<p>In recent decades much effort has gone into reducing particle emissions in the exhaust gases of heavy-duty diesel engines. Engine development has now reached the stage where it is worth to put heavy focus on the contribution of lubricating oil to particulate emissions in order to further reduce these emissions.</p><p> </p><p>A literature study demonstrates that the cylinder system is usually the largest source of oil-related particles. Oil consumption in the cylinder can be divided into <em>throw-off</em> effects when inertia forces act on the piston, piston rings and oil; <em>evaporation</em> from hot surfaces; <em>reverse blow-by</em> when gas pressure drives the oil consumption; and <em>top land scraping </em>when oil is scraped off the cylinder liner.</p><p> </p><p>The pressure between the compression rings strongly affects the stability and position of the upper compression ring as well as the oil consumption caused by the reverse blow-by. A method to measure the inter-ring pressure was developed and evaluated. The measurements showed that cycle-to-cycle variations were small, but that the inter-ring pressure varied over time. Calculations with AVL Excite Piston and Rings confirmed that ring gap positions can have a major influence on the inter-ring pressure.</p><p> </p><p>The measured particle size and number distributions at motoring conditions show interesting and unexpected results. The high number of particles with a diameter of around 100 nm was greatly reduced when the temperature in the diluter was increased. The mean number particle diameter decreased until 10 nm and then became stable independent of further temperature increase. Other authors have found that the small particles (nucleation mode) are reduced and the larger particles (accumulation mode) are more or less unaffected when exhaust gases are heated up and diluted.  </p><p> </p>

<p>This thesis has its origin in empirical evidence. Some Swedish companies claimed that despite having plenty of proposals for developing new products, they experienced problems when choosing from all those alternatives. Their problem was how to select among new ideas the ones for being developed and the ones to be rejected, how many projects to run according to their capacity, when to start a development project and when to stop one, and how to decide among ongoing projects which the most important ones were. The companies’ problem was decision making in the context of innovation.</p><p> According to literature, a deeper understanding is needed of the decision making process in innovation, taking into account its organizational and procedural complexities. The purpose of this thesis is to achieve an understanding of the decision making process in innovation.  The thesis is based on an explorative study, with interviews carried out in three companies that have new product development as a core competitive factor. The empirical study focuses on the decisions made for selection and prioritization of different innovative alternatives. </p><p>As a result of the analysis of the empirical data a conceptualization of the decision making process was developed. Furthermore, it was described the relevant problems that decision makers experience, the main characteristics of the decision making process and the role that decision making plays in innovation. The implications of these findings for designing work procedures to support decision making in innovation were discussed; and general descriptions of two practical methods suggested. </p><p>The main findings indicate that for making decisions in the context of innovation, organizations must be able to face uncertain and ambiguous situations, and achieve a collective understanding about what is to be done. To do this, different approaches for making decisions and understanding innovation are needed. However, regardless of the appropriateness of these approaches, they receive different levels of acceptance within organizations; and decision makers must deal with the different grades of organizational acceptance of the different approaches. As a consequence, an organization displays certain dynamic using different approaches for making decisions and for understanding innovation. Such dynamic influences the companies’ innovative potential and the output of the innovation process.</p>

<p>A modern diesel engine is capable of running efficiently with low exhaust gas emissions over a wide operating range. This is thanks to techniques such as turbocharging, EGR, charge air cooling and an advanced fuel injection process. The fuel injection process is important for the combustion and emission formation in the diesel engine. The fuel injector has to atomize and vaporize the fuel as it is injected. During the combustion the emission formation has to be kept to a minimum. Very strong pressure gradients are present in a modern diesel injection nozzle, this causes cavitation to occur in the nozzle holes. The influence of cavitation on flow parameters such as the various discharge coefficients is discussed. The occurrence of cavitation helps the spray break up and it can keep the nozzle holes free from deposits. Excessive amounts of cavitation can lead to hole erosion and thus impact the long term operation of the nozzle in a negative way. Hole erosion as well as other mechanisms can cause hole to hole variations in fuel spray impulse, mass flow, penetration etc. This is a very important issue in any low emission diesel engine, especially during transients, as less than optimal conditions have to be handled. The influence of hole to hole variation on fuel consumption and emissions is not very well known and this thesis contributes to the field. As a part of this work a fuel spray momentum measurement device was developed and tested. Any automotive engine needs to be able to perform quick transitions between different loads and speeds, so called transients. In a turbocharged diesel engine with EGR issues related to the turbocharger and the EGR-circuit arise. A diesel engine has to run with a certain air excess in order to achieve complete combustion with low emissions of soot. When turbocharging is used the turbocharger turbine uses some of the exhaust enthalpy to drive the turbo compressor, in this way the engine is provided with boost pressure. In order for the engine and turbocharger to function at the higher load and thus higher mass flow rate the turbocharger has to increase its rotational speed and the surface temperatures have to settle at a new thermodynamic state. Both of these processes take time and during this time the combustion process may have to proceed under less than optimum circumstances due to the low boost pressure.</p>

Syftet med uppsatsen är att diskutera om rekordårens bebyggelse kan med hjälp av en DIVE-analys betraktas som en del av kulturarvet. En kvalitativ metod har använts där observationer och historisk såväl som samtida litteratur varit grunden till empirin. Detta i enlighet med DIVE som undersökningsmetod. En kvalitativ analys med ett etnologiskt perspektiv har sedan gjorts. Uppsatsen utgår ifrån Grundad teori och behandlar således tidigare forskning kring kulturarvet, som begreppets karaktär och kulturarvets värden, i det avslutande kapitlet. Studien har resulterat i en analys av Hagalund i Solna stad, Stockholms län, vilket mynnar ut i ett resultat att Hagalund som en förort från rekordåren är ett kulturarv, dock enbart ur ett kunskapsperspektiv. Ur ett upplevelseperspektiv krävs helt andra metoder än DIVE för att utröna om Hagalund är ett kulturarv. Dessutom diskuteras DIVE-analysens förhållningssätt till kulturarvet och kulturarvet som objektivistiskt eller konstruktivistiskt betingat. Studien väcker flera nya frågeställningar kring kulturarvet och rekordårens bebyggelse.

De flesta spel som utvecklas i HTML5 använder en Canvas metod som ritar ut 2-D grafik. Med examensarbetet ville utvecklarna och examinatorn undersöka om det var möjligt att göra ett spel med bra prestanda utan att använda Canvas. Istället använde utvecklarna DOM-trädet och de nya funktioner som finns i CSS3 för att rita ut grafiken. Spelet som utvecklades heter Twofighter och är ett spel för två spelare på samma enhet exempelvis en surfplatta eller smartphone. Den ena spelaren styr ett rymdskepp som ska undvika eller plocka upp objekt som den andra spelaren placerar ut.

Detta arbete ägnar sig främst till alla lärare i grundskolan som undervisar i de samhällsorienterande ämnena, främst i religion. Under vår verksamhetsförlagda utbildning och vid arbete på diverse skolor har vi kunnat identifiera ett problem som är knutet till lärares identiteter och religionsundervisning. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka interaktionen mellan lärares identitetsarbete och religionsundervisning i hopp om att göra lärare medvetna om vikten av reflektion. Syftesformuleringen väcktes som en respons på lärares uttryck för deras erfarenheter i praktiken. Med beaktande av händelser i vår omvärld och samhällets förändrade dynamik blir det högst relevant att lärare visar medvetenhet för sitt identitetsarbete genom att synliggöra för sig själv hur deras kulturella bakgrunder och tro återspeglas i undervisningen.  Identitet, identitetsarbete och levnadsberättelser utgör centrala delar i detta arbete och är en förutsättning för besvarandet av arbetets frågeställningar. Semistrukturerade intervjuer gjorde det möjligt att undersöka sju lärares upplevelser av hur deras identitetsarbete påverkar religionsundervisningen. Analysen gjordes med hjälp av en tematisk analys med olika teman. Resultatet visade att identitetsarbete är viktigt och nödvändigt, men att det kan se olika ut. Detta beror på deras förståelse av sig själva och vilken plats deras personliga identitet får i undervisningen. Genom resultatet uppmärksammas även att identitetsarbete är en förutsättning för att lärares personliga värderingar ska kunna stå i linje med det yrkesmässiga ansvaret. Vidare fastställdes att levnadsberättelserna hade en stor påverkan på utformandet av den personliga identiteten där deras tidigare erfarenheter och värderingar kom till uttryck. Slutsatsen tyder på att lärarens självbild är kärnan i att kunna bedriva en icke-konfessionell undervisning. Det framgår även att det krävs en medveten reflektion för att kunna integrera personliga värderingar i det professionella tänkandet då lärares religiösa övertygelser inte kan uteslutas.

How can I portray history so that it becomes bodily experienced? This work aims to, with contemporary addition to a site with significant historical value, investigate haptic understanding and the bodily experience of a material. In my memory the brick is hard, cold, sharp and heavy. How will it meet the body? This work is based on a perceived materiality. With the bricks as a starting point, both the theory of the body's meeting with materials and embodied working methods are presented. The work contains studies on the brick that are learned through the perceived meeting with the material, these studies are moreover applied to the final design proposal. By working towards the public space, a playground, this project reflects over the importance of experiencing material in order to trigger imagination.

Philharmonie in der Frauenkirche Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872 – 1958) Five Variants of »Dives and Lazarus« Sarah Christ | Harfe Hamilton Harty (1879 – 1941) Konzert für Violine und Orchester d-Moll Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (1809 – 1847) Sinfonie Nr. 3 a-Moll op. 56 »Schottische«

Philharmonie in der Frauenkirche Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872 – 1958) Five Variants of »Dives and Lazarus« Sarah Christ | Harfe Hamilton Harty (1879 – 1941) Konzert für Violine und Orchester d-Moll Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (1809 – 1847) Sinfonie Nr. 3 a-Moll op. 56 »Schottische«

These (M.A.) - Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, 1981. / photocopie. CaQTU