In 2003 a proclamation of Zero Tolerance towards sexual exploitation and abuse was made by Secretary General of United Nations Kofi Annan. The policy have been around for 20 years and so has the scandals how come? To find out Bacchis (2009) What’s the problem represented to be? approach to policy analysis was chosen to find out what strategies was applied to manage zero tolerance. The identified strategies are a systemwide implementation of the principles of conduct, a victim centred approach including procedures for reporting, and finally an accountability framework. Identified silences are how to change an organisational culture of tolerance, how to restore confidence and how to manage mixed messages.

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Previous research has indicated that there is a possible relationship between disproportionality in student discipline and high school dropout rate.  Using discipline and dropout data from a mid-Atlantic state school district, discipline disproportionality and dropout rate amongst high school African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian male and females over a period of four school years was examined. The findings indicated that there was indeed discipline disproportionality among African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian students.  However, the evidence indicating a relationship between disproportionality and dropping out was not conclusive.  Based on the findings, implications for educational practice are advanced.  In addition, recommendations for further research are set forth. / Ed. D.

Inappropriate behavior among students has long been a point of great concern and contention for public schools in the United States. Our national school discipline rates have reached an all-time high. As suspension and expulsion rates continue to grow at schools across the country, so do racial disparities. Over the past 4 decades, the K, "12 suspension rates have doubled for White students but tripled for Black students. In Arlington County Public Schools (ACPS), inappropriate student behavior that may result in suspension is classified as either "zero-tolerance" (for which the student must be suspended) or "nonzero-tolerance" (for which the school administrator can choose between suspension and other forms of discipline). Suspension is assumed to be one of the more severe forms of discipline. This study analyzes the impact that student ethnicity had on suspensions in ACPS during school years 2006 to 2011. The results indicate that Hispanic and Black students are suspended more than White and Asian students. However, when the administrator has the option to suspend, results suggest that Blacks and Whites are given the benefit of the doubt but Hispanics are not. Possible causes of the relationship between ethnicity and inappropriate behavior are provided. Reasoning for school administrators' possible leniency with Blacks and their possible lack of leniency with Hispanics is also provided. Areas of future study are recommended. / Ed. D.

Public school students across the United States have been criminalized for minor youth behavior issues such as truancy, defiance, and minor fighting incidents. The presence of law enforcement is expanding in school spaces, increasing the likelihood of young students facing court systems for minor offenses. Criminalization of students is counterproductive considering schools are designed to promote student growth and development. Little is known about how students and parents experience school criminalization. The purpose of this multi-case study, based on Freire's conceptual framework of critical consciousness, was to investigate how a small group of families experienced school criminalization. Three families of youths who had been criminalized for minor school offences were recruited using community partners as referral sources. Interviews were conducted with parents using a semi-structured protocol, and data were also obtained from school and court records provided by parents. Data were triangulated, summarized as case descriptions, member checked, and then cross-theme analyzed based on Gibbs and Taylor's approach for emergent themes. Study results demonstrated that these families felt trapped between two institutions and experienced fear and frustration trying to deal with both systems. Participants also recommended ways parents and schools might improve discipline for minor offences. This study will influence social change by informing school and juvenile justice discipline policy reform about working with two systems in managing student behavior concerns. In addition, the interview protocol can be used by human services professionals to help improve understanding of clients faced with school criminalization issues.

Arbetets art: Examensarbete i lärarutbildningen, Avancerad nivå, 15 hp Högskolan i Skövde Titel: Nolltolerans i skolan om hot och våld - En studie om rektorers tolkning av begreppet nolltolerans Sidantal: 41 Författare: David Löfving och Joakim Petersson Handledare: Kennert Orlenius Datum: januari, 2009 Nyckelord: nolltolerans, hot och våld, åtgärder, gränsdragning, agerande I USA på 1990-talet infördes en lag gällande nolltolerans mot vapen i skolan. Denna lag har fått en vidare tolkning vilket har gjort att många elever har blivit exkluderade från undervisningen av märkliga skäl. Uppsatsen handlar om rektorers syn på begreppet nolltolerans i frågor om hot och våld mot skolpersonal. Vidare redogör studien för hur rektorer arbetar förebyggande och hur deras efterarbete ser ut. Dessutom berör studien rektorers erfarenheter kring hot och våld mot skolpersonal. För att nå fram till studiens syfte så intervjuades rektorer på högstadieskolor. De intervjuade rektorerna hade inga större erfarenheter kring hot och våld mot skolpersonal. Rektorerna är positivt inställda till nolltoleransbegreppet dock så ser de en viss svårighet till att införa ett sådant begrepp. Allting handlar om gränsdragningar, var går gränsen för hot och våld? Rektorerna ger också uttryck för det förebyggande arbetet i undervisningen. Det finns handlingsplaner på samtliga av de intervjuade rektorernas arbetsplatser som både tar upp förebyggande och efterföljande arbete kring hot och våld.

Exclusionary discipline policies (Casella, 2003; Christle, Jolivette & Nelson, 2005; Tuzzolo & Hewitt, 2007), academic failure and school dropout are some of the most salient factors in the school to prison pipeline (Christle, Jolivette & Nelson, 2005). While previous research has explored the variability in existing exclusionary discipline policies and identified numerous factors associated with expulsion or criminal justice outcomes among youth, there has been little effort to bring these individual and school level factors together into a single predictive model that is informed by existing criminological theories. In this context, the proposed study will use multiple waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to consider how school discipline policies, demographics, and competing criminological explanations affect the risk of expulsion and then future contact with the criminal justice system. Findings reveal that school-level factors such as severe disciplinary policies, school size, and school type are weak predictors of expulsion and adult arrest. Conversely, measures of social bonding, low self-control, learning, and strain theories show promise in predicting expulsion and arrest outcomes. A history of school disciplinary actions and self-reported delinquency present themselves as the strongest predictors of expulsion and subsequent arrest. Theoretical and policy implications are considered.

<p> </p><p>Arbetets art: Examensarbete i lärarutbildningen, Avancerad nivå, 15 hp</p><p>Högskolan i Skövde</p><p>Titel: Nolltolerans i skolan om hot och våld - En studie om rektorers tolkning av</p><p>begreppet nolltolerans</p><p>Sidantal: 41</p><p>Författare: David Löfving och Joakim Petersson</p><p>Handledare: Kennert Orlenius</p><p>Datum: januari, 2009</p><p>Nyckelord: nolltolerans, hot och våld, åtgärder, gränsdragning, agerande</p><p>I USA på 1990-talet infördes en lag gällande nolltolerans mot vapen i skolan. Denna lag</p><p>har fått en vidare tolkning vilket har gjort att många elever har blivit exkluderade från</p><p>undervisningen av märkliga skäl.</p><p>Uppsatsen handlar om rektorers syn på begreppet nolltolerans i frågor om hot och våld</p><p>mot skolpersonal. Vidare redogör studien för hur rektorer arbetar förebyggande och hur</p><p>deras efterarbete ser ut. Dessutom berör studien rektorers erfarenheter kring hot och</p><p>våld mot skolpersonal. För att nå fram till studiens syfte så intervjuades rektorer på</p><p>högstadieskolor.</p><p>De intervjuade rektorerna hade inga större erfarenheter kring hot och våld mot</p><p>skolpersonal. Rektorerna är positivt inställda till nolltoleransbegreppet dock så ser de en</p><p>viss svårighet till att införa ett sådant begrepp. Allting handlar om gränsdragningar, var</p><p>går gränsen för hot och våld? Rektorerna ger också uttryck för det förebyggande arbetet</p><p>i undervisningen. Det finns handlingsplaner på samtliga av de intervjuade rektorernas</p><p>arbetsplatser som både tar upp förebyggande och efterföljande arbete kring hot och</p><p>våld.</p><p> </p>

Uppsatsen handlar om huruvida dagens styrdokument för grundskolan medger en disciplinmodell som grundar sig på fotbollens spelregler. Uppsatsen bygger på textanalys, då den undersöker vad läroplan, skollag och övriga styrdokument säger om upprätthållandet av regler och dess konsekvenser i skolan. För att kunna jämföra upprätthållandet av regler i en skolkontext och en fotbollskontext valde jag ut fyra områden som återfinns i de båda kontexterna: demokrati, makt, trygghet och nolltolerans. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att det finns utrymme i de rådande dokumenten för att tillämpa Frisk-modellen, som jag kallar min disciplinmodell. / The purpose of the essay is to examine whether the current guiding documents for the compulsory school admits a discipline model based on the rules of football. The essay is based on text analysis, as it examines what the curriculum, the school law and other guiding documents say about the preservation of rules and its consequences in school. In order to compare the preservation of rules between school and football I chose four fields that are present in both contexts. These fields are democracy, power, security and zero tolerance. The result of the examination shows that the existing documents admit usage of my own discipline model, which I have named the Frisk model.