Det finns många läkare som arbetar deltid, sjukskrivs eller byter jobb på grund av ett påfrestande arbetsmiljö. Syftet med min studie är att identifiera läkarens upplevelse av arbetsrelaterad stress inom vårdcentral. Metoden som valdes är en kvalitativ metod där jag använder halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Två kategorier och fyra subkategorier av upplevelse av arbetsrelaterad stress hos läkare identifierades: faktorer som påverkar stress i arbetet, egna strategier för stresshantering, tidsbrist, ledarskap, brister i organisatorisk och social arbetsmiljö, upplevelse av krav och förväntningar. Informanterna upplevde att deras stress orsakades av brister i den organisatoriska och sociala arbetsmiljön. Läkarens arbete kan förstås påverkas negativt av upplevd stress. Arbetsrelaterad stress kan påverka negativt läkarens bedömningsförmåga vilket ställer patienterna i risk för felbedömningar. / There are many doctors who work part-time, are laid off or change jobs because of a stressful work environment. The purpose of my study is to identify the physician's experience of work-related stress in a health center. The method chosen is a qualitative method where I used semi-structured interviews. Two categories and four subcategories of high of work-related stress were identified: factors affecting stress at work, own strategies for stress management, lack of time, leadership, deficiencies in organizational and social work environment, demands and expectations. It was found that the respondents experienced stress was caused by problems in the organizational and social work environment. The physician's work can be adversely affected by high stress. Work-related stress can adversely affect the physician's judgment, which puts patients at risk of misjudgment.

Individual distress in the work-place has been cited as the cause of enormous loss of productivity and income, and has therefore attracted much attention from researchers and therapists alike. However, an extensive literature study reveals that in the field of work-related distress and its management, there appears to be discontinuity, a diversity of opinion and even confusion with regard to definitions, causes and possible remedies for the problem. It is suggested that this situation has been brought about and is being perpetuated by the Newtonian/Cartesian epistemological foundation on which most thinking in the field is based. It is further suggested that an epistemology informed by ecosystemic, constructivist principles could facilitate a way of thinking which would be more useful in this context. A case study was done in accordance with the above-mentioned ideas, which served as an investigation of their usefulness in a situation of reported work-related stress. On the basis of the information which emerged from the study, it is concluded that an ecosystemic approach can indeed provide a useful basis for understanding such situations. Furthermore, it is suggested that there are certain commonalities between such situations which are primarily founded in contexts in which the individual finds himself faced with contradictory demands which are not acknowledged as such. Finally, the point is made that if, in accordance with a constructivist viewpoint, "stress" is understood to be a social construction rather than an absolute condition, then the traditional way of thinking provides us with descriptions of man, society and the relationship between them, which are negative and may also be reflexively destructive. However, since constructivism allows for a different construction to be brought forth, we may utilise ecosystemic thinking to provide a more optimistic view. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Studien behandlar huruvida en del kontorsanställda akademiker upplevde stress som en konsekvens av till synes god arbetsmiljö med hög grad av krav, kontroll och gott stöd. Frågeställningen behandlar vilka arbetsmiljöfaktorer som upplevdes kunna orsaka hög stress, huruvida några av dessa faktorer var tidigare kända som salutogena samt huruvida dessa faktorer kan ligga bakom eventuella skillnader i upplevd stress mellan avdelningarna. Insamling av data utfördes med hjälp av intervjuer med tio respondenter, nio kvinnor och en man, från två olika avdelningar inom samma organisation. Frågor ställdes kring respondenternas upplevda krav, kontroll, stöd, engagemang samt stress i arbetet. Resultatet visade att graden av stress varierade mellan avdelningarna, främst på grund av obalans mellan krav och kontroll samt bristfälligt instrumentellt socialt stöd inom den ena avdelningen. Vidare fann författarna att tidigare kända salutogena faktorer så som exempelvis kontroll och sociala kontakter kan ha visat sig ge negativa konsekvenser för respondenternas mentala hälsa. Därutöver fann författarna att otydliga arbetsbeskrivningar var en bidragande faktor till arbetsrelaterad stress inom båda avdelningarna. / The study addresses whether some office working graduates experienced stress as a result of a seemingly favorable work environment with a high degree of demands, control and support. The issue concerns which work environment factors that were perceived to cause high stress, whether any of these factors were previously known as salutogenic and whether these factors could be behind any differences in perceived stress between departments. Collection of empirical data was done using interviews with ten respondents, nine women and one man, from two different departments within the same organization. Questions were asked regarding the respondents' experience of demands, control, support, commitment and work related stress. The results showed that the degree of stress varied between departments, mainly due to an imbalance between demand and control and deficient instrumental social support within one department. Furthermore, the authors found that previously known salutogenic factors, such as control and social contacts were shown to have had negative consequences for the respondents' mental health. In addition, the authors found unclear job descriptions to be a contributing factor to the work-related stress in both departments.

The mental ill-health is a growing social problem and the cause to a third of the sick leaves. Organizational and social motives is the primary reason to occupational disease among women. Notwithstanding, work environment offense due to lacks in organizational and social work environment have never lead to conviction. The aim of the essay is to find an explanation to this matter, by examine the legal framework of work environment offense. To further contextualize the problem, a perspective of equality makes it possible to emphasize the differences of how men and women will be affected by the regulation. The subject is highly current, since binding regulations, AFS 2015:4, has been imposed since shortly one year ago. Therefore, an analysis of the value of this regulation in future prosecution has been done. The method of jurisprudence has been used to fulfil the aim of the essay. The results of the essay indicates that the review of work environment offense due to lacks in organizational and social work environment mainly causes problems when finding adequate causality. The primary reasons to this is related to the nature of stress and the legality principle. Stress can hardly be related to a separate variable, which makes it hard to prove it is strictly work related. This reason also makes it hard to legislate regulations that live up to the principle of legal certainly. In my power of judge, despite clearer regulation in AFS 2015:4, reviews of work environment offense will continue being problematic. The perspective of equality clearly shows that problems reviewing work environment offense due to lacks in organizational and social work environment to a great extent affects women in a negative matter.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur nyutexaminerade och erfarna socialsekreterare upplever sin nuvarande arbetsroll inom socialtjänsten. Tidigare forskning visar att stöd från arbetsgivaren och erfarenhet är två viktiga aspekter för hur socialsekreterare hanterar sitt arbete. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för studien är ”krav- och kontrollmodellen” samt ”coping”. Med dessa teorier kan vi få en större förståelse för strukturer och individens egna strategier för att hantera krävande arbetssituationer. Studien utgörs av en kvalitativ ansats med sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som arbetar inom socialtjänsten. Resultatet visade att erfarenhet inte behöver betyda att man har den bästa copingstrategin eller förmågan att hantera pressade arbetssituationer. Hantering av krav var det som var viktigast för att klara av att arbeta under pressade arbetsförhållanden. Slutligen konstaterar vi att både de nyutexaminerade och erfarna socialsekreterarna använder sig av känslomässig- och problemfokuserad coping. De som använde sig av problemfokuserad coping var de som kunde lämna arbetet utan att tänka på sina klienter under sin fritid. / The purpose of this study is to investigate how graduates and practiced social workers experience their current job in social services. Previous research shows that support from the employer and previous job experience are two important aspects of how social workers deal with their work. The theoretical basis for the study is ”demand- control model” and  ”coping ". With these theories, we can gain a greater understanding of the structures and the individual's own strategies for dealing with demanding work situations. The study consists of a qualitative approach with six semi-structured interviews with people working in the social service sector. The result showed that the experience does not necessarily mean that you have the best coping strategy or the ability to handle stressful work situations. Being able to manage set standards and demands was of most importance when working under stressful conditions. Finally, we noticed that both the newly graduated and the experienced social workers use emotional- and problem focused coping. Those who used problem focused coping were those who could be off work and not think about their clients.

The diploma thesis concentrates on the topic of occupational health and safety of healthcare workers in intensive care unit. The main topic of the theoretical part is the definition of the term occupational health and safety, summarization of its contents and clarification of the law regulation concerning subject. The main purpose of the empiric part is to find out whether the healthcare employees that work in intensive care unit follow the principles of occupational health and safety. The research questions are supposed to find out how thoroughly are these principles followed, whether the staff is sufficiently informed about occupational health and safety, what are the most frequent causes of its violation and if the staff knows their risk that come from breaking the rules of health and safety principles. Furthermore these questions should find out, which positive factors influence the following of occupational health and safety on the intensive unit workplace. The questions also research, whether the healthcare management has set good training and inspection of adhering to occupational health and safety rules. The data needed to come up with the previously mentioned results have been processed in the form of qualitative and quantitative research. The statistic evaluation is done though the...

Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns mellanchefer som anser att deras arbetsrelaterade stress är relaterad till krav från både över- och underordnade (Skagert, Dellve, Eklöf, Ljung, Pousette & Ahlborg, 2004). Syftet med den föreliggande studien var att i en offentlig organisation undersöka om mellanchefers upplevda arbetskrav från över- och underordnade har samband med deras upplevda arbetsrelaterade stressnivå. Följande frågeställning formulerades: I vilken grad kan upplevda arbetskrav från överordnade, underordnade, ålder och antal år som mellanchef predicera grad av upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress. Deltagarna i studien var 63 mellanchefer, varav 52 kvinnor och 11 män. Resultatet visade att upplevda arbetskrav från underordnade var den enda oberoende variabeln som statistiskt signifikant predicerade uplevd arbetsrelaterad stress. Antal år som mellanchef hade en negativ statistiskt signifikant korrelation med upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress. Dessa resultat var delvis i linje med presenterad teori och tidigare forskning. / Previous research has shown that middle managers believe that their work-related stress is connected to the demands from both superiors and subordinates (Skagert, Dellve, Eklöf, Heather, Pousette & Ahlborg, 2004). The aim of the present study was to in a public organization investigate whether the middle managers perceived job demands from superiors and subordinates are related to their perceived work-related stress level. The following research question was formulated: To what extent can the perceived job demands from superiors, subordinates, age and number of years as middle manager predict levels of perceived work-related stress. Participants in the study consisted of 63 middle managers (52 women and 11 men). The results showed that perceived job demands from subordinates were the only independent variable that statistically significantly predicted perceived work-related stress. Number of years as middle manager had a negative statistically significant correlation with perceived work-related stress. These results were partially in line with the presented theory and previous research.

Chronische Schmerzerkrankungen beeinflussen die Arbeitsfähigkeit deutlich. Ziel dieser systematischen Übersichtsarbeit ist es, arbeitsbezogene Studienendpunkte in randomisierten, placebokontrollierten Studien zu chronischen Schmerzerkrankungen und schmerzhaften rheumatologischen Erkrankungen zu analysieren. Datenbanktreffer einer Literaturrecherche in Medline (Pubmed) wurden als Abstracts gesichtet und potentiell relevante Studien danach im Volltext beurteilt. Die methodologische Studienqualität wurde mit der Oxford Quality Scale (OQS) bewertet. Verfügbare arbeitsbezogene und schmerzbezogene Endpunkte wurden in Meta-Analysen mit Hilfe von einem „fixed effect model“ oder einem „random effects model“ zusammengefasst. Lineare Regressionen zwischen arbeitsbezogenen Endpunkten und schmerzbezogenen Endpunkten wurden durchgeführt. Insgesamt 31 Publikationen mit einer Gesamtzahl von 11434 Patienten berichten über arbeitsbezogene Studienendpunkte; dies waren nur ungefähr 0,23% aller relevanten Publikationen. Eine Meta-Analyse aller arbeitsbezogenen Endpunkte, ohne Unterteilung nach vorgenommener Behandlung und der spezifischen vorliegenden Erkrankung, konnte einen allgemeinen Behandlungserfolg von 0,35, ausgedrückt als standardisierte Mittelwertsdifferenz (SMD), mit einem 95%-Konfidenzintervall (95%-KI) von 0,21 bis 0,50 beschreiben. Eine umfassende Meta-Analyse der Schmerzendpunkte derselben Studien ergab eine allgemeine Verbesserung bezüglich schmerzbezogener Endpunkte von 0,40, ausgedrückt als SMD (95%-KI: 0,25; 0,55). Weitere Meta-Analysen zeigten statistisch signifikante Verbesserungen in den Behandlungsgruppen für die folgenden Parameter: Beeinträchtigungen bei der Arbeit (0,62 Punkte auf einer 0- bis 10-Punkte-Skala; 95%-KI: 0,45; 0,79), Arbeitsproduktivität (SMD 0,53; 95%-KI: 0,18; 0,88), 30%ige Schmerzverbesserung relativ zu Studienbeginn (ausgedrückt als Verbesserung des relativen Risikos (RR) von 33%; 95%-KI: 15%; 53%) und 50%ige Schmerzverbesserung relativ zu Studienbeginn (RR 46%; 95%-KI: 22%; 74%), 20%iges (RR 184%; 95%-KI: 86%; 334%), 50%iges (RR 237%; 95%-KI: 84%; 715%) und 70%iges (RR 232%; 95%-KI: 65%; 571%) Ansprechen der Patienten bezogen auf die Kriterien des „American College of Rheumatology“ (ACR). Ergebnisse Arbeitsfehlzeiten und Beschäftigungsverhältnisse betreffend waren heterogen und nicht aussagekräftig. Lineare Regressionensanalysen von sowohl kontinuierlichen arbeitsbezogenen mit kontinuierlichen schmerzbezogenen Endpunkten, als auch von kontinuierlichen arbeitsbezogenen Endpunkten mit kategorischen schmerzbezogenen Ansprechraten, belegten einen statistisch signifikanten Zusammenhang. Abschließend kann berichtet werden, dass arbeitsbezogene Endpunkte nur sehr selten in placebokontrollierten Studien zu chronischen Schmerzerkrankungen untersucht wurden, und dass, wenn sie berichtet wurden, die Endpunkte und Berichterstattung heterogen waren. Es konnten wiederholt statistisch signifikante Behandlungseffekte für verschiedene arbeitsbezogene Endpunkte nachgewiesen werden. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine starke lineare Relation zwischen arbeitsbezogenen Endpunkten und schmerzbezogenen Endpunkten vorliegt.

Les troubles musculo-squelettiques de l’épaule constituent un problème majeur de santé au travail. Le principal mécanisme à l’origine de ces pathologies est le conflit sous-acromial, dont le développement est intimement lié à la qualité du contrôle neuromusculaire de l’épaule. Nos données montrent que les tâches expérimentales classiquement utilisées pour l’exploration des facteurs de développement du conflit sous-acromial sont insuffisantes pour rendre compte de la complexité du contrôle neuromusculaire mis en jeu lors des tâches industrielles. Il semble primordial que les actions de lutte contre les TMS considèrent la réalité de l’organisation motrice à l’origine de leur développement. L’application dans ce travail de la technique d’enregistrement électromyographique au secteur industriel met en évidence la pertinence de cet outil afin d’orienter et d’évaluer les actions ergonomiques qui visent à réduire la charge musculo-squelettique. Un moyen complémentaire de lutte contre les TMS a été proposé afin de pallier aux limites propres à la démarche ergonomique. Il s’agit d’un exercice de recentrage dynamique de la tête humérale exécuté en chaîne cinétique fermée, déployé lors d’un programme d’intervention destiné aux opérateurs ayant des symptômes de conflit sous-acromial. Nos données mettent en évidence une diminution de la douleur et une amélioration de la fonction de l’épaule suite à cette intervention. Les bénéfices associés à cette démarche répondent au double enjeu de santé et de performance, essentiel pour les individus comme pour l’entreprise. Finalement, l’ensemble des contributions expérimentales et des applications industrielles présentées dans ce travail de thèse souligne le rôle central que peuvent jouer les spécialistes de la motricité humaine dans la démarche de lutte contre les TMS. Leur intégration dans les équipes pluridisciplinaires de prévention constitue un réel enjeu pour la réduction de ce risque professionnel majeur / Shoulder disorders represent a major health problem at the workplace. The most common shoulder disorder is the subacromial impingement syndrome. Shoulder neuromuscular control has a critical role in the development of shoulder disorders. Our data show that the experimental tasks generally use to investigate subacromial impingement causative factors are insufficient to represent the complexity of shoulder neuromuscular control involved during industrial tasks. It is essential that workplace interventions take into consideration the actual motor control associated with the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The use of the electromyography in the industrial context, during this thesis work, highlights the interest of this tool in order to conduct and evaluate ergonomic interventions that aimed to reduce exposure to physical risk factors. Another work-related musculoskeletal disorder management way was proposed as a supplement to ergonomic interventions. It is about a dynamic closed chain humeral head centering exercise performed by assembly line workers with clinical signs of subacromial impingement syndrome. Our data demonstrated that the intervention program was effective in decreasing shoulder pain as well as improving shoulder function. This study underlined the relevance of therapeutic exercises for shoulder disorders management at the workplace. Finally, the whole of this thesis work highlights the decisive role of specialists in human motor analysis for work-related musculoskeletal disorders management

The background of this study derives from the fact that the auditing sector is characterized by excessive workload, psychological ill-health and high staff turnover. Prior research emphasizes the effects on chartered accountants, auditing quality and organizational consequences. The purpose of this study is therefore to examine junior auditor’s individual well-being, hence the research question: What is the relationship between workload, role conflict and role ambiguity together with psychological well-being of junior auditors? Cooper and Marshalls theory of occupational sources of stress is the basis for this study and the research model originates from Jones, Norman and Wier. A survey was sent to 201 junior auditors in Stockholm working within Big Four, furthermore, to answer the research question at hand, hypothesis testing is applied. Results of this study shows that work overload is the most prominent of the examined variables, but psychological ill-health could possibly derive from other non-studied factors. Conclusively, the study shows that junior auditors neither experience role conflict or role ambiguity, and therefore, solely workload has a negative effect on occupational stress and psychological illhealth. Further researchers should conduct a qualitative study in order to gain greater understanding of the individuals, but also to examine whether other variables can affect junior auditors. / Bakgrunden till denna studie är att revisionsbranschen präglas av hög arbetsbelastning, psykisk ohälsa och personalomsättning, där tidigare forskning lagt stor vikt vid att undersöka auktoriserade revisorer, revisionskvalitén och organisatoriska konsekvenser. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att lägga fokus på juniora revisorers individuella välbefinnande, och således blir forskningsfrågan: Hur ser sambandet ut mellan arbetsbelastning, rollkonflikt samt rolltvetydighet och juniora revisorers psykologiska välbefinnande? Teorin som ligger till grund för detta arbete är Cooper och Marshalls teori om källor till arbetsrelaterad stress, och forskningsmodellen som används i denna studie är en modifiering av Jones, Norman och Wiers. En enkät skickades ut till 201 juniora revisorer inom Big Four och 60 svar erhölls, för att kunna besvara forskningsfrågan tillämpades hypotesprövningar. Resultatet visar att arbetsbelastning är den mest betydande av de undersökta variablerna, dock kan försämrat psykologiskt välbefinnande även föranledas av andra faktorer som inte undersöks i denna studie. Slutsatsen är därmed att juniora revisorer varken upplever rollkonflikt eller rolltvetydighet, och studie har således funnit att endast arbetsbelastning påverkar den arbetsrelaterade stressen och det psykologiska välbefinnandet negativt. Förslag till vidare forskning är att utföra kvalitativa studier för att uppnå en djupare förståelse av individen, men även studera andra faktorer som kan påverka de juniora revisorerna.