 12 2.3.3. Model setup and parameters 15 2.3.4. Calculation of vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient Kz 16 2.3.5. Model performance and uncertainty analysis 17 2.3.6. Scenarios 17 2.4. Results 18 2.4.1. Model performance and validity 18 2.4.2. Mixing conditions in the metalimnion 22 2.4.3. Effects from changing temperature and wind conditions 23 2.5. Discussion 25 2.5.1. Evaluation of the modelling approach 25 2.5.2. Opportunities and limits of the 3D hydrodynamic model 26 2.5.3. Limnological processes and lake ecosystem dynamics 27 2.6. Conclusion 28 3. Stratification dynamics in a reservoir under different wind conditions 30 3.1. Abstract 30 3.2. Introduction 30 3.3. Methods 32 3.3.1. Study site 32 3.3.2. Numerical model 33 3.3.3. Model setup and input data 33 3.3.4. Model calibration 35 3.3.5. Wind scenarios 35 3.3.6. Evaluation of simulations 37 3.4. Results 38 3.4.1. Calibration results 38 3.4.2. Statistical properties of wind velocity at Rappbode Reservoir 39 3.4.3. Scenario S1: Stratification phenology in 2015 at different wind conditions 40 3.4.4. Scenario S2: Sensitivity to wind speed under averaged meteorological conditions 41 3.4.5. Scenario S3: Effects of short-term wind events on stratification 42 3.4.6. Scenario S4: Effects of short-term wind events on stratification (seasonally varying) 45 3.5. Discussion 46 4. Variable withdrawal elevations as a management tool to counter the effects of climate warming in Germany’s largest drinking water reservoir 49 4.1. Abstract 49 4.2. Introduction 49 4.3. Methods 51 4.3.1. Study site 51 4.3.2. Numerical models 52 4.3.3. Model setup and input data 54 4.3.4. Model calibration 56 4.3.5. Scenarios 57 4.4. Results 57 4.4.1. Model calibration 57 4.4.2. Scenario S1: Influencing ice dynamics by withdrawal regime 60 4.4.3. Scenario S2: Mixing regimes under different withdrawal and warming regimes 61 4.5. Discussion 63 4.6. Conclusions 67 5. Ensemble warming projections in Germany's largest drinking water reservoir and potential adaptation strategies 68 5.1. Abstract 68 5.2. Introduction 68 5.3. Methods 70 5.3.1. Study site 70 5.3.2. Hydrodynamic model 71 5.3.3. Model setup and calibration 72 5.3.4. Response of thermal structure to climate change 74 5.3.5. Alternative management scenarios using different withdrawal strategies 75 5.3.6. Thermal indices and statistics 75 5.4. Results 76 5.4.1. Model calibration 76 5.4.2. Climate projections 78 5.4.3. Response of thermal structure to climate change 79 5.4.4. Interaction between climate warming and alternative withdrawal scenarios 83 5.5. Discussion and conclusions 85 6. General discussion 88 6.1. Evaluating performance of the applied models 88 6.2. The response of thermal dynamics and vertical diffusion to climate change 89 6.2.1. The response of thermal structure and vertical exchange to variations in wind speed 89 6.2.2. The response of winter stratification to increase in air temperature 90 6.2.3. The response of thermal dynamics to different future climate projections 92 6.3. The effect of selective withdrawal strategy on modifying the thermal structure in Rappbode Reservoir under climate change 93 6.4. Additional perspectives 95 6.4.1. Modelling in connective systems 95 6.4.2. Future changes of vertical diffusion 95 6.4.3. Near-term forecast 96 7. References 97 References to own articles used in this thesis 110 Other papers accepted or under review during the PhD study 111 Appendix 2 112 Appendix 3 114 Appendix 4 120

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In step with the development of society, new social phenomena develop where ”acute social withdrawl” is one of them. Acute social withdrawl is a phenomenon that is about individuals ending up in a social isolation where they withdraw from different relationships and contexts, such as school. Problematic school absenteeism is something that student health works withdaily so students don´t become acute social withdrawn. Based on previous research, we find that early coordinated interventions are significant for the preventive work towards individuals who are at risk for becoming acute social withdrawn. However, we see a knowledge gap in how this type of work should be performed. Through a qualitativ studie in the form of semistructured interviews, we interviewed six people who work actively in a student health team to gain deeper understanding of their work with early interventions. The theories we used to analyze the empirical meterial are Collaboration, Systems theory and Empowerment. Based on our study, we could see several conclusions. For example, we saw that the different interviewees had different functioning processes to draw attention to the students needs, and that collaboration with external organisations worked differently in different municipalities. This is due to the availability, resorurces and willinggness. That it´s not only being meetings and meetings without any results. Based on this, we can se that student health´s work with early coordinated interventions is limited and instead we saw that the interviewees themselves, in their professional role had to find their own 3(64)strategies. In Conclusion, we can see that a group perspective is lacking inte work, as there is a lot of individual focus.

<p>This dissertation takes a multi-level approach to studying attrition and time-to-completion (TTC) in Canadian graduate programs. I draw on three distinct data sources to provide macro, meso, and micro-level analyses of the characteristics, program features, and other aspects that affect graduate student outcomes. My research is informed by existing attrition models and frameworks and takes a policy sociology approach to providing evidence-based recommendations to be implemented at government, institution, and department levels.</p> <p>My meso-level analysis presented in chapter two uses logistic regression and discrete-time survival analysis with time-varying covariates to analyze data from the Youth in Transition Survey, Cohort B. The pre-entry attributes identified in Tinto’s (1993) model of attrition are examined to help to uncover the type of student most likely to dropout of graduate school. Certain demographic and background characteristics, such as being married and having children, are shown to reduce the likelihood of graduating, while academic performance and experiences tend to be most relevant for entry to graduate school.</p> <p>My third chapter presents my meso-level analysis of TTC and completion rates for thirteen doctoral programs at Carleton University using publically available data for six cohorts. In an effort to deepen our understanding of the variation that exists, program requirements, obtained from archived graduate calendars, are coded and included in my analysis. The results show that at the faculty level, Science reports the lowest average TTC, only slightly lower than Engineering, and Social Sciences have substantially longer average TTC. Completion rates are also shown to vary by discipline and faculty, with Science again reporting the highest completion rates and Social Sciences the lowest. In addition to differences by faculty and disciplines, certain program requirements are found to be negatively associated with successfully completing a doctoral degree.</p> <p>The fourth chapter contains my micro-level analysis of two Sociology departments in two Ontario research intensive universities. My research was informed by interviews with completers, non-completers, and faculty I shed light on the process of attrition and barriers to timely completion. This chapter highlights how aspirations differ between groups of students, and how a department’s climate can have indirect effects on student outcomes. Faculty and students are shown to have some different perceptions of factors that lead to non-completion and the importance of supervisory relationships is found to be paramount to both student experiences and outcomes. Students face many challenges throughout their journey in the doctoral program, but many can be overcome through a department’s recognition of challenges faced as well as a commitment to improve them. Additionally, this paper highlights barriers to timely completion and reasons for withdrawal.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This study aims to investigate if taking individuals' chosen time of withdrawing occupational pension into account can be used to better predict the future mortality intensities which describes the probability of death in a given time interval. The main underlying hypothesis for why there would be a difference lies in the fact that some individuals could receive more pension benefits by choosing a withdrawal time based on his or her own expectation of remaining lifespan. In particular individuals that do not expect to live long after retirement could receive more benefits before death by choosing to withdraw his or her money as fast as possible. To explore if such a relationship exists and is significant enough data provided by Alecta is analyzed. This data provides among others the chosen withdrawal time and recorded deaths. Based on this dataset three models are created each with their own advantages and disadvantages.  The first model is a pure empirical model which simply shows the processed data after calculations have been made, showing the exact data in a more comprehensive form. The second model is a Makeham model which assumes that the mortality intensity is distributed according to the Makeham formula in the studied age range. This model allows random noise to be smoothed out and allows predictions of the mortality intensity in ages not studied. The third model is a Logistic regression model. This model considers two cases, death or no death and based on observed data the model predicts the probability that an individual will die given an age and withdrawal time. The logistic regression model is a robust model which allows stable predictions even where data is scarce. From the results of the three models it was concluded that for men there is a clear difference in mortality intensity between limited withdrawal times where shorter withdrawal times have higher mortality intensity and longer withdrawal times have lower mortality intensity. For women there were signs that the same is also true, however the evidence for this was weak.  The difference in mortality intensity was more pronounced in the first years after retirement and in particular longer withdrawal times had a very low mortality intensity. This was seen for both men and women.  When the mortality intensity was weighed based on the size of individuals' benefits the differences were much more pronounced for both men and women. Indicating that those with larger benefits to a greater extent chose their withdrawal time based on his or her own expectation of remaining lifespan. Almost all results agreed with what would be expected based on the underlying hypothesis with one exception, lifelong withdrawal. For lifelong withdrawal both men and women had a significantly higher mortality intensity that would be expected if individuals aim to maximize their received benefits. This was likely explained by lifelong serving as a default or safe option for many individuals which would lead to the option being dominated by these individuals rather than those aiming to maximize their received benefits. / Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka om vetskapen om individers val av tjänstepensionens utbetalningstid kan användas för att bättre förutsäga en grupps framtida dödlighetsintensitet. Den primära underliggande hypotesen för varför ett sådant samband skulle finnas beror på att det finns individer som skulle kunna få ut mer pengar från sin tjänstepension genom att välja en utbetalningstid baserat på deras egna kännedom om sin förväntade återstående livslängd. Ett tydligt exempel på detta är en individ som har starka skäl att tro att hen inte kommer att leva länge efter att ha gått i pension. Genom att välja en kort utbetalningstid skulle denna individ få större utbetalningar under de åren utbetalningstiden gäller.  För att utröna om ett sådant förhållande finns och är signifikant så analyseras data från Alecta. Denna data innehåller bland annat information om vald utbetalningstid och noterade dödsfall. Baserat på denna underliggande data skapas tre modeller, var och en med styrkor och svagheter.  Den första modellen är en ren empirisk modell som visar behandlad data efter att beräkningar gjorts på denna. Detta innebär att modellen visar den exakta datan i en annan för analysens skull mer användbar form. Den andra modellen är en Makeham modell vilken antar att dödlighetsintensiteten följer Makehams formel under de studerade åldrarna. Denna modell möjliggör utslätning av avvikelser orsakade av slump, dessutom möjliggör det förutsägelser där data saknas. Den tredje modellen är en logistisk regressionsmodell vilken beaktar två fall, dödsfall eller icke dödsfall. Baserat på tillgänglig data förutspår modellen sannolikheten att en individ kommer att dö vid en given ålder med given utbetalningstid. Detta är en robust modell som möjliggör stabila uppskattningar även där mängden data är begränsad. Baserat på de tre modellernas resultat kunde slutsatsen dras att det finns en tydlig skillnad i dödlighetsintensitet mellan olika utbetalningstider för män. Särskilt kunde det ses att kortare utbetalningstider hade högre dödlighetsintensitet och längre utbetalningstider hade lägre dödlighetsintensitet. För kvinnor fanns det tecken på att samma sak gäller, men resultaten hade i detta fall låg tillförlitlighet. När man istället vägde resultatet baserat på storleken av individernas totala tjänstepension blev skillnaden mycket större både för män och kvinnor. Detta indikerar att de individer som har stora förmåner i större utsträckning väljer en tjänstepension baserat på deras egna förväntningar på sin återstående livslängd. Resultaten stämmer i stor utsträckning överens med vad som förväntades baserat på den underliggande hypotesen med ett undantag, livslångt uttag. Av de män och kvinnor som valde livslångt uttag observerades en dödlighetsintensitet som var betydligt högre än förväntat utifrån vad som förväntades utifrån ett antagande om att individer försöker maximera hur mycket de får utbetalt. Sannolikt kan detta resultat förklaras med att många som hade livslångt uttag gjorde det antingen för att det var standard eller för att det är det säkra alternativet. Detta skulle innebära att alternativet domineras av dessa individer snarare än individer som försöker maximera hur mycket tjänstepension de får utbetalt.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) impacts 5.6 million people in the US. Buprenorphine (BUP) is a commonly prescribed opioid medication used to treat OUD, including in pregnant women. However, opioid use during pregnancy is associated with poorer infant outcomes including reduced fetal growth, neurodevelopmental deficits, and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). Recent clinical data suggests that providing mothers with a lower dose of BUP may result in fewer negative outcomes in infants. Here, a preclinical rodent model of low-dose perinatal BUP exposure was used to study offspring health outcomes in the neonate, juvenile, and adolescent offspring. Dams were given clinically relevant doses of BUP prior to and throughout gestation, and continuing through weaning to mimic human doses and exposure. Although the lowest BUP dose still elicited signs of NOWS in offspring, there were fewer negative effects on overall brain morphology across the early lifespan than that of the higher BUP dose compared to controls.

This item contains the agenda, minutes, and attachments for the Faculty Senate meeting on this date. There may be additional materials from the meeting available at the Faculty Center.

The aim of this thesis is to draw attention to the serious problem of drug addiction among adolescents who are abusing addictive substances or marijuana. This increasingly important issue is discussed a lot, but very often neglected by the society. This thesis provides definitions and characteristics of individual drugs and their effects on adolescents. The need for prevention and treatment of adolescent clients is emphasized, alongside with the family support, which is often crucial. In the practical part, the author of the thesis focuses on organizations that are critically important in this field. These organizations focus on prevention, counseling services, social inclusion and treatment facilities (inpatient and outpatient services), etc. Their characteristics and methods of client treatment are described. Furthermore, in this work the author presents a survey that confirms the findings of some detailed quantitative research papers. The main findings are that drug abuse is a major problem of this century and also a burden on society, especially on the adolescents themselves. The solution is very complicated and time consuming, but everyone can contribute by not being indifferent to this problem.