Albert Baldwin Wood and his screw pumps modernized New Orleans by bringing flood-free streets and cleaner water to the city while providing the potential for growth by pumping swamp lands dry. While Wood was never part of the local Progressive movement, his work with the pumps fit with Progressive initiatives for modernization. At first, the screw pumps removed rain water from the streets. Then New Orleans expanded the drainage to include sewerage removal and water purification. The pumps successfully drained thousands of acres of land once considered uninhabitable swamp land. This additional land extended New Orleans city limits but also aided in the acceleration of residential segregation. Cities from around the world used the designs for the screw pump and consulted Wood for advice on drainage systems.

The aim of the diploma thesis was to find out, which of the chosen abiotic and biotic habitat parameters different species and their hybrid groups of European fire-bellied toads prefer. The subject of the thesis was also to revise the already known locations of occurrence and to find new locations in the hybrid zone of Kaplicko and Českobudějovicko. I have monitored four new founded posts and thirteen already known posts in seven locations. I evaluated two posts as ceased, because the pool in such a location has been rebuilt for fish pond management. One location has been degraded by building waste. Another one has ceased to exist because there has been built a new family house at the post. Four posts were regularly without findings because of excessive drought. My monitoring was based on the method of complete capturing and the determination was made on the basis of the pattern of aposematic coloration on the bellies of the caught toads. I also determined the degree of hybridization (hybrid index) according to this pattern. I classified nine posts in five locations in total, of which four of them have been newly found. On the basis of obtained results I decided with the help of the Pearson correlation coefficient some parameters were not confirmative: a perimeter, an area, a depth and vegetation presence. Sun exposure, forest distance and the altitude of the posts showed to be statistically significant.

Individuals within fish populations differ in many traits, such as sex, life-history, habitat residence, diet, and morphology. Such trait differences among individuals (i.e. intra-population variation) may be greater than the differences among populations (i.e. inter-population variation). My dissertation examines intra-population variation, with a focus on trophic relationships and morphology; as well as how variation in these attributes may reflect differences in bioaccumulation of contaminants. The second chapter of my dissertation examines the influence of spatial-temporal variation on the trophic structures of round goby (Neogobius melanstomus) and two age classes of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) within Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. Using stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, δ18O) and stomach contents as trophic indicators, I examined variation of diets. I found that spatial variation had a greater impact on diet indicators than both annual and seasonal variation. This spatial variation could represent a form of compartmentalization within the community of fish residing in Saginaw Bay, and could provide stability to the community. Chapter three of my dissertation examines intra-population variation in yellow perch morphology through a series of mesocosm experiments. My first mesocosm study determined that yellow perch could be experimentally manipulated to display divergent morphologies using simulated habitats, specifically pelagic and littoral habitats. Following this experiment, I focused on specific environmental drivers (structure, prey resources, and predation risk) as possible influences on yellow perch morphology. Within experimental pools, I exposed yellow perch to one of four treatments (an open pool, a structured pool, pools with chironomid prey resources and pools with a perceived, olfactory, predation risk) in the summer of 2015. Following exposure to these treatments I examined the morphological changes in yellow perch in magnitude and direction. I observed that while each treatment induced some difference in morphology, the open and structured treatments had the greatest magnitude of difference. I repeated the open and structure treatments during the following summer (2016). Again, I found that structure and open morphologies could be induced by my mesocosm treatments, but also observed that shapes differed from the previous year’s structure and open treatments. Finally, my fourth chapter examined how variation in trophic niches and morphology may reflect variation in contaminant concentration of fish in their natural environment. In this chapter, I extended my work with yellow perch to also include black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and examined fish from 5 northern Indiana glacial lakes. Using model inference techniques, I found that variation in mercury was closely associated with not only fish total length, but also stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and morphology. Interestingly, morphology-related variables of both species were strong predictors of mercury concentration in fish, following total length. Together, the chapters within my dissertation highlight the importance of considering intra-population variation, in which local factors such as habitat conditions and prey availability can influence individual variation in trophic structuring and morphology. These in turn may reflect other attributes of interest, such as the accumulation of contaminants.

A cada dia os relatos sobre acidentes por escorpiões vêm aumentando no Brasil, com frequentes casos fatais. Dentre os escorpiões que compõem a fauna brasileira temos o Tityus serrulatus, considerado o mais perigoso por conta de sua facilidade adaptativa em centros urbanos e das manifestações clínicas severas em vítimas acidentadas, como febre, agitação psicomotora, hipertensão arterial seguida de hipotensão e edema pulmonar agudo. Dentre os componentes da peçonha se destacam os peptídeos estruturados por ligações dissulfeto, que são abundantemente relatados na literatura e atuam em canais de Na+ e K+. Ao contrário, os peptídeos lineares são pouco caracterizados. A partir desta premissa, nosso grupo identificou peptídeos lineares do veneno através de um screening empregando a enzima elastase. Esta enzima foi escolhida por estar envolvida em processos inflamatórios exacerbados, como em casos de edema pulmonar agudo, que é um dos principais sintomas do escorpionismo. Encontramos mais de 700 sequências peptídicas onde, através de um criterioso processo com o uso de bancos de dados de sequências depositadas e a literatura, selecionamos nove moléculas inéditas (TsP1 a TsP9) e duas já estudadas (hipotensinas I e II) para a síntese. Dentre estas moléculas, identificamos possíveis criptídeos advindos da Ts19 e moléculas com processamento diferenciado envolvendo a combinação de sequências peptídicas diferentes (peptídeos quiméricos), primeiramente relatadas e investigadas na peçonha do T. serrulatus neste trabalho. Além da elastase, utilizamos as enzimas de importância médica tripsina, ECA e NEP e os peptídeos sintéticos em nossos estudos, visando aumentar o conhecimento dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos no escorpionismo e, também, com base no potencial biotecnológico de moléculas capazes de exercerem modulações das atividades destas peptidases. Destacaram-se peptídeos que podem ter ação em processos inflamatórios, uma vez que foram capazes de aumentar a atividade da elastase e tripsina, com destaque para o TsP5, que também apresentou citotoxidade intermediária. Alguns peptídeos aumentaram a atividade da ECA, sendo o peptídeo TsP2 capaz de potencializar a ação da bradicinina in vivo. A hipotensina I foi caracterizada como um inibidor não competitivo da NEP (Ki = 4,35 µM), podendo indicar a possível inibição desta metalopeptidase nos casos de hipotensão, onde a hipotensina I pode agir de forma sinérgica com o [des-Arg1]-Proctolin (Ki = 0,94 µM para a NEP), outro peptídeo linear do veneno caracterizado por nosso grupo. Os peptídeos não foram reconhecidos pelos soros antiescorpiônico e antiaracnídico produzidos pelo Instituto Butantan podendo indicar limitações na imunoterapia utilizada no tratamento das vítimas. Por fim, além dos novos peptídeos identificados, finalizamos a caracterização do FTR, um tripeptídeo que apresentou em nossos trabalhos anteriores propriedades antinociceptivas. No presente trabalho, demonstramos que este peptídeo é capaz de agir na via opioide, atuando em receptores delta de forma direta. Assim, com a identificação e caracterização destas moléculas conseguimos novos dados referentes a possíveis origens e processamento, ações tóxicas no envenenamento e potencial biotecnológico de alguns peptídeos lineares do T. serrulatus. / Reports of scorpions accidents with humans are increasing in Brazil, with some of the cases resulting in death. Among the scorpions from the Brazilian fauna, Tityus serrulatus is considered the most dangerous species, due to its easy adaptation in urban centers, and because it brings severe clinical manifestations in the victims, such as fever, psychomotor agitation, arterial hypertension followed by hypotension and acute pulmonary edema. Among the venom components that stand out are the peptides structured by disulfide bonds, which are richly reported in the literature and act on Na+ and K+ channels. In contrast, linear peptides are poorly characterized. From this evidence, our group identified linear peptides of the venom using the serine protease elastase screening. This enzyme was chosen because it is involved in inflammatory processes, such as cases of acute pulmonary edema, one of the main symptoms of scorpionism caused by T. serrulatus. More than 700 peptide sequences where found and, through a careful process using protein databases and the literature, from these all, we selected nine novel (TsP1 to TsP9) and two already characterized (hypotensins I and II) sequences for synthesis. Among these molecules, we identified possible cryptides derived from Ts19 and others molecules, with different processing involving combination of different peptide sequences (chimeric peptides), which are here firstly reported and investigated in the venom of T. serrulatus. In addition to elastase, we tested other enzymes of medical importance - trypsin, ACE and NEP - with the synthetic peptides, aiming to increase the knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in scorpionism and also based on the biotechnological potential of peptidase-modulator molecules. Peptides that may have an action in inflammatory processes were highlighted, since they were able to increase the activity of elastase and trypsin, especially the TsP5, which also showed intermediate cytotoxicity. Some peptides increased the ACE activity, with the peptide TsP2 capable of potentializing the action of bradykinin in vivo. Hypotensin I was characterized as a noncompetitive inhibitor of NEP (Ki = 4.35 µM) and may indicate the possible inhibition of this metallopeptidase in cases of hypotension, where hypotensin I may act synergistically with [des-Arg1] - Proctolin (Kµ = 0.94 µM for NEP), a linear peptide present in the venom already characterized by our group. The peptides were not recognized by the antiscorpion and antiarachinid sera produced by the Butantan Institute and may indicate limitations in the immunotherapy. Finally, in addition to the new identified peptides, we concluded the in vivo characterization of FTR, a tripeptide that presented antinociceptive properties in our previous studies. In the present work, we demonstrate that this peptide is able to act in the opioid pathway, acting directly on delta receptors. Thus, with the identification and characterization of these molecules we obtained new data regarding possible origins and processing, toxic actions in the envenomation and biotechnological potential of some linear peptides of T. serrulatus venom.

No Brasil, o cultivo de ameixeira tem atingido significativa importância econômica em termos de rentabilidade. Embora rentável, a cultura exige cuidados constantes em relação aos danos provocados por doenças. Entre elas, o \'amarelo\', causado por fitoplasmas, tem se mostrado como uma doença de relevância nos países produtores desta fruta. Em pomares comerciais localizados em Paranapanema-SP, foram observadas ameixeiras (Prunus salicina) exibindo sintomas típicos de \'amarelos\', caracterizados por superbrotamento de ramos, redução no comprimento de entrenós, além de amarelecimento, deformação e redução do limbo foliar. Com objetivo de identificar o fitoplasma e determinar o modelo de colonização do hospedeiro pelo patógeno foi desenvolvido o presente estudo. Para isto, em três pomares, foram amostradas plantas sintomáticas, assintomáticas e sadias, pertencentes às variedades Gulfblaze e Azteca. O DNA total foi extraído de folhas e ramos e usado em duplo PCR com os iniciadores R16mF2/mR1 e R16F2n/R2, visando a detecção do fitoplasma. Os resultados confirmaram a presença de fitoplasma pela amplificação de fragmentos de DNA de 1,2 kb do gene 16S rRNA. Os produtos de PCR gerados por dez isolados de fitoplasmas de cada variedade foram clonados e três clones de cada isolado foram sequenciados. Uma vez que nenhum polimorfismo foi encontrado, uma sequência consenso foi selecionada para cada isolado e um isolado foi escolhido como representativo para cada variedade. Estas sequências foram designadas por PlY-BR01 e PlY-BR02, com 1.246 pb, e depositadas no GenBank sob os números de acesso KF499086 e KF499087, respectivamente. A sequência do 16S rRNA do fitoplasma da ameixeira apresentou 100% de identidade com o fitoplasma representante do grupo 16SrI-B (AY265208). A análise de RFLP virtual e o cálculo do coeficiente de similaridade, permitiram classificar o fitoplasma da ameixeira no grupo 16SrI-B. A análise filogenética revelou que o mesmo está estritamente relacionado ao subgrupo 16SrI-B. No estudo da colonização das plantas pelo patógeno, amostras da copa e raiz foram coletadas mensalmente, durante um ano, de plantas infectadas das variedades Gulfblaze e Azteca. O DNA total foi extraído e submetido ao PCR em Tempo Real com os iniciadores UniRNAForward/UniRNAReverse, para quantificar o fitoplasma nos tecidos do hospedeiro. O fitoplasma foi detectado tanto em amostras de copa como de raiz, em todas as árvores infectadas de ambas as variedades. A concentração do mesmo nos tecidos vegetais variou de 5,77x105 a 1,93x109 e 6,18x105 a 3,92x109 N°cópias/100 ng de DNA total, na copa e na raiz, respectivamente. O experimento mostrou uma flutuação sazonal na concentração do fitoplasma, sendo as maiores concentrações encontradas no verão, embora o fitoplasma tenha permanecido na parte aérea do hospedeiro mesmo no período mais frio, que compreende a fase de dormência da planta. Com base nestes resultados, ficou evidente que as amostras retiradas da copa e coletadas durante o período mais quente do ano são as mais adequadas para os procedimentos de detecção do fitoplasma, visando confirmar a diagnose feita com base na sintomatologia. / In Brazil, the cultivation of plum trees has achieved significant economic importance in terms of profitability. Although profitable, the culture demands attention in relation to damages provoked by diseases. Among them, the \'yellow\', caused by phytoplasmas, is a relevant disease present in the plum producing countries. In commercial orchards located in Paranapanema-SP region, were observed plum trees (Prunus salicina) exhibiting typical symptoms of \'yellow\', characterized by intense shoot proliferation, shortened internodes, generalized yellowing, leaf malformation and small leaves. The present study was conducted in order to identify the phytoplasma associated with symptomatic plants and determine the pattern of host colonization by the pathogen. Therefore, were sampled symptomatic, asymptomatic and healthy plants of the varieties Gulfblaze and Azteca, grown in three commercial orchards. Total DNA was extracted from leaves and shoots and submitted to nested PCR primed with R16mF2/mR1 and R16F2n/R2, in order to detect phytoplasma. The results confirmed the presence of phytoplasma by amplification of DNA fragments of 1.2 kb from 16S rRNA gene. The PCR products generated by ten phytoplasma isolates of each variety were cloned and three clones of each isolate were sequenced. Since no polymorphism was found, a consensus sequence was selected for each isolate and an isolate was chosen as representative for each variety. These sequences were designated by PlYBR01 and PlY-BR02, with 1,246 bp, and deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers KF499086 and KF499087, respectively. The sequence of the 16S rRNA of the phytoplasma founded in plum trees showed 100% identity with the phytoplasma representative of 16SrI-B group (AY265208). The virtual RFLP analysis and the calculation of the similarity coefficient, allowed classify the phytoplasma present in plum trees as a member of 16SrI-B group. Phylogenetic analysis supported that this phytoplasma is closed related to the 16SrI-B subgroup. In the study about plant colonization, the samples from leaves, shoots and root were monthly collected, for one year, from the infected plants of the varieties Gulfblaze and Azteca. Total DNA was extracted and submitted to the Real Time PCR with primers UniRNAForward/UniRNAReverse, in order to quantify phytoplasma in host tissues. The phytoplasma was detected in both aerial parts and roots in all infected trees of the two varieties. The concentration of the pathogen in plant tissues ranged from 5.77 x105 to 1.93 x109 and 6.18 x105 to 3.92 x109 N°copies/100ng total DNA in aerial parts and roots, respectively. The experiment showed a seasonal fluctuation in the concentration of the phytoplasma in plants, with the highest concentrations found in summer, although the phytoplasma have remained in the shoots of the host even in the coldest period, comprising the dormant phase of the plant. Based on these results, it was evident that the samples collected from the aerial parts and during the hottest period of the year are the most appropriate for detection of phytoplasma to confirm the diagnosis based on symptomatology.

A dengue é a mais importante arbovirose no mundo; aproximadamente 50 milhões de infecções ocorrem anualmente acarretando 500.000 casos de dengue hemorrágica e 22.000 mortes. A febre amarela é uma doença hemorrágica viral com elevada mortalidade que é transmitida por mosquitos. Vacinas eficazes contra a febre amarela já estão disponíveis há quase 70 anos e são responsáveis por uma redução significativa de ocorrências da doença no mundo, no entanto, cerca de 200.000 casos de febre amarela ainda ocorrem anualmente, principalmente na África. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento de fármacos antivirais contra essas viroses é uma prioridade de saúde pública. Os produtos naturais sejam de origem vegetal ou animal, possuem uma extensa diversidade química, sendo uma fonte inesgotável de compostos com promissoras atividades biológicas. No Brasil, é grande a incidência de animais venenosos ou peçonhentos, tais como serpentes, sapos e escorpiões. Os venenos desses animais são fontes de diversas substâncias químicas que ainda não possuem a sua atividade biológica e farmacológica completamente estudada. Neste trabalho avaliamos a potencial ação antiviral de peçonhas de serpentes (Crotalus durissus terrificus, Bothrops jararacussu, Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops pirajai, Bothrops moojeni, Bothrops brasili e Bothrops fonseca) e escorpião (Tityus serrulatus) contra os virus da febre amarela e dengue usando diferentes estratégias metodológicas (pré-tratamento, pós-tratamento, virucida, adsorção e internalização). Primeiramente realizamos um screening com as peçonhas brutas, observando que a peçonha de Crotalus durissus terrificus inibiu a replicação viral apresentando os maiores índices de seletividade (IS). Crotoxina, crotamina, crotapotina, convulxina, giroxina, PLA2-CB e PLA2-IC, isoladas de Crotalus durissus terrificus, foram então testadas nas diferentes estratégias metodológicas contra os vírus dengue e febre amarela. Foi possível verificar que crotoxina, PLA2-CB e PLA2-IC inibiram a replicação viral com altos índices de seletividade (IS). A ação verificada ocorreu na fase inicial do ciclo de replicação viral (pré-tratamento, virucida, adsorção). A ação antiviral verificada neste estudo foi atribuida a ação da PLA2, visto que a crotoxina é um complexo protéico composto pela crotapotina e pela PLA2-CB. Posteriormente avaliamos uma fosfolipase sem atividade catalítica isolada de Bothrops jararacussu, a BthTX-I. Essa fosfolipase apresentou baixa inibição da replicação viral, sugerindo que a atividade catalítica da fosfolipase é importante, mas possivelmente não a única responsável pela ação antiviral. Os resultados obtidos permitem sugerir também que as fosfolipases apresentam ação tanto sobre a partícula viral quanto sobre receptores celulares, o que justifica os altos índices de seletividade observados. / Dengue is the most important arbovirus disease in the world; nearly 50 million infections occur annually resulting in 500,000 cases of DHF and 22,000 deaths. Yellow fever is a viral haemorrhagic fever with high mortality that is transmitted by mosquitoes. Effective vaccines against yellow fever have been available for almost 70 years and are responsible for a significant reduction of the disease worldwide. However, about 200,000 cases of yellow fever still occur annually, mainly in Africa. Thus, the development of antiviral drugs against these viruses is a public health priority. Natural products of plant or animal origin have an extensive chemical diversity, and an inexhaustible source of compounds with promising biological activities. In Brazil, there is a high incidence of poisonous or venomous animals such as snakes, frogs and scorpions occur. The venoms of these animals are a source of several chemicals that does not possess biological and pharmacological activity completely studied. In this study, we assess the potential antiviral action of snake venom (Crotalus durissus terrificus, Bothrops jararacussu, Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops pirajai, Bothrops moojeni, Bothrops brasili and Bothrops fonseca) and Scorpion (Tityus serrulatus) against yellow fever and dengue viruses using different methodological strategies (pre-treatment, post-treatment, virucidal, adsorption and internalization). First, we performed a screening with the crude venoms, founding that the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus inhibited viral replication showing the highest selectivity index (SI). Crotoxin crotamin, crotapotin, convulxin, gyroxin, PLA2-CB and PLA2-IC isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus, were then tested in the different methodological strategies against dengue and yellow fever viruses. We found that crotoxin, PLA2-CB and PLA2-IC inhibited viral replication with high SI. The action of these compounds against the virus was at the first steps of the replication cycle (pre-treatment, virucidal, adsorption). The antiviral action observed in this study was attributed to the action of PLA2, since crotoxin is a protein complex composed of crotapotin and PLA2-CB. Afterwards, we evaluated a phospholipase without catalytic activity isolated from Bothrops jararacussu, the BthTX-I. This phospholipase showed low inhibition of viral replication, showing that the catalytic activity of phospholipase is important, but perhaps not the only one responsible for the antiviral action. Our results also suggest that phospholipases have action on the viral particle and on cell receptors, which explains the high levels of selectivity observed.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este texto é uma fabulação que cumpre papel de revelar um processo de trabalho em arte ao longo de dois anos. Trata-se de um percurso teórico-poético percorrido a partir da descoberta/invenção de um ateliê de criação em meio a minha residência. Um quadrado de 2x2 metros demarcado por sobreposição = fita amarela. Instaurado em divergentes contextos paisagísticos = casa, quarto de hotel, estúdio de dança, galeria de arte, palco, cidade. Trata de habitar os mesmos friccionando esfera de vivência pessoal e sítio específico de acontecimento. No texto, tem lugar reflexões pessoais a partir do trabalho, articulada a outros artistas (como Lygia Clark, Angel e Klauss Vianna, Antonin Artaud, Yves Klein, Min Tanaka, Tadashi Endo) e teóricos (dentre eles Hannah Arendt e Michel Foucault), compondo diferentes tons de fala produzidos ao longo desse período de trabalho / This essay is a fabulation that presents an art work over two years. It is a theoretical-poetic way, coursed from the discovery/invention of a creation studio inside my residence. A square of 2x2m made by superposition = yellow tape, done in different landscape contexts = house, hotel room, dance studio, art gallery, theater stage, city. The intention is to inhabit it rubbing a sphere of personal experiences and a specific site of happening. In the text, personal reflections take place from the art work, articulated with other artists (as Lygia Clark, Angel e Klauss Vianna, Antonin Artaud, Yves Klein, Min Tanaka, Tadashi Endo) and theorists (Hannah Arendt e Michael Foucault), composing different kinds of speech produced along this work period

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-05-12T12:22:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Edjane Suênia Costa da Silva Martins.pdf: 2020033 bytes, checksum: 7d4afad9b75f397b5e50ad6cd0f65155 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T12:22:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Edjane Suênia Costa da Silva Martins.pdf: 2020033 bytes, checksum: 7d4afad9b75f397b5e50ad6cd0f65155 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A large part of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are essential in agriculture, is found in human urine being their amounts, in most cases, significant, more suitable and sustainable than those in commercial fertilizers. Due to the demand for sustainable alternatives in the context of ecological sanitation, reuse of human urine can be faced as a potentially feasible alternative in the context of decentralized wastewater treatment systems. The experimental research which based this work was divided into two stages, in the first the effect of storage, within open and closed recipients, as a treatment of pure urine and yellow water, being used two containers for pure and two for a 7% dilution of urine. In order to verify the effect of storage, monitoring and evaluation were performed by means of physical, chemical and microbiological indicators. Storage of urine proved to be a cost-effective cleaning method of pure and diluted urine and. Containers with lid were more efficient in physical-chemical and biological stabilization process controlling loss of ammonia by volatilization, and contamination by the influence of the external environment. Concentrations of nutrients were maintained in high levels and fecal contamination tended to elimination in a period of 20 days, at room temperature. In the second step, the aim was the recovery of phosphorus by precipitation, carried out in a jar-test apparatus with MgO addition, at several concentrations, to pure and 7%-diluted urine to 7%. Two ranges of concentrations were used - phase A (0; 0.05; 0.15; 0.30 and 0.45 g of MgO/L) and phase B (0; 0.45; 0.60; 0.75 and 0.90 g MgO/L) - under stirring at 120 rpm, for a period of 2 hours. Precipitation and hence the phosphorus recovery was directly related to the concentration of MgO in both phases. / Grande parte dos nutrientes que são essenciais na agricultura, como nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, é encontrada na urina humana e suas quantidades significativas são, na maioria das vezes, mais apropriadas e sustentáveis do que as encontradas nos fertilizantes químicos comerciais. Devido à demanda por alternativas sustentáveis, no contexto do esgotamento sanitário ecológico, o reuso da urina humana pode ser citado como descentralizados de tratamento de águas residuárias. A pesquisa que fundamentou este uma alternativa viável e de grande potencial na escala de sistemas trabalho foi dividida em duas etapas, tendo a primeira o objetivo de analisar o efeito de modos diversos (aberto e fechado) de armazenamento, como forma de tratamento da urina pura e de águas amarelas. Para tal foram utilizados quatro recipientes de urina pura e diluída a 7%, em dois recipientes com tampa e dois sem tampa. Para verificar o efeito do armazenamento foi realizada a caracterização, por meio de indicadores físicos, químicos e microbiológicos. O armazenamento da urina mostrou-se um método de higienização de baixo custo e bastante eficiente. Quanto às formas de armazenamento (aberta e fechada), a utilização de urina pura em recipientes com tampa mostrou-se mais eficiente no processo de estabilização físico-química e biológica, pois não ocorreu perda de amônia por volatilização, nem contaminações por influência do ambiente externo, a concentração de nutrientes foi considerada satisfatória e os níveis de coliformes termotolerantes tenderam à nulidade em um período de 20 dias, em temperatura ambiente (25 a 26ºC). Na segunda etapa, o objetivo foi a recuperação de fósforo por precipitação levada a efeito em aparelho jar-test, no qual foram adicionadas diferentes concentrações de MgO para cada 1,0 L de urina pura e de diluída a 7%. Duas faixas de concentrações foram utilizadas - fase A (0; 0,05; 0,15; 0,30 e 0,45 g de MgO/L) e fase B (0; 0,45; 0,60; 0,75 e 0,90 g de MgO/L) -, sob agitação a 120 rpm, por um período de 2 horas.A precipitação e, consequentemente a recuperação de fósforo, foi diretamente relacionada às concentrações de MgO, nas duas fases.

Corantes e pigmentos são utilizados no mundo todo para alterar a percepção visual de diversos bens de consumo. Dentre esses compostos se destacam os corantes que possuem grupamentos azo ou nitro como cromóforo. Muitas dessas substâncias são potencialmente tóxicas, seja na sua forma original seja após a biotransformação, com ênfase aos efeitos mutagênicos e/ou carcinogênicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as rotas metabólicas e avaliar o perfil toxicológico parcial dos corantes Disperso Amarelo 9 e Sudan III. O Sudan III é um corante azóico e que embora tenha estrutura química muito semelhante ao Sudan I, um carcinógeno humano, existem poucos dados na literatura a respeito de sua toxicidade. Vale ressaltar que o Sudan III é um corante de alimentos banido da maioria dos países, porém tem sido repetidamente detectado em alimentos industrializados como adulterante. Já o corante Disperse Yellow 9 é amplamente utilizado principalmente pelas indústrias têxteis, porém não foram encontrados dados na literatura sobre seu potencial tóxico. Foram realizados estudos espectroeletroquimicos capazes de simular reações de oxidação e redução que ocorrem em organismos vivos, além de sistema exógeno de metabolização (S9). A mutagenicidade dos corantes foi avaliada pelo ensaio de Samonella (utilizando as linhagens TA98, TA1535, TA100 e YG1042, com e sem S9) e por meio da avaliação da capacidade de ligação com o DNA e a guanosina in vitro. Ainda, verificou-se a indução de morte celular em condrócitos bovinos. Nossos resultados mostraram que as condições de oxidação (eletroquímica ou após a reação com S9) e redução foram capazes de modificar o grupamento cromóforo tanto do corante Sudan III quanto do Disperso amarelo 9, e esse efeito é esperado em organismos vivos, podendo formar derivados tóxicos. O corante Sudan III é capaz de se ligar ao DNA de forma estável, mais especificamente com a base nitrogenada guanosina, enquanto o Disperso Amarelo 9 se liga fracamente ao DNA e não com a guanosina. O corante Sudam III exibiu fraca mutagenicidade e apenas com a linhagem TA1535. Por outro lado, Disperso Amarelo 9 foi positivo para as linhagens TA1535 e YG1042, e o efeito foi mais pronunciado após a ativação metabólica. Ambos os corantes induziram à morte dos condrócitos de forma tempo e concentração dependente. Assim, ambos os corantes foram considerados tóxicos, tanto na sua forma original quanto após biotransformação e podem levar a riscos à saúde humana e ao ecossistema quando de sua exposição. / Dyes and pigments are applied worldwide to change the visual perception of many products. Among these compounds, dyes containing azo and nitro bond as chromophore are very important groups. A wide range of these substances are potentially toxic either in its original form or after biotransformation leading to mutagenic / or carcinogenic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the metabolic pathways involving the chromophore group and also to evaluate the toxicological profile of Disperse Yellow 9 and Sudan III dyes. Sudan III is an azo dye that has a very similar chemical structure to Sudan I a known carcinogen. Despite, there are few data about Sudan III toxicity in the literature. It is important to point out that Sudan III is banned from most worldwide food industry it has been frequently detected as an adulterant in a large amount of processed food. The literature has no information about the toxicity potential of Disperse Yellow although it is widely and mainly used by textile industries. On the present we performed a spectroeletrochemical method capable of simulating bio- reactions able to occur on living organisms such as oxidation and reduction, also exogen metabolization system (S9) were applied. The mutagenicity of the dyes was evaluated by Salmonella assay (using strains TA98, TA1535, TA100 and YG1042, with and without S9). The ability of causing stable bonds to DNA and guanosine were also tested in vitro. Also the capacity of inducing cell death on bovine chondrocytes was investigated. Our results indicated that the oxidation reactions (spectroeletrochemical method or after S9 reaction) and also the reduction reactions were able to modify the chromophore group for the studied dyes Sudan III and Disperse Yellow 9, this effect could be expected in living organisms and may also generate toxic products. Sudan III is capable of binding to DNA and forming stable aducts, specifically to the nitrogenated base guanosine, while Disperse Yellow 9 binds weakly to DNA and does not react with guanosine. Low mutagenicity was observed for strain TA1535 for Sudan III dye. Besides, strains TA1535 and YG1042 gave positive responses for Disperse Yellow, the effect was pronounced after metabolic activation. Death of chondrocytes was observed for both dyes demonstrating time and concentration dependency. Toxicity was observed for both dyes, before and after biotransformation, this effect may lead to risks on human health and also for the environment.

Since 1973, the year in which Elaine Hedges's groundbreaking edition of "The Yellow Wallpaper" was published, Charlotte Perkins Gilman's short story has been read primarily as one of America's leading feminist texts. With potent symbolism and a fragmented style of narration, it is easy to understand why many feminist scholars fashion the story's narrator into a proactive feminist, a courageous heroine who rebels against patriarchal oppression. While this trend of interpretation compellingly attempts to empower the narrator, it often overlooks her perspective of disability and projects the characteristics of a nondisabled, high-functioning feminist on a mentally ill woman. This paper reads Gilman's short story as a narrative of mental illness and applies the research of feminist disability scholars Anita Silvers, Jenny Morris, and Susan Wendell to a close reading of the story. Approaching the story from this perspective, we can identify the systems of oppression that disable the narrator and read "The Yellow Wallpaper" in a way that validates the subjective reality of depression and invites disabled voices into feminism's exploration of womanhood.