Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this document was to realize two studies to evaluate the digestibility of diets and metabolism of pigs fed with diets containing mycotoxins and organoaluminosilicate. In the first study it evaluated the diets and metabolic balance of piglets fed with diets containing 800 μg kg-1 of aflatoxins (AFLs). The experimental design utilized was completely randomized whit two treatments (control diet and control + 800 μg kg-1 AFLs), with four replications each, the animal was the experimental unit. The experimental period was 10 days. The digestibility coefficient of dry matter, protein and crude energy were not affected (P>0.05) by inclusion of 800 μg kg-1AFLs. The energy metabolization decreased 6% (P<0.05) on animals fed with diet containing aflatoxins. In N balance the N losses in urine increased 52% and the retention in relation the absorption reduced in 31% on animals fed with diet containing aflatoxins. Concerning the energy balance, the gross energy intake was not influenced (P>0.05) by the addition of AFLs in the diet. Energy losses in urine increased (P<0.05) 52% in the pigs fed diets containing aflatoxins. The presence of 800 μg kg-1 of AFLs in the diet did not affect the digestibility, but it altered the protein and energy metabolism of weaned piglets. In the second study it evaluated the digestibility of diets and metabolism of piglets fed with diets containing zearalenone (ZEA) with or without addition of organoaluminosilicate (OA). A completely randomized design was utilized whit three treatments (control, control + 2 mg kg-1 ZEA and control + 2 mg kg-1 ZEA with addition of 0,3% OA in diet), and four replications, the animal was the experimental unit. The experimental period was 16 days. The ZEA and the OA did not affect (P>0.05) the dry matter intake, dry matter and gross energy digestibility, metabolizable energy, energy and protein digestible. The N balance was not modified (P>0.05) by ZEA and organoaluminosilicate. However, it influenced (P<0.05) the fecal excretion of phosphorus. In diets containing ZEA and ZEA+OA the fecal excretion of P decreased 15 and 10% than control group. The ZEA and the OA did not affect (P>0.05) the P absorption in relation to the ingestion. The intake of 2 mg kg-1 of ZEA with or without addition of 0,3% OA in diet does not affect the diets digestibility and the pigs metabolism. / O objetivo desta dissertação foi realizar dois estudos para avaliar a digestibilidade de dietas e metabolismo de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo micotoxinas e organoaluminosilicato. No primeiro foram avaliados a digestibilidade de dietas e balanços metabólicos de leitões alimentados com dietas contendo 800 μg kg-1 de aflatoxinas (AFLs). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (dieta controle e controle + 800 μg kg-1 de AFLs) e quatro repetições, sendo o animal a unidade experimental. O período experimental foi de 10 dias. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína e energia bruta não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pela adição de 800 μg kg-1 de AFLs na dieta. A metabolização da energia bruta reduziu 6% (P<0,05) nos animais alimentados com dietas contendo aflatoxinas. A excreção urinária de N aumentou (P<0,05) em 52% e a retenção relativa à absorção diminuiu (P<0,05) em 31% nos animais alimentados com a dieta contendo aflatoxinas. No balanço energético, a energia bruta ingerida não foi influenciada (P>0,05) pela adição de aflatoxinas. A excreção urinária de energia aumentou (P<0,05) 52% nos animais alimentados com a dieta contendo aflatoxinas. Conclui-se que a presença de 800 μg kg-1 de AFLs na dieta não afeta a digestibilidade, mas altera o metabolismo protéico e energético de leitões. No segundo estudo foram avaliados a digestibilidade de dietas e balanços metabólicos de leitoas alimentados com dietas contendo zearalenona (ZEA) com ou sem adição de organoaluminosilicato (OA). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (controle, controle + 2 mg kg-1 de ZEA e controle + 2 mg kg-1 de ZEA com adição de 0,3% de OA na dieta) e quatro repetições, em que o animal foi a unidade experimental. O período experimental foi de 16 dias. A ZEA e o OA não influenciaram (P>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca, a digestibilidade da matéria seca e energia bruta, metabolização da energia, proteína digestível e energias digestível e metabolizável das dietas. O balanço do N não foi alterado (P>0,05) pela ZEA e o organoaluminosilicato. No entanto, modificaram (P>0,05) a excreção fecal de fósforo. Nas dietas contendo ZEA e ZEA+OA os animais excretaram 15 e 10% menos P nas fezes comparado ao grupo controle. A ZEA e o OA não alteraram (P>0,05) a absorção de P em função da ingestão. O consumo de 2 mg kg-1 de ZEA com ou sem adição de 0,3% de OA não interfere na digestibilidade das dietas e no metabolismo dos suínos.O objetivo desta dissertação foi realizar dois estudos para avaliar a digestibilidade de dietas e metabolismo de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo micotoxinas e organoaluminosilicato. No primeiro foram avaliados a digestibilidade de dietas e balanços metabólicos de leitões alimentados com dietas contendo 800 μg kg-1 de aflatoxinas (AFLs). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (dieta controle e controle + 800 μg kg-1 de AFLs) e quatro repetições, sendo o animal a unidade experimental. O período experimental foi de 10 dias. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína e energia bruta não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pela adição de 800 μg kg-1 de AFLs na dieta. A metabolização da energia bruta reduziu 6% (P<0,05) nos animais alimentados com dietas contendo aflatoxinas. A excreção urinária de N aumentou (P<0,05) em 52% e a retenção relativa à absorção diminuiu (P<0,05) em 31% nos animais alimentados com a dieta contendo aflatoxinas. No balanço energético, a energia bruta ingerida não foi influenciada (P>0,05) pela adição de aflatoxinas. A excreção urinária de energia aumentou (P<0,05) 52% nos animais alimentados com a dieta contendo aflatoxinas. Conclui-se que a presença de 800 μg kg-1 de AFLs na dieta não afeta a digestibilidade, mas altera o metabolismo protéico e energético de leitões. No segundo estudo foram avaliados a digestibilidade de dietas e balanços metabólicos de leitoas alimentados com dietas contendo zearalenona (ZEA) com ou sem adição de organoaluminosilicato (OA). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (controle, controle + 2 mg kg-1 de ZEA e controle + 2 mg kg-1 de ZEA com adição de 0,3% de OA na dieta) e quatro repetições, em que o animal foi a unidade experimental. O período experimental foi de 16 dias. A ZEA e o OA não influenciaram (P>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca, a digestibilidade da matéria seca e energia bruta, metabolização da energia, proteína digestível e energias digestível e metabolizável das dietas. O balanço do N não foi alterado (P>0,05) pela ZEA e o organoaluminosilicato. No entanto, modificaram (P>0,05) a excreção fecal de fósforo. Nas dietas contendo ZEA e ZEA+OA os animais excretaram 15 e 10% menos P nas fezes comparado ao grupo controle. A ZEA e o OA não alteraram (P>0,05) a absorção de P em função da ingestão. O consumo de 2 mg kg-1 de ZEA com ou sem adição de 0,3% de OA não interfere na digestibilidade das dietas e no metabolismo dos suínos.

O presente trabalho visou utilizar o perfil polifásico, envolvendo características fenotípicas e genotípicas, na identificação de Fusarium spp. isolados de grãos de trigo como também investigar a presença das principais toxinas: desoxinivalenol e zearalenona nos grãos de trigo de três regiões produtoras de trigo (São Paulo, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul). Nossos resultados indicaram que os gêneros mais frequentes no trigo foram Alternaria, Fusarium e Epicoccum. A determinação do genótipo por qPCR demonstrou predomínio de 15-ADON seguido por NIV e 3-ADON. A quantificação de DNA demostrou que o perfil 15-ADON foi responsável por 96% de todo DNA quantificado, seguido por NIV com 3.84% e 3-ADON, com somente 0.06%, indicando que 15-ADON, é o principal genótipo de tricoteceno nos grãos de trigo nacional. A toxina desoxinivalenol foi detectada em todas amostras analisadas, com mediana de 323, 466 e 783 µg/kg em SP, PR e RS, respectivamente. A determinação de zearalenona demonstrou contaminação em 100%, 80% e 42% dos grãos dos Estados do RS, PR e SP e medianas de 843, 100 e 14 µg/kg, respectivamente. / The present work aimed to use a polyphasic approach, by phenotypic and genotypic characteristics for the identification of Fusarium strains from wheat grains as well to investigate the presence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on wheat grains from three wheat producers States (Parana, Rio Grande do Sul and Sao Paulo). Our results showed that the main genera found were Alternaria, Fusarium and Epicoccum. Genotype detection from qPCR revealed predominance of 15-ADON, followed by NIV and 3-ADON. The qPCR demonstrated that 15-ADON genotype was responsible for 96% of all DNA quantified, followed by NIV with 3.84% and 3-ADON with 0.06%, indicating that 15-ADON is the main trichothecene genotype from Brazilian wheat grains. The toxin deoxynivalenol was detected in all 150 samples analyzed from wheat grains, with medians of 323, 466 and 783 µg/kg in SP, PR and RS, respectively. The zearalenone determination showed contamination on 100%, 80% and 42% of wheat grains from RS, PR and SP State and medians of 843, 100 and 14 µg/kg, respectively.

Zearalenone (ZEA) an estrogenic mycotoxin and, therefore the reproductive system as one of its main targets of toxicity. Besides being a mycotoxin and toxigenic immunosuppressive, the ZEA hematological changes and promotes an imbalance in the oxidative system, especially in antioxidant enzymes. Thus, lycopene, a carotenoid antioxidant potential is considered one of the most potent free radical scavengers and may be used as an alternative therapy to reduce or prevent the toxic effects of ZEA. Male Swiss mice were pretreated with lycopene (20 mg/kg, p.o.) for 10 consecutive days. On the 11th day was held the acute treatment with ZEA (40 mg/kg, p.o.), and after 48 hours was performed euthanasia of animals. We analyzed reproductive, hematological, histological, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in blood, testes, epididymis, kidneys and livers. ZEA hematotoxicity caused by increased total leukocytes and hemoglobin and hematocrit increased and decreased the number of lymphocytes as well as erythrocytes and platelets. In regard to reproductive and hormonal parameters changes in testicular histology and decreased testosterone levels and sperm motility and count were observed. The activity of GST (Glutathione-S-transferase), GR (Glutathione reductase) and ALA-D (delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) was reduced by the action of ZEA in the testes. The glutathione system was amended by ZEA by decreasing the reduced glutathione (GSH) and increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and GSH / GSSG. The analyzed pro-inflammatory parameters were increased by the action of mycotoxin. Pretreatment with lycopene prevented the onset of toxic effects induced by ZEA in virtually all parameters and thus, this antioxidant may be used as an alternative to the prevention of damage by ZEA. / A Zearalenona (ZEA) é uma micotoxina estrogênica tendo, portanto, o sistema reprodutivo como um dos seus principais alvos de toxicidade. Além de ser uma micotoxina toxigênica e imunosupressora, a ZEA altera parâmetros hematológicos e promove um desequilíbrio no sistema oxidativo, especialmente nas enzimas antioxidantes. Assim, o licopeno, um carotenóide com potencial antioxidante, é considerado um dos mais potentes scavengers de radicais livres e pode ser utilizado como alternativa terapêutica a fim de reduzir ou impedir os efeitos tóxicos da ZEA. Camundongos Swiss machos foram pré-tratados com licopeno (20 mg/kg, p.o.) por 10 dias consecutivos. No 11° dia foi realizado o tratamento agudo com a ZEA (40 mg/kg, p.o.), e após 48 horas foi realizada a eutanásia dos animais. Analisamos parâmetros reprodutivos, hematológicos, histológicos, inflamatórios e marcadores de estresse oxidativo em amostras de sangue, testículos, epidídimos, rins e fígado dos animais. A ZEA provocou hematotoxicidade através do aumento de leucócitos totais assim como aumento de hemoglobina e hematócrito e diminuiu o número de hemáceas além de linfócitos e plaquetas. Em relação aos parâmetros reprodutivos e hormonais alterações na histologia testicular e diminuição dos níveis de testosterona e da contagem e motilidade espermática foram obervadas. A atividade das enzimas GST (Glutationa-S-transferase), GR (Glutationa Redutase) e ALA-D (Ácido delta aminolevulínico desidratase) foram reduzidas pela ação da ZEA nos testículos. O sistema glutationa foi alterado pela ZEA através da diminuição da glutationa reduzida (GSH) e aumento da glutationa oxidada (GSSG) e da relação GSH/GSSG. Os parâmetros pró-inflamatórios analisados foram aumentados pela ação da micotoxina. O pré-tratamento com o licopeno preveniu o aparecimento dos efeitos tóxicos induzidos pela ZEA em praticamente todos os parâmetros analisados e assim, este antioxidante pode ser utilizado como uma alternativa na prevenção dos danos causados pela ZEA.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of moulds, which attack cereals, for example barley, from which mycotoxins then get to beer. This submitted work is focused on ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, which can occur in beer. The first part of this master’s thesis consists of literary research, which describes mycotoxins in general, points out their occurrence, prevention of their formation and delivers information about their physical and chemical properties and toxicity. Furthermore, the research contains basis of malt and beer technology, the occurrence of mycotoxins in beer and raw materials for its production. The research describes changes in concentration of mycotoxins across malt and beer production. The next part deals with possibilities of determination of mycotoxins in barley, malt and beer, compares individual methods of their determination and points out many difficulties of some analyses. The experimental part of this work pursues determination of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in different types of beer with the help of UPLC-FLR, HPLC-MS and ELISA. Instrumental techniques are validated and gathered results are compared with the results in literature. The goal of this master’s thesis is to assess the stability of ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol in beer over time. The gained results show that there are changes in the concentration of ochratoxin A over time, nevertheless those changes show no pattern. Overall, there was a decrease in concentration in 47 % of the samples and an increase in 28 % of them. In the rest of the samples the concentration did not change. The concentration of deoxynivalenol does not change over time. One of the other goals of this thesis is monitoring of selected mycotoxins in beer. The average concentration of ochratoxin A in the samples was 39 ng/l and deoxynivalenol 9,9 g/l. Zearalenone did not occur in any of the samples when determined by liquid chromatography. All results agree with literature. Next, the thesis compares different analytical methods for determination of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. The screening method ELISA is compared to UPLC-FLR and HPLC-MS. The determination of ochratoxin A by ELISA has shown to be time consuming, nevertheless the results responded to instrumental technique. ELISA overestimated the results of determination of deoxynivalenol in beer by 363–697 % and with zearalenone there were found false positive results.

Tout au long de la chaîne alimentaire, des moisissures peuvent se développer et produire des mycotoxines. Ce sont des composés toxiques naturels issus du métabolisme secondaire des moisissures, susceptibles de contaminer l'alimentation animale et humaine, provoquant de nombreuses pathologies (hépatotoxicité, néphrotoxicité, neurotoxicité, mutagénicité, tératogénicité, cancérogénicité,…). La première étape de ce travail était d'évaluer la présence simultanée de l'ochratoxine A (OTA), de la citrinine (CIT), des aflatoxines (AFs), de la zéaralénone (ZEA), de la fumonisine (FB) et des trichothécènes dans des aliments destinés aux humaines (céréales, lait, café, jambon) et aux animaux (croquettes de chat et chien, foins). En général plusieurs mycotoxines coexistaient. Certains échantillons pour les humains dépassaient les limites autorisées en mycotoxines dans l'Union Européenne. Suite à l'étude de simulation d'apport en mycotoxines dans une ration quotidienne, nous avons constaté que les doses journalières admissibles (DJA) peuvent être dépassées. La deuxième phase consistait à étudier l'impact des mycotoxines seules ou en combinaison sur la viabilité cellulaire et la génotoxicité sur des modèles cellulaires (cellules rénales d'opossum (OK), cellules rénales humaines (HK2), cellules humaines de glandes mammaires (MCF7)) et chez des animaux (porc, rat). Nous avons montré que la CIT, la FB1 et la ZEA agissent en synergie sur la génotoxicité de l'OTA. Chez les animaux, nous avons montré qu'à des doses (5 ng d'OTA/kg poids corporel/ jour et de 200ng FB1/kg pc/j) correspondantes aux DJA, il y avait des effets génotoxiques (formation d'adduits à l'ADN). Nous avons mis en évidence l'implication des mycotoxines dans l'alimentation animale sur la baisse de fertilité et la tératogénicité chez les chats, ainsi que sur la mort des chevaux. Au cours de la troisième partie de cette étude, nous avons testé sur des cultures cellulaires (HK2 et MCF7) et in vivo (poulet) l'effet protecteur du glutathion (GSH) et de la sélénométhionine (SeMet) contre l'OTA responsable de cancers de voie urinaire et la ZEA responsable de baisse de fertilité. Le GSH est un puisant antioxydant et le sélénium est un oligoélément indispensable qui intervient comme co-facteur de nombreuses enzymes ayant des propriétés antioxydantes, comme les glutathion peroxydases. D'une manière générale, au niveau des cellules rénales, le GSH seul et la levure correspondante ont un effet bénéfique vis-à-vis de la génotoxicité de l'OTA ; par contre la sélénométhionine et la levure séléniée augmentent la génotoxicité de l'OTA et de la ZEA. Dans les cellules des glandes mammaires, il y a une nette amélioration vis-à-vis de la génotoxicité des deux mycotoxines lorsque les cellules sont exposées à une seule mycotoxine simultanément au GSH, à la sélénométhionine et aux levures enrichies. Chez les poulets, la diminution de la génotoxicité n'est pas exclusivement corrélée à la capacité des parois de levure ou des levures à adsorber l'OTA. Ces dérivés de levure ont gardé la propriété de partiellement métaboliser l'OTA dans l'intestin. Les parois de levures et les levures enrichies en GSH ont un meilleur pouvoir protecteur que celles enrichies en SeMet / Throughout the food chain, mold can grow and produce mycotoxins. These are toxic compounds "natural" from the secondary metabolism of molds that may contaminate the feed and food, causing many diseases (hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, ...). The first stage of this work was to assess the level of multi-contamination by mycotoxins (OTA, CIT, Afs, ZEA, FB, DON) in food (cereals, milk, coffee, ham) and feed (pet food). Some samples analyzed exceeded the limits of mycotoxins in the European Union. Through the simulation study of mycotoxin intake in a daily diet, we found that the acceptable daily intake (ADI) may be exceeded. The second phase was to study the impact of mycotoxins alone or in combination on cell proliferation, genotoxicity in cellular models (OK, HK2, and MCF7) and animal (pig, rat). We have demonstrated genotoxic effects (formation of DNA adducts) at doses (5 ng OTA / kg bw / day and 200 ng FB1/kg bw / day) considered safe (ADI). We have shown that the CIT, FB1 and ZEA act synergistically on the genotoxicity of OTA. We pointed to the involvement of mycotoxins in animal feed on declining fertility and teratogenicity in cats, as well as the death of horses. In the third part of this study, we tested in cell cultures (HK2 and MCF7) and in vivo (chicken) the protective effect of glutathione (GSH) and selenomethionine (SeMet) against OTA responsible for urinary tract cancers and ZEA reducing fertility. GSH is considered as a potent antioxidant and selenium is a trace essential element that acts as a cofactor of enzymes such glutathione peroxidase. In summary, in kidney cells, GSH and GSH enriched yeast decrease OTA genotoxicity whereas SeMet and SeMet enriched yeast increase genotoxicity of OTA and ZEA. In mammary cells, whatever the compounds gentoxicty of OTA and ZEA significantly decrease. Decrease of OTA genotoxicity in chicken kidney cannot be exclusively explained by adsorption of OTA on yeast by products. The yeast products retain their ability to metabolize the OTA. GSH enriched yeast and yeast cell wells are more efficient than SeMet enriched yeast

Darbo objektas: tyrimams mėginiai imti iš sandėlių X ir XX, esančių Vilkaviškio rajone, iš viso paimta 30 miežių ir 30 kviečių mėginių. Darbo tikslas: nustatyti Fusarium spp. kitimą grūduose ir fuzariotoksinų dinamiką sandėliavimo metu bei įvertinti profilaktinių priemonių efektyvumą prieš Fusarium spp. plitimą grūduose. Tyrimo uždaviniai:nustatyti sandėliavimo metu grūdų (kviečių ir miežių) užsikrėtimą mikromicetais;įvertinti fuzariotoksinų (deoksinivalenolio, zearalenono, T–2 toksino) paplitimą grūduose sandėliavimo metu; įvertinti profilaktinių priemonių efektyvumą X ir XX ūkiuose prieš Fusarium spp. plitimą grūduose. Rezultatai ir aptarimas. Atlikus kiekybinį kviečių ir miežių užterštumą mikromicetų pradais, buvo nustatyta, kad didžiausias „Ūla“ veislės miežių užterštumas buvo nustatytas 2013 metų kovo mėnesį 113±10,4*103 KSV/g. Veislėje “Luokė” didžiausias užterštumas mikromicetų pradais buvo nustatytas 2012 metų kovo mėnesį –109±19,9*103 KSV/g. Didžiausias kviečių veislės „Triso“ užkrėstumas taip pat buvo nustatytas 2012 metų kovo mėnesį – 204±7,8*103 KSV/g, veislės „Munk“ didžiausias užterštumas buvo nustatytas taip pat 2012 metų kovo mėn. 128±10,8*103KSV/g. Lyginant sandėliuose X ir XX laikomus miežius „Ūla“ ir „Luokė“ Fusarium spp. paplitimas buvo: miežių „Ūla“ didžiausias vidinis užkrėstumas mikromicetų pradais siekė 80±0,0 proc. veislės „Luokė“ taip pat 80±0,0 proc. Didžiausias išorinis fuzarioze užkrėstumas veislėje “Ūla” siekė 73±0,44 proc. (sausio mėn. 2012 m.)... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Object of the work: testing samples taken from granaries located in the X and XX Vilkaviškis district, taken 30 wheat and 30 barley samples. The aim of the work: changes in the grain and dynamics of fusariotoxins while granaring and to evaluate effectiveness of preventive measures against spreading of Fusarium spp. in grain. Reasearch objects:to assess fungi contamination in grain (wheat and barley) while granaring; to evaluate prevalence of fusariotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T–2 toxin ) in the grain while granaring;to evaluate effectiveness of preventive measures in X farms against spreading of Fusarium spp. in the grain. The results and their discussion: carried out quantitative wheat and barley contamination with fungi rudiment, found that ultimate „Ūla“ species barley contamination determined in 2013 March 113±10,4*103 KSV/g. Ultimate „Luokė“ species barley contamination with fungi rudiment determined 2012 March 109±19,9*103 KSV/g. Ultimate contamination of wheat species „Triso“ as well was determined 2012 March 204±7,8*103 KSV/g, mean while ultimate contamination of species „Munk“ was determined 2012 March 128±10,8*103KSV/g. Compared spreading in barley of Fusarium spp. in granaries X and XX species „Ūla“ and „Luokė“ prevalence found: ultimate contamination with fungi rudiment in barley „Ūla“ range 80±0,0 %, species „Luokė“ 80±0,0 %. Ultimate external contamination of fusariosis in species „Ūla“ range 73±0,44 % (2012 January) and 73±3,33 % (2012... [to full text]

Šis mokslinis darbas buvo atliktas Justinas Banelis Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitete. Vadovaujant prof. dr . Broniui Bakučiui konsultuojant lekt. dr. Violetai Baliukonienei. Šio tyrimo tema " Mikotoksinus detoksikuojančių profilaktikos priemonių pieniniams galvijams efektyvumo įvertinimas " . Puslapių skaičius 37 , 10 lentelių , 3 nuotraukos . Tyrimai buvo atlikti nuo 01/10/2011 iki 01/10/2012 LSMU VA ir gyvūnų gerovės laboratorijoje. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo Įvertinti mikotoksinus detoksikuojančio preparato efektyvumą pieninių galvijų bandos sveikatingumui. Biocheminių , kraujo tyrimų parametrų ir pieno sudėties melžiamų karvių ir nustatyti mikotoksinu detoksikacija su komerciniu X adsorbentu. Buvo atrinktos 28 Lietuvos Žalosios veislės kliniškai sveikos vidutinio produktyvumo karvės. Karvės buvo nuo 3,43 ± 0,24 laktacijos trukmės laktacijos buvo 122 ± 15,9 dienų. Pieno išeiga karvės buvo 15,36 kg per dieną ,pieno riebalų vidurkis buvo 4,14 ± 0,25 % , baltymų kiekis 3,06 ± 0,04 % ir karbamido - 23,80 ± 1,35 mg% . Karvių pašarams buvo nustatytas mikotoksinų aflatoksino B1 ( AFL B1) , zearalenono ( ZON ), deoksinivalenolio ( DON ). Zearalenonas buvopagrindinis teršalas ir buvo rasta šiene iki 1000 mikrogramų / kg sausos medžiagos. Deoksinivalenolis buvoantras teršalų ir buvo rasta šieno lygiu iki 600 mikrogramų / kg sausos medžiagos. Didžiausias aflatoksino B1 koncentraciją - 10,0 mikrogramo / kg žemės miežių . Komercinis detoksikuojantis produktas X buvo duotas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This scientific work was done by student Justinas Banelis of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. He was supervised by prof. dr. Bronius Bakutis and consulted by lect. dr. Violeta Baliukoniene. The topic of this scientific research is “The effects of feeding mycotoxin binding products on the performance of lactating dairy cows“. Page count 37, 10 tables,3 pictures. The experiments was done from 01/10/2011 to 01/10/2012 in LUHS VA in the Animal Welfare Reaserch Laboratory. The aim of this study were to investigate the long-term exposure toxic effects of diet naturally contaminated with a low concentrations mycotoxins (AFL B1, ZON, DON) on biochemical, complete blood count parameters and milk composition of dairy cows and to determined the mycotoxins detoxification by with the commercial X adsorbent. 28 Lithuanian Red clinically healthy medium productive cows were selected. Cows were from 3.43±0.24 lactation and duration of lactation were 122±15.9 days. Milk-yield of cow was 15.36 kg per day, an average of milk fat was 4.14 ±0.25 %, protein content 3.06±0.04 % and urea – 23.80±1.35 mg %. In cow feeds were determined mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFL B1), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON). Zearalenone was the major contaminant and was found in the hay at level of up to 1000 µg/kg of dry matter. Deoxynivalenol was the second contaminant and was found in the hay at level of up to 600 µg/kg of dry matter. The biggest Aflatoxin B1 content - 10.0 µg/kg in ground barley. The... [to full text]

Το πρόβλημα με τις μυκοτοξίνες είναι σημαντικό και δικαιολογημένα προκαλεί ανησυχίες. Αναφέρεται ως παγκόσμιος κίνδυνος και θεωρείται ως μία από τις πλέον σοβαρές προκλήσεις για την ασφάλεια των τροφίμων, την υγεία των ανθρώπων, των ζώων, και για τη σύγχρονη τοξικολογία. Με τον «όρο» μυκοτοξίνες εννοούμε τοξίνες οι οποίες παράγονται από μύκητες. Συγκεκριμένα πρόκειται για προϊόντα δευτερογενούς μεταβολισμού των μυκήτων (Aspergillus spp Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp, κ.α). Υπάρχει μία πληθώρα από διάφορες μυκοτοξίνες οι οποίες απαντώνται σε πολλές τροφές, όπως στο γάλα, στα δημητριακά, στους ξηρούς καρπούς, στα αποξηραμένα φρούτα, στο αλεύρι κ.α. που καταναλώνουν καθημερινά οι άνθρωποι, αλλά και σε ζωικές τροφές. ωστόσο μόνο για κάποιες από αυτές υπάρχουν τεκμηριωμένες μελέτες ενώ ακόμα λιγότερες είναι αυτές, για τις οποίες έχουν προσδιοριστεί τα νόμιμα επιτρεπτά όρια συγκέντρωσης στις τροφές, που καταναλώνονται καθημερινά. Οι μυκοτοξίνες θεωρούνται γενικά επικίνδυνες ενώσεις που παράγονται από ορισμένα είδη μυκήτων, οι οποίοι αναπτύσσονται σε προϊόντα αγροτικών καλλιεργειών είτε πριν τη συγκομιδή, είτε κατά την αποθήκευσή τους σε γεωργικές εγκαταστάσεις και παραμένουν δραστικές για μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα και μετά την καταστροφή των μυκήτων από τους οποίους προήλθαν. Η εμφάνισή τους στα τρόφιμα και στα ποτά έχει αναγνωριστεί ως απειλή για την υγεία τόσο του ανθρώπου όσο και των ζώων, είτε αυτή προέρχεται από την άμεση μόλυνση των φυτικών ιστών, είτε από προϊόντα που έχουν παραχθεί από αυτά, είτε από την μεταφορά των μυκοτοξινών και των μεταβολιτών τους στους ζωικούς ιστούς, και κατά συνέπεια στο γάλα, στα αυγά και αλλού. Μερικές από αυτές τις μυκοτοξίνες, όπως για παράδειγμα οι αφλατοξίνες, παρουσιάζουν εξαιρετικά υψηλή τοξικότητα, γεγονός που τις καθιστά ενώσεις που χρήζουν ιδιαίτερη προσοχή. ως εκ τούτου κρίνεται απαραίτητο όλα τα αγροτικά προϊόντα που προορίζονται για τον άνθρωπο ή για ζωοτροφές να υποβάλλονται σε συνεχή και σχολαστικό έλεγχο. Αντικείμενο μελέτης της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να μελετήσει τις παραμέτρους (θερμοκρασία και υγρασία) οι οποίοι επηρεάζουν την ανάπτυξη της μυκοτοξίνης ζεαραλενόνης χρησιμοποιώντας ως υπόστρωμα αλεύρι από αποθηκευμένο αραβόσιτο. Στόχος ήταν ο έλεγχος των συνθηκών καλλιέργειας, αποθήκευσης και συντήρησης των πρωτογενών γεωργικών προϊόντων έτσι ώστε να ελαττώνεται η ανάπτυξη μυκοτοξινών στα γεωργικά προϊόντα και στα τρόφιμα. Η δραστηριότητα βοήθησε στη διερεύνηση του μηχανισμού δράσης των συνθηκών που οδηγούν στην ανάπτυξη μυκοτοξινών τόσο κατά την αποθήκευση της πρώτης ύλης, όσο και κατά τα στάδια επεξεργασίας, παραγωγής και τυποποίησης του τελικού προϊόντος. / The problem with mycotoxins is a significant and legitimate concern. Referred to as global risk and is considered one of the most serious challenges to food security, human health, animals, and modern toxicology. With the "average" mean toxins mycotoxins produced by fungi. It is a secondary metabolic products of fungi (Aspergillus spp Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp, etc.). There is a plethora of different mycotoxins found in many foods such as milk, cereals, nuts, dried fruits, flour, etc. consumed daily by people, but also in animal feeds. But only some of them are documented studies and even fewer are those, which have been identified, legally permissible concentration limits in foods consumed daily. The mycotoxins are generally considered harmful compounds produced by certain species of fungi which grow on agricultural products or crops before harvest or during storage in agricultural systems and remain active for a long time after the destruction of fungi of which came. Their occurrence in foods and beverages has been recognized as a health threat to both human and animal, whether it comes from direct infection of plant tissues or products derived there from, or the transfer of mycotoxins and their metabolites in animal tissues, and hence in milk, eggs and elsewhere. Some of these mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, are extremely high toxicity, which makes compounds that deserve particular attention. Therefore it is essential that all agricultural products intended for human or animal feed can be subjected to constant and meticulous. The subject of this paper is to study the parameters (temperature and humidity) that influence the development of the mycotoxin zearalenone using as substrate flour stored maize. The aim was to check the growing conditions, storage and maintenance of primary agricultural products and thus reduce the development of mycotoxins in agricultural products and foodstuffs. The activity helped to investigate the mechanism of action of the conditions that lead to the development of both mycotoxins during storage of raw materials and in processing, production and packaging of finished product.

No description available.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a microbiota fúngica e a ocorrência de micotoxinas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas em amostras de grãos de trigo recém-colhidas e armazenadas. Os resultados revelaram a predominância do gênero Alternaria nas amostras de todas as coletas, seguido de Epicoccum (12,6%), Fusarium (8,3%) e mais 16 outros gêneros de fungos filamentosos. As espécies de Fusarium e Alternaria foram identificadas utilizando métodos moleculares, sendo F. graminearum e A. alternata as espécies mais frequentes. De 70 amostras, 69 (98,6%) estavam contaminadas com a toxina DON (210-2910 ppb) e 3 (4,3%) amostras contaminadas com a toxina ZEA (20-30,1 ppb). O nível de contaminação por DON é inferior aos limites estabelecidos recentemente pela legislação brasileira (3000 ppb), porém superam os limites da Comunidade Européia (1750 ppb). É prudente que se realize um monitoramento contínuo de grãos de trigo a fim de avaliar a exposição dos consumidores às contaminações e estabelecer diretrizes de segurança alimentar. / The present study aimed to evaluated the mycoflora and occurrence of mycotoxins by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass in freshly harvested and stored wheat samples. The results showed the predominance of genus Alternaria in all samples, followed by Epicoccum (12.6%), Fusarium (8.3%) and over 16 other genera of filamentous fungi. The species of Fusarium and Alternaria were identified using molecular methods, and F. graminearum and A. alternata were the most frequent species. Of 70 samples, 69 (98.6%) were contaminated with toxin DON (210-2910 ppb), and 3 (4.3%) samples contaminated with the toxin ZEA (20-30.1 ppb). The level of DON contamination is below of the limits recently established by Brazilian legislation (3000 ppb), but exceed the limits of the European Community (1750 ppb). It is prudent to perform a continuous monitoring of wheat to assess consumer exposure to contaminants and establish guidelines for food safety.