Orientador: Sandra Helena Penha de Oliveira / Banca: Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf / Banca: Carlos Ferreira dos Santos / Resumo: O declínio mundial da cárie dentária é atribuído ao uso abrangente do flúor. Embora esse elemento seja capaz de proteger os dentes, seu uso excessivo pode levar a uma ação citotóxica causando a inibição do crescimento celular, da síntese de proteínas e até mesmo a morte celular. O primeiro objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a concentração ideal do NaF (NaF) capaz de ativar os fibroblastos gengivais de camundongos sem induzir morte celular. Observou-se que, nesses fibroblastos, a concentração de 40 μg F/mL induziu morte celular de 62,6 %. Na concentração de 20 μg F/mL a morte celular foi de apenas 22,1%. Com base nesses resultados, optou-se por utilizar a concentração de 20 μg F/mL como dose máxima para investigar os mecanismos envolvidos na ativação dos fibroblastos gengivais. Dessa forma, avaliou-se a capacidade do NaF induzir a expressão de MMP-2 e MMP-9 pelos fibroblastos gengivais de camundongos na presença ou ausência de LPS, assim como a produção da quimiocina CCL-3/MIP-1α e óxido nítrico. Avaliou-se também a participação das vias de sinalização intracelular p44/42, p38, PI3K e NF-кB envolvidas durante essa ativação, por meio da utilização dos respectivos inibidores PD98059 (50 μM), SB202190 (10 μM), LY294002 (30 μM) e dexametasona (10 μM). Observou-se que o NaF foi capaz de estimular os fibroblastos gengivais a expressarem MMP-9, mas não MMP-2, na concentração de 20 μg F/mL com pico máximo 6 horas após, retornando aos níveis normais 24 horas após. A produção da quimiocina CCL3/MIP-1α pelos fibroblastos estimulados pelo NaF também foi observada com a concentração de 20 μg F/mL com pico máximo 6 horas após estímulo. Na presença de LPS, observou-se uma potenciação da expressão de MMP-9 e produção de CCL3/MIP-1α na concentração de 20 μg F/mL, 6 horas após. / Abstract: The worldwide decline of the dental caries is attributed to the widespread use of fluoride. Although this element is capable of protecting the teeth, its excessive use, can lead to a cytotoxic action, causing an inhibition of the cell growth, of the protein synthesis and even the cellular death. Based on these results, we have chosen to use a concentration of 20 μ g F/mL as maximum concentration to investigate the mechanisms involved in the activation of the gingival fibroblasts. It was observed that, on those fibroblasts, the concentration of 40 μg F/mL has resulted in a death cellular index of 62.6%. In the concentration of 20 μg F/mL the cellular death was of 22.1% only. Based on these results, the concentration of 20 μg F/mL has been chosen as maximum concentration to investigate the mechanisms involved in the activation of the gingival fibroblasts. Later, the ability of NaF to induce the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in gingival fibroblasts of mice in the presence or absence of LPS has been assessed, as well as the production of chemokine CCL-3/MIP-1a and nitric oxide. It also evaluated the participation of intracellular signaling pathways p44/42, p38, PI3K e NF-kB involved in this activation, through inhibitors PD98059 (50 μM), SB202190 (10 μM), LY294002 (30 μM) e dexamethasone (10 μM). It was observed that the NaF was capable to stimulate the gingival fibroblasts to express MMP-9, at the concentration of 20 μgF/mL with maximum peak 6 hours after, returning to normal levels 24 hours after. The expression of MMP-2 was not observed. The production of chemokine CCL3/MIP-1α was also observed with the concentration of 20 μgF/mL with maximum peak 6 hours after the stimulation. In the presence of LPS, it was observed an intensification in the expression of MMP-9 and also in the production of CCL3/MIP-1α at the concentration of 20 μgF/mL, 6 hours later. / Mestre

Orientador : João Aristeu da Rosa / Coorientador: Vagner José Mendonça / Banca: Cleber Galvão Ferreira / Banca: Maria Tercilia Vilela Azeredo Oliveira / Resumo: O subcomplexo Triatoma brasiliensis compreende as espécies: Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis, T. juazerensis, T. lenti, T. melanica T. melanocephala, T. petrochii, T. sherlocki, T. tibiamaculata e T. vitticeps. Essas espécies apresentam muitas questões relativas à sua biologia e filogenia. Diante dessa constatação e servindo-se de estudos moleculares, morfológicos e morfométricos avaliaram-se aspectos filogenéticos das espécies do referido complexo. Para tanto caracteres morfológicos da genitália externa feminina, foram estudadas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Por microscopia óptica foram desenvolvidos estudos morfométricos: geometria morfométrica de cabeças e asas, mensuração do comprimento e largura da cabeça, comprimento do tórax, abdômen e dos três segmentos da probóscide de adultos fêmeas e machos. Foram sequenciadas regiões dos genes nucleares dos espaçadores transcritos internos I e II e dos genes mitocondriais 12S, 16S, COI e CyTb e avaliadas com o intuito de propor hipóteses filogenéticas para as espécies do complexo. / Abstract: The subcomplex Triatoma brasiliensis comprises species: Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis, T. juazerensis, T. lenti, T. melanica T. melanocephala, T. petrochii, T. sherlocki, T. tibiamaculata e T. vitticeps. These species have many questions regarding its biology and phylogeny. Given this finding and making use of molecular studies, morphological and morphometric aspects were evaluated phylogenetic species of said complex. For both morphological characters of the female external genitalia, they were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By optical microscopy were developed morphometric studies: morphometric geometry heads and wings, measuring the length and width of the head, thorax length, abdomen and the three segments of the proboscis of adult females and males. Sequences of nuclear genes of internal transcribed spacers I and II were sequenced and the mitochondrial genes 12S, 16S, COI and Cytb were sequenced and evaluated with the aim to propose phylogenetic hypotheses for complex species. / Mestre

Orientador: Rinaldo Poncio Mendes / Coorientador: James Venturini / Coorientador: Ana Pardini Vicentini / Coorientador: Daniela Vanessa Moris de Oliveira / Banca: Mário León Silva-Vergara / Banca: Anamaria Mello Miranda Peniago / Resumo: O reaparecimento de manifestações clínicas após tratamento eficaz, neste texto identificado como recaída, tem sido pouco avaliado. Assim, foram estudados os casos de recaída observados em 400 pacientes, 93 com a forma aguda/subaguda (FA) e 307 com a crônica (FC), que já tinham apresentado cura aparente, isto é, com cura clínica, normalização da velocidade de hemossedimentação e cura sorológica - caracterizada pela presença de teste negativo à imunodifusão dupla em gel de agar por dois anos. Vinte e um (5,2%) desses pacientes apresentaram recaídas da doença. Três (14,3%) eram do sexo feminino e 18 (85,7%) do masculino, com razão de masculinidade de 6:1. Dos 21 pacientes com recaída, 15 (4,8%) apresentavam a FC e 6 (6,4%) a FA (p>0,05). As reativações ocorreram de 46 a 296 meses após introdução do tratamento (Md=96) e de 4 a 267 meses (Md= 60) após sua suspensão. As formas clínicas não diferiram quanto aos tempos decorridos até a reativação. O diagnóstico sorológico de recaída pela IDD foi feito em apenas 45% dos casos, o que levou à avaliação de outros testes para esse fim. Assim, foi realizado o enzimaimunoensaio (ELISA) e o immunoblotting (IB). A sensibilidade da IDD e do ELISA / 0,710 foi 76,1% em amostras de soro obtidos no pré-tratamento (p=0,25). No diagnóstico de recaída, a sensibilidade da IDD foi menor que no pré-tratamento (80% vs 45%; p=0,017), enquanto o ELISA / 0,710 foi igual (80% vs 65%;p=0,125). A sensibilidade do IB para diagnóstico de recaída foi de 12,5% na identificação da gp70 e 43,8% na da gp43 (p<0,05). A avaliação da acurácia do teste ELISA revelou sensibilidade de 96%, especificidade de 95%, valor preditivo positivo de 95%, valor preditivo negativo de 96% e acurácia de 95,5% quando o cut-off utilizado foi a densidade óptica de 0,710, obtido em função da construção da receiver operator characteristc - ROC, para um intervalo de confiança ... / Abstract: The reappearance of clinical manifestations after efficacious treatment, here identified as relapse, has been rarely evaluated. Thus, the cases of relapse observed in a cohort of 400 patients, 93 with acute/subacute form (AF) and 307 with chronic form (CF) were studied. They had already reached apparent cure, characterized as clinical cure, normalization of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serological cure, with a negative double agar gel immunodiffusion test (DID) for two years after antifungal discontinuation. Twenty-one (5.2%) of these patients had relapses. Three (14.3%) were female and 18 (85.7%) were male, with a male:female ratio of 6:1. Of the 21 relapsed patients, 15 (4.8%) presented the CF and 6 (6.4%) the AF (p>0.05). The relapse occurred 46-296 months after introduction of the treatment (Md=8 yrs) and from 4 to 267 months (Md=5 yrs) after withdrawal. Clinical forms did not differ regarding to the time elapsed until relapse. DID was positive in only 45% of the relapsed cases, which led to the evaluation of other tests to diagnose this condition. Thus, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized and the cut off was determined using the curve receiver operator characteristic - ROC and confidence intervals of 95% and 99%, showing optical densities of 0.710 and 0.850, respectively. Then, serological evaluation was performed using ELISA/0.710 and ELISA/0.850, and immunoblotting identifying gp43 (IBgp43) and gp70 (IBgp70). ELISA 0.710 and DID showed the same sensitivity, 76.1%, in serum samples obtained before treatment (p=0.25). DID sensitivity was lower at relapse than before the initial treatment (45% vs 80%; p=0.017), whereas ELISA/0,710 was the same (65% vs 80%; p=0.125). IBgp70 showed a 12.5% and IBgp43 a 43.8% sensitivity for diagnosing relapse (p<0.05). ELISA/0.710 showed a 96% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 95% positive predictive value, 96% negative ... / Mestre

Orientador: João Pessoa Araújo Junior / Banca: João Manuel Grisi Candeias / Banca: Marcelo de Souza Zanutto / Resumo: O vírus da peritonite infecciosa felina (FIPV) causa uma doença fatal, sistêmica e imunomediada. O FIPV contem mutações do coronavírus entérico felino (FECoV) e o diagnóstico antemortem da PIF é desafiador pois a maioria dos gatos são positivos para FCoV nos testes sorológicos e de amplificação de DNA. A diferenciação entre a infecção pelo FIPV e pelo FECoV é difícil, sendo conclusivo post-mortem pelo exame histopatológico. A RT-PCR para detecção do RNAm de coronavírus felino em sangue periférico é um teste diagnóstico que evidencia a infecção e replicação do vírus. Entretanto, esses ensaios não conseguem distinguir entre cepas produtoras de PIF e do FECoV. Na patogenia da infecção, as células imunes infectadas induzem uma produção exacerbada de citocinas. Assim, nosso objetivo foi o de verificar se gatos com PIF expressam RNAM codificante de citocinas de forma alterada quando comparadas com animais saudáveis. Para tanto, amostras de sangue de 44 gatos provenientes de gatis de SP e RJ foram coletadas em 4 momentos, num intervalo de 4 meses. A partir do RNA total extraído, foi realizada a RT-qPCR para RNAm codificante de citocinas felinas (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ) normalizadas pelo GAPDH. Observou-se que, para as citocinas IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 e IL-10, foram obtidos resultados elevados na maioria dos animais. Entretanto, IL-12, TNF-α e IFN-γ estavam aumentadas em apenas alguns grupos, que pode estar associado à infecção por FIPV. Os animais que apresentaram valores elevados para essas citocinas, tinham sinais clínicos compatíveis com a doença e contato com animais que desenvolveram a PIF / Abstract: The feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) causes a fatal disease, and systemic immune mediated. The FIPV contains mutations of feline enteric coronavirus (FECoV) and antemortem diagnosis of FIP is challenging because most cats are positive for FCoV in serological and DNA amplification. The differentiation between infection the FIPV and FECoV is hard being conclusive post-mortem by histopathological examination. RT-PCR for detection of feline coronavirus mRNA in peripheral blood is a diagnostic test which shows the infection and replication of the virus. However, these tests can't distinguish between strains producing FIP and FECoV. In the pathogenesis of infection, the infected cells induce an immune exacerbated production of cytokines. Thus, our goal was to determine whether cats with FIP express mRNA encoding cytokines altered form compared to healthy animals. Therefore, blood samples from 44 cats from catteries of SP and RJ were collected at 4 times within 4 months. From the total RNA, we performed RT-qPCR mRNA coding for feline cytokine (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ) normalized by GAPDH. It was observed that, for the cytokines IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 high scores were obtained in most animals. However, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ were increased only in some groups, which may be associated with FIPV infection. The animals with high values for these cytokines had clinical signs consistent with the disease and contact with animals that developed FIP / Mestre

Orientador: Ailton Akira Shinoda / Banca: Amarildo Tabone Paschoalini / Banca: Marcio Antonio Bazani / Banca: Thiago Antonini Alves / Banca: Valtemir Emerencio do Nascimento / Resumo: Quando equipamentos e dispositivos eletrônicos são desenvolvidos, o conhecimento de todas as características do projeto é imprescindível. Certos circuitos eletrônicos apresentam componentes com elevada dissipação térmica devido à potência, podendo acarretar problemas no produto desenvolvido. Os componentes eletrônicos, em sua maioria, apresentam um limite em relação à temperatura, tal propriedade é denominada temperatura de junção, temperatura na qual o die do componente eletrônico se encontra. Se a temperatura de junção for excedida, o componente eletrônico poderá apresentar um comportamento inadequado ou até mesmo a parada total de suas atividades. O ideal é que o projeto elétrico e térmico avancem concomitantemente no desenvolvimento do equipamento, de modo a se obter um produto otimizado. Uma maneira eficiente de avaliar o comportamento térmico dos equipamentos eletrônicos é através de simulações computacionais em softwares de Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). O emprego dessa ferramenta não é trivial pela dificuldade da elaboração do modelo numérico. Além disso, alguns valores dos parâmetros necessários do modelo numérico, muitas vezes, não são conhecidos. Um exemplo típico é a potência térmica dissipada dos componentes eletrônicos, não dos elementos passivos como resistores ou capacitores, mas dos circuitos integrados (CIs). Os CIs possuem uma estrutura interna complexa contendo milhares ou até milhões de transistores. Outro exemplo é a placa de circuito impresso (PCI) com vários componentes eletrônicos no seu interior. Neste contexto, esta tese propõe uma metodologia para a obtenção de um modelo numérico correlacionado que pode ser extrapolado para um cenário desejado e a partir deste conhecer o campo de temperatura e de velocidade do equipamento. A metodologia é baseada em uma correlação entre o modelo numérico simplificado e teste... / Abstract: When electronic equipment and devices are developed, the knowledge of all the features of this project is essential. Some electronic circuits have components with high thermal power dissipation, which can cause problems to the product developed. The electronic components have a limit on the temperature, such property is called junction temperature. If the junction temperature is exceeded, the electronic components will display inappropriate behavior or even a complete stop their activities. Ideally, the electrical design and thermal design concurrently advance in the development of the equipment in order to obtain an optimum product. A efficient way to meet the thermal performance of electronic equipment is through computer simulations in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. However make use of this tool can be difficult. The difficulty is creating the numerical model. For this procedure is necessary to know some variables that are unknown. The thermal power dissipation of electronic components, not resistors or capacitors, but integrated circuits that has in its interior a very complex structure containing thousands or millions of transistors is an example. The complex structures of the geometries to be modeled that are inside electronic components and PCBs are other examples. In this context, this thesis proposes a methodology based on numerical correlations and experimental tests in order to know the device's temperature range designed running in a desired situation. The methodology is based on a correlation between the simplified numerical model and experimental test. The thermal simulation methodology presented in this thesis brings contributions to the thermal management in the design of electronic equipment. The approach allows doing numerical simulations of equipment for a desired scene and the results assist in project analysis, particularly in reliability and lifetime of electronic ... / Doutor

Syftet med denna studie är att dels undersöka upplevelsen av samhälleligt förtryck hos unga fysiskt funktionshindrade kvinnor (ålder 22-31) upplever, dels undersöka hur de hanterar och har internaliserat detta förtryck. Studien utfördes med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra informanter inom urvalsgruppen. Intervjumaterialet analyserades mot bakgrund av tidigare forskning samt teoretiska perspektiv kopplade till förtryck och internaliserat förtryck. Målet med studien är att bidra med nya perspektiv till såväl funktionshinderforskning som forskning kring internaliserat förtryck. Genom att synliggöra internaliserat förtryck kan studien förhoppningsvis även bidra till att upphäva ojämlika strukturer i samhället på sikt. Studien visar att informanterna främst upplever två former av förtryck; kulturellt samt socioekonomiskt. Det kulturella förtrycket tar sig uttryck i att de stereotypiseras, kategoriseras och pekas ut som avvikare. Det socioekonomiska förtrycket handlar om exkludering från arbetsmarknaden och bristande stöd från samhället. Det finns indikatorer på att förtrycket har internaliserats av informanterna samt påverkat dem negativt. Självtvivel, anpassning till orättvisa förhållanden och avståndstagande från andra funktionshindrade personer är tecken på detta. Mycket tyder, å andra sidan, på att informanterna till stor del även bemöter förtrycket med motstånd. Funktionshinderskapet upplevs i hög grad som naturligt och oproblematiskt, man motarbetar aktivt orättvisor, samt känner stark samhörighet med andra funktionshindrade.

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med mammor som är eller har varit föräldralediga längre än fadern undersöka deras subjektiva syn på och upplevelse av jämställdhet och föräldraledighet samt orsakerna till deras val. Intervjuerna har analyserats med hjälp av tematisk analys vilket resulterade i tre teman, dessa teman var: förväntningar på mamman, biologiska och praktiska förutsättningar vid uppdelningen av föräldraledigheten samt den komplexa jämställdheten. Tidigare forskning har visat på att det kan finnas vissa hinder som ligger till grund för varför mammor tenderar att vara föräldralediga längre än pappan, exempelvis ekonomi och traditionella könsroller. Empirin har även analyserats i förhållande till teorier såsom genussystemet, dubbelbestraffning, traditionella könsroller samt normer och multipla sociala roller. Studien visar att det är svårt att leva jämställt trots goda intentioner att göra så. Ekonomi, biologiska aspekter såsom amning och hormoner samt att mammorna upplever en yttre och inre press att leva upp till de förväntningar som finns i omgivningen är några aspekter som mammorna beskrev som bidragande till att de har varit föräldralediga längre än fadern. När det kom till jämställdhet beskrev och upplevde mammorna att det var viktigt att få bestämma själv och att man är jämställd ekonomiskt. Det var även viktigt att båda föräldrarna var lika mycket förälder till barnen samt att barnen skulle ha rätt att vara hemma med båda föräldrarna.

No description available.

Integer programming can be used to provide solutionsto complex decision and planning problems occurring in a wide varietyof situations. Applying integer programming to a real life problembasically involves a first phase where a mathematical model isconstructed, and a second phase where the problem described by themodel is solved. While the nature of the challenges involved in therespective two phases differ, the strong relationship between theproperties of models, and which methods that are appropriate for theirsolution, links the two phases. This thesis constitutes of threepapers, of which the third one considers the modeling phase, while thefirst and second one consider the solution phase.   Many applications of column generation yield master problems of setpartitioning type, and the first and second papers presentmethodologies for solving such problems. The characteristics of themethodologies presented are that all successively found solutions arefeasible and integral, where the retention of integrality is a majordistinction from other column generation methods presented in theliterature.   The third paper concerns nurse scheduling and describes the results ofa pilot implementation of a scheduling tool at a Swedish nursing ward.This paper focuses on the practical aspects of modeling and thechallenges of providing a solution to a complex real life problem.

Many believe that the current application of modern logistics solutions in general and centralisation of distribution systems in particular is damaging from an environmental perspective. The reason for this claim is that when a distribution system is centralised, products need to be shipped over greater distances. This causes an increase in transport work, which in turn is believed to cause an increase in emissions. Further, the decision to centralise distribution can be characterised as a structural decision and earlier research has helped illustrate how such decisions have greater impact on the overall performance of a distribution system than decisions taken at subsequent levels (tactical and operative). The reason for this is that structural decisions help create new opportunities to make other logistical decisions that are beneficial for the performance of a distribution system, as measured in terms of costs and service. It is also acknowledged that there is a lack of research illustrating the actual environmental effects of centralisation. This area is the theme of this thesis and the overall purpose is to describe and analyse how centralisation of a distribution system can affect the environment. This purpose has been divided into two research questions, where the first one reads: - How does physical centralisation of a distribution system influence the environment? This question aims at investigating what effect centralisation has on the amount of emissions that are caused by transport in a distribution system. One of the main advantages with a centralised distribution system is that emergency deliveries are expected to decrease. This type of transport is often performed by airfreight, which is a mode of transport that is regarded to cause the largest amount of environmental stress among the four most commonly used transport modes. The argument that is made is that even though centralisation causes an increase in transport work, this must not necessarily mean that emissions increase. As indicated above, earlier studies on structural changes in distribution systems have shown that this type of decision creates new opportunities to make other decisions that are beneficial for the performance of a distribution system, albeit in terms of costs and service. The aim of the second research question is consequently to study this issue, but from an environmental perspective. This question therefore reads: - How do structural decisions in logistics create new opportunities to improve on the environmental performance of a distribution system? The results of the study show that it is not sufficient to only consider transport work and emergency deliveries when the environmental effect of a centralisation is to be evaluated. It has also been concluded that centralisation creates an opportunity to make improvements within the distribution system that can prove beneficial from an environmental perspective. In summary, three characteristics besides transport work and emergency deliveries were identified as being of importance when considering the environmental effects of a centralisation. These included centralised flow, modal change, and bargaining power. This model (see full pdf) does not aim to include all characteristics that can be relevant in an environmental evaluation of a centralisation, but rather those that have been found significant in this study. However, the model helps illustrate that there are many aspects that need to be considered in such an evaluation and that depending on the characteristics of the distribution system at hand the results can vary quite extensively.