El objetivo de este estudio, es brindar la información necesaria a los emprendedores, empresarios y demás organizaciones como una ayuda para que sean competitivas, fomentando la aplicación de los métodos científicos en sus prácticas cotidianas a través de la demostración del impacto del “Planeamiento Estratégico” y la utilización de “Las Cinco Fuerzas Competitivas que Moldean la Estrategia” en el éxito de las MYPES peruanas. En el primer capítulo se plantea el problema, seguido a esto en el segundo capítulo se presenta todo el fundamento teórico necesario a través del desarrollo de los conceptos claves para el claro entendimiento del estudio. En el tercer capítulo se realiza la revisión de la literatura relacionada, donde se muestran estudios afines realizados alrededor del mundo y los cuales sirven como fundamento para el estudio en el Perú. En el cuarto capítulo se presenta el estudio en el Perú, el cual inicia con la muestra tomada por la PUCP a 400 MIPYMES a nivel nacional, en los sectores industrial, comercio, servicios y construcción. En el capítulo cinco se definirá el alcance del estudio, las hipótesis y las variables que se desean probar. En el capítulo seis se realiza el análisis de los datos con el software IBM-SPSS y se presentan los resultados. Finalmente en el sétimo y último capítulo se concluye que las fuerzas competitivas más importantes y que tienen un impacto en éxito de las MYPES peruanas son “La facilidad de ingreso de nuevas empresas”, “La competitividad entre las empresas del sector” y “El poder de negociación del cliente”. Además, se observa que “El entorno general en que se desenvuelve su empresa comparando este año con el anterior”, es decir la mejoría en el entorno económico, influyó significativamente en el éxito de las MYPES; no obstante, las hipótesis relativas al planeamiento estratégico fueron rechazadas debido a que no fueron estadísticamente significativas.

Las elecciones generales de 1956 constituyen un importante hito en la historia de la democracia en el Perú; pusieron fin al autoritario régimen del general Manuel Odría (1948- 1956) y dieron inicio al mayor periodo democrático hasta ese entonces (1956-1968). Nuestra investigación es la primera en examinar la coyuntura electoral 1955-1956 de manera comprensiva y a partir de un uso intensivo de fuentes primarias; permitiéndonos plantear una interpretación consistente y articulada sobre cómo ocurrió este trascendental proceso de apertura política. / Tesis

Desde los últimos años, la falta de inversión en capacidad de generación es un problema recurrente en el mercado eléctrico peruano. En este contexto, existen dos hechos estilizados: el primero consiste en que a pesar del crecimiento de la demanda, no existen los suficientes incentivos para que los inversionistas decidan construir nueva capacidad de generación; el segundo consiste en que la composición de tecnologías para atender la demanda no alcanzaría un equilibrio parcial, que sería la asignación eficiente de los recursos de la economía considerando el mercado de electricidad. Estos dos hechos estilizados indican la existencia de distorsiones en el mercado y justifica un análisis elaborado de la situación peruana. Este trabajo plantea modelos matemáticos para analizar el problema de inversión en capacidad de generación del mercado eléctrico peruano. A partir de los modelos propuestos se intentan explicar los determinantes de las distorsiones en el mercado. La propuesta se basa en el planteamiento de modelos dinámicos de lazo abierto en el contexto de modelos de equilibrio parcial y de modelos de juego secuencial; dichos modelos simulan la dinámica de la inversión en capacidad en el mercado peruano. Dadas las condiciones del mercado peruano, se compara los resultados obtenidos con el parque generador óptimo, tratando de identificar los determinantes de las distorsiones. Finalmente, se realizan recomendaciones de política que permitan obtener un parque generador óptimo. Palabras clave: Inversión en capacidad de generación; Peak Load Pricing, Mercados eléctricos, Modelos multinivel; Complementaridad.

Internet of Things is expanding to the areas such as healthcare, home management, industrial, agriculture, and becoming pervasive in our life, resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefits. Smart sensors with embedded interfacing integrated circuits (ICs) are important enablers, hence, variety of smart sensors are required. However, each type of sensor requires specific interfacing chips, which divides the huge market of sensors’ interface chips into lots of niche markets, resulting in high develop cost and long time-to-market period for each type. Software defined sensor is regarded as a promising solution, which is expected to use a flexible interface platform to cover different sensors, deliver specificity through software programming, and integrate easily into the Internet of Things. In this work, research is carried out on the design and implementations of ultra low power analog interface circuits toward software defined sensors for healthcare services based on Internet of Things.    This thesis first explores architectures and circuit techniques for energy-efficient and flexible analog to digital conversion. A time-spreading digital calibration, to calibrate the errors due to finite gain and capacitor mismatch in multi-bit/stage pipelined converters, is developed with short convergence time. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated with intensive simulations. Two novel circuit level techniques, which can be combined with digital calibration techniques to further improve the energy efficiency of the converters, are also presented. One is the Common-Mode-Sensing-and-Input-Interchanging (CSII) operational-transconductance-amplifier (OTA) sharing technique to enable eliminating potential memory effects. The other is a workload-balanced multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) architecture to improve the settling efficiency of a high linear multi-bit stage. Two prototype converters have been designed and fabricated in 0.13 μm CMOS technology. The first one is a 14 bit 50 MS/s digital calibrated pipelined analog to digital converter that employs the workload-balanced MDAC architecture and time-spreading digital calibration technique to achieve improved power-linearity tradeoff. The second one is a 1.2 V 12 bit 5~45 MS/s speed and power-scalable ADC incorporating the CSII OTA-sharing technique, sample-and-hold-amplifier-free topology and adjustable current bias of the building blocks to minimize the power consumption. The detailed measurement results of both converters are reported and deliver the experimental verification of the proposed techniques.     Secondly, this research investigates ultra-low-power analog front-end circuits providing programmability and being suitable for different types of sensors. A pulse-width- -modulation-based architecture with a folded reference is proposed and proven in a 0.18 μm technology to achieve high sensitivity and enlarged dynamic range when sensing the weak current signals. A 8-channel bio-electric sensing front-end, fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS technology is also presented that achieves an input impedance of 1 GΩ, input referred noise of 0.97 Vrms and common mode rejection ratio of 114 dB. With the programmable gain and cut-off frequency, the front-end can be configured to monitor for long-term a variety of bio-electric signals, such as electrooculogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The proposed front-end is integrated with dry electrodes, a microprocessor and wireless link to build a battery powered E-patch for long-term and continuous monitoring. In-vivo test results with dry electrodes in the field trials of sitting, standing, walking and running slowly, show that the quality of ECG signal sensed by the E-patch satisfies the requirements for preventive cardiac care.    Finally, a wireless multimodal bio-electric sensor system is presented. Enabled by a customized flexible mixed-signal system on chip (SoC), this bio-electric sensor system is able to be configured for ECG/EMG/EEG recording, bio-impedance sensing, weak current stimulation, and other promising functions with biofeedback. The customized SoC, fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology, integrates a tunable analog front-end, a 10 bit ADC, a 14 bit sigma-delta digital to current converter, a 12 bit digital to voltage converter, a digital accelerator for wavelet transformation and data compression, and a serial communication protocol. Measurement results indicate that the SoC could support the versatile bio-electric sensor to operate in various applications according to specific requirements. / <p>QC 20151221</p>

Fonctionnant comme une économie de la différence corporelle, le sport sépare en catégories d’âge, de sexe, de poids, de handicap et de niveau. Pourtant, bon nombre de pratiques compétitives dites « mixtes » réunissent, sur un même terrain, des joueurs habitués à évoluer séparément. À partir de l’exemple de la mixité homme-femme, cette thèse aborde la reformulation des différences ‒ réelles ou construites – au moment des pratiques mixtes. Il s’agit de montrer en quoi le sexe demeure (ou non) un facteur déterminant des rapports entre individus dans un espace où le corps est l’opérateur de la relation aux autres. Pour ce faire nous avons observé cinq disciplines réunissant les conditions de la mixité : le Flag, le Korfbal, le Tchoukball, le Touch, l’Ultimate. Ces cinq sports collectifs qui mettent tous les corps en confrontation les uns les autres, constituent un échantillon à la fois riche et varié pour interroger les enjeux de la relation entre partenaires et adversaires. À travers l’analyse de la distribution des rôles, du temps de jeu, des stratégies collectives et des interactions, cette thèse interroge le sexe – être homme ou femme – aux prises avec le corps, c'est-à-dire l’ensemble des caractéristiques que l’individu mobilise dans les activités sportives. Si ce travail donne à voir un ordre sexué toujours latent et des rites d’interactions corporels entre les sexes contribuant à renforcer la distinction homme-femme, il montre un aspect rarement observé, à savoir que cette distinction se fait évanescente à mesure que le niveau de pratique et l’enjeu sportif augmentent. Le corps perd alors sa symbolique sexuelle et sexuée, devenant un simple outil au service du jeu. / Working as an economy of corporeal differences, sport divides according to age, gender, weight, handicap and level. However, many “mixed” sports gather, on the same field, players who are used to compete separately. Stemming from the mixed male-female context in sports, this dissertation addresses the reformulation of differences ‒ either socially innate or elaborated ‒ when mixed sports practices occur. The purpose of this study aims at showing how sex remains (or not) a determining factor regarding how people interact with one another in a delimited space where the body is the operator through which the relationship with the other is built. Five mixed sporting disciplines reuniting these conditions were selected and examined for this research: Flag, Korfbal, Tchoukball, Touch and Ultimate. These five team sports, ipso facto, confront the players’ bodies with one another.Through the analysis of role distributions, play time, collective strategies and interactions, this dissertation questions sex ‒ being man or woman ‒ and its firm hold on the body, that is to say the set of characteristics which anyone mobilizes in sports practice. If this research shows a latent and enduring gender-related order as well as corporeal rites of interaction between the sexes that are participating to the reinforcement of the male-female distinction and divide, it also shows a rarely observed and scarcely documented phenomenon: as the level and the sporting stakes increase, the male-female distinction dissipates, if not disappears. The body finds itself emancipated from its sexualized as well as gendered symbolism to become a mere tool at the service of the game.

Bassora se situe au fond du golfe Arabique. L’Irak ne possède qu’une modeste bande littorale sur le golfe Arabique, d’une longueur de 58 km, qui lui permet de donner sur le monde. Cette côte a une influence importante sur le commerce local comme sur le commerce extérieur de l’Irak étant donné qu’elle accueille les navires chargés de marchandises venant de divers pays, ainsi que l’exportation du pétrole. Cette situation a créé beaucoup d’opportunités comme elle a suscité des périls. Durant les deux dernières décennies, les ports irakiens ont connu une forte concurrence de la part des ports de pays voisins (Koweït, Jordanie, Syrie, Arabie Saoudite, Iran, Émirats Arabes Unis) qui ont fait des progrès et des développements remarquables, alors que, au contraire, la performance et l’efficacité des ports irakiens ont diminué au cours de la même période à cause des guerres des années 1980-2000 (avec la 1ère, la 2e et la 3e guerre du Golfe). Parmi les causes qui ont affaibli et causé un grand tort aux ports irakiens, il faut relever en particulier le blocus économique qui a été imposé à l’Irak durant 13 ans. Ce qui a incité le pays à utiliser les ports des pays voisins, tels que le port commercial d’Aqaba, pour importer et exporter des marchandises. Suite à l’ouverture économique de l’Irak après 2003, le pays a eu besoin de ports efficaces et efficients pour accueillir les navires avec des services attractifs et une bonne qualité de service. L’amélioration de leur compétitivité est alors devenue une nécessité. La thèse positionne la problématique irakienne dans le champ scientifique de la géographie des transports, dont elle utilise les concepts. Elle se place dans le champ général de l’émergence pour inscrire le cas particulier de l’Irak dans une réflexion qui vise à démontrer que, malgré un contexte encore dominé par des facteurs négatifs, la rationalité du monde des transports et de la logistique peut imposer un scénario de croissance sinon de développement durable. Par conséquent, cette étude vient révéler les possibilités des ports irakiens actuels. Elle s’intéresse aux problèmes et aux obstacles qu’ont connus les ports irakiens, ainsi qu’à l’analyse de leur compétitivité actuelle et à leurs perspectives d’avenir. De grands travaux sont nécessaires. L’organisation interne des ports doit également être revue. En construisant le port de Fao, qui est une étape essentielle pour l’amélioration de la compétitivité de l’Irak et en réponse aux exigences du commerce mondial, le pays relève la tête. Son but est d’entrer dans la compétition, non seulement en revoyant son schéma portuaire, mais également en développant des stratégies d’arrière-pays et de corridors multimodaux. Ainsi, avec Bassora-Fao, et en dépassant les seules logiques pétrolières, l’Irak peut retrouver une place dans le monde. / Basrah in the bottom of the Arabian Gulf. Iraq possesses a small 58km-coastline in the Arabian Gulf which gives the country a strategic view of the world. This side has a vital influence on the Iraqi local market as well as the global one since imports goods from various countries and mainly exports oil. Such a condition has triggered great opportunities, but it has unfortunately caused perils. During the last two decades, Iraqi ports have witnessed a tough competition with neighbor countries’ ports (Kuwait, Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, United Arab Emirates) who have been through noticeable development and progress while , the performance and efficiency of the Iraqi ports decreased during the same period because of the wars Iraq has conducted between 1980-2000 (1st , 2nd and 3rd Gulf war) . One of the causes which has weakened and caused shortcoming to the Iraqi ports is the economic blockade which has been imposed on Iraq for 13 years. This eventually forced Iraq to resort to neighbor countries’ ports goods such as the commercial port of Aqaba in order to import and export. Due to Iraqi economic prosperity after 2003, the country was in urgent need of affective and efficient ports that would enable it to host ships with attractive and high-quality services. Enhancing their competitiveness has thus became of great importance.This paper locates the Iraqi problematic in the scientific field of the geography of transport of the concept of which is seeks to rely on. It is framed within the emergency context to to include the particular case of Iraq in a reflection which aims to demonstrate that, despite a context still dominated by negative factors, the rationality of the world of transport and logistics can Impose a scenario of growth if not of sustainable development. Therefore, this survey proposes to reveal the possibilities of actual Iraqi ports It aims to study both the problems and obstacles that the Iraqi ports have witnessed and the actual actual competitiveness and for their future perspectives. A huge amount of work isis, accordingly, deemed necessary.The internal organization of ports needs to be examined. With the building of Fao port, which is an essential step towards the enhancement of Iraq’s competiveness and a response to the requirements of global market, Iraq holds its head high. Its goal is to enter the competition, not only by reexamining its port schema , but , in fact , by developing backcountry strategies and multimodal corridors. Furthermore, with Al-Basrah –Fao and through going beyond the oil logics alone, Iraq can find a maritime opening on the world.

BI, business intelligence, which means to collect and analyse data to inform business decisions, is a concept that has grown to be a significant part of business development. In most cases, a storage platform is necessary to provide data from the companies’ different data sources to the BI-tools. There are different ways of doing this. Some of them are by the help of a data lake, a data warehouse or a combination of both. By taking this into consideration the purpose of this study is to create an architectural design of a storage platform for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). To be able to formulate a result which holds as high validity and reliability as possible, this study conducts both a literature and a case study. The case study has taken place at an IT service company which classifies as a SME and the working methodology has been an agile approach with scrum as reference. This method was chosen to be able to efficiently follow the customer demands.  The architecture provided consists of a combination of a data hub, which acts as a data lake, and a data warehouse. The data hub differs from a data lake by harmonizing and indexing data, which makes it easier to handle. Regarding the intension of the data warehouse, it is to yield relevant and processed data to BI-tools. The architecture design of the platform that has been developed in this study cannot be said to be applicable by all companies. Instead, it can be a basis for companies that are thinking about creating a data platform. / BI, Business intelligence, vilket betyder att samla och analysera data som beslutsstöd, har växt till att vara en betydande del inom företagsutveckling. För att möjliggöra för BI krävs ofta att en datalagringsplattform tillhandahåller data från verksamhetens datakällor. Det finns olika sätt att göra detta, men några av dem är med hjälp av en datasjö, ett datalager eller en kombination av båda. Mot bakgrund av detta, har den här studien syftat till att framställa en övergripande arkitektur som lämpar sig till små  och medelstora företag (SMF). För att frambringa ett resultat med så  hög validitet och reliabilitet som mö jligt baseras studien på  både en litteraturstudie och en fallstudie. Fallstudien har genomförts på  ett IT-konsultföretag som klassas som SMF och arbetsmetodiken har varit agil och baserats pa  scrum. Denna metod valdes för att på  ett effektivt sä tt säkerställa att kundens krav uppfylldes. Den arkitektur som föreslagits är en kombination mellan en datahubb, vilket verkar som en datasjö , och ett datalager. Datahubben skiljer sig från datasjön eftersom den harmoniserar och indexerar data, vilket gör den enklare att hantera. Rörande datalagret, ämnar det tillgodose bearbetad och relevant data för BI-verktyg. Den övergripande arkitektur som presenteras anses inte vara applicerbar för alla verksamheter, men kan användas som en grund för verksamheter som tänker implementera en lagringsplattform.

Syfte – Syftet med detta examensarbete är utreda vilka kriterier som är viktiga innan valet av ett BI-system för mindre företag med 10–30 anställda. Vidare så är ett annat syfte att hitta ett lämpligt BI-verktyg som är passande för mindre företag med 10–30 anställda.   Metod – Författarna har använt sig av semistrukturerade intervjuer och litteraturstudier för att sedan jämföras med varandra. De kvalitativa intervjuerna har genomförts genom att intervjua BI-experter från fem olika mindre företag. Litteraturstudier bestod av vetenskapliga artiklar, kurslitteratur och webbplatser inom studiens ämnesområde.   Resultat – Resultatet av detta examensarbete är framtagna kriterier och förslag på BI-verktyg, vid val av BI-system för mindre företag med 10–30 anställda   Implikationer – De framkomna resultaten i detta examensarbete tyder på att det finns brister på vad som är viktigt att tänka på inför framtida investering av ett BI-system anpassat för små organisationer på 10–30 anställda. Det saknas också kunskap gällande vilket BI-verktyg som är lämpligt för små organisationer på 10–30 anställda. Detta examensarbete riktar sig främst till mindre företag som är intresserade av att inskaffa ett BI-system till sin organisation.   Begränsningar – På grund av tidsbrist så höll författarna fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med BI-experter på fem olika företag med 10–30 anställda.   Nyckelord – Business Intelligence, beslutstagande, kriterier, mindre företag, system. / Purpose – The purpose of this thesis was to investigate which criteria that are vital before the choice of BI-system for small companies with 10-30 employees. Furthermore, to find an appropriate BI-tool that is applicable for small companies with 10-30 employees.   Method – The authors have used semi-structured interviews and literature studies. The qualitative interviews have been conducted by interviewing BI-experts from five smaller companies. The literature review consisted of scientific articles, course literature, and relevant web-pages.   Findings – The findings of this thesis are a production of criteria and a proposal on BI-tool, in the choice of BI-system for smaller companies with 10-30 employees.   Implications – The produced findings of this thesis indicate that there are gaps in what are essential to think of, before a future investment of a BI-system that is suitable for smaller companies with 10-30 employees. Furthermore, there is limited research about which BI-tool that is appropriate for smaller companies with 10-30 employees. This thesis is directed towards smaller companies that are interested in acquiring a BI-system to their organization.   Limitations – This thesis was limited by time constraints, that is why the authors remained their focus on companies with 10-30 employees.   Keywords – Business Intelligence, decision-making, criteria, smaller companies, system.

With the increasing amount of valuable data that companies have access to the need for tools visualizing this data have reached a wider group of users, many of which are not tech-savvy. Self-service Business Intelligence applications aim to meet this need and many guidelines regarding the general design of Business Intelligence have been produced in recent years. In this thesis some of these guidelines are interpreted and applied during the development of a Qlik Sense application for the Device Connection Platform department at Ericsson. The purpose of this thesis is to produce more specific guidelines that aim to complement existing general guidelines on Self-service Business Intelligence design; guidelines that should be taken into account when developing Qlik Sense applications. As a result, five guidelines that concerns conditional dimensions, screen resolutions, naming conventions for master items, the data layer and Qlik Sense conventions for visualizations are presented. Pros and cons regarding these guidelines are discussed along with alternative approaches. The conclusion states that the general guidelines interpreted in this project work were helpful for the workflow and readability of the application, but that more specific guidelines such as the ones presented in the result could be well needed when it comes to customizabil ity and flexibility for end users. / Allt eftersom mängden värdefull data som företag har tillgång till ökar har behovet av verktyg som visualiserar dessa data nått en bredare grupp användare, där många är mindre tekniskt kunniga. Self-service Business Intelligence applikationer syftar till att möta detta behov och många generella riktlinjer för hur sådana applikationer ska designas har tagits fram under senare år. I denna rapport blir dessa riktlinjer tolkade och därefter applicerade under tiden av skapandet av en Self-service Business Intelligence applikation i mjukvaran Qlik Sense och för Ericsson Device Connection Platform. Syftet med rapporten är att utforma och presentera specifika riktlinjer för Qlik Sense att användas som komplement till de existerande och mer generella riktlinjerna för design av Self-service Business Intelligence i allmänhet. Rapportens resultat består av fem riktlinjer som avser villkorliga dimensioner, skärmupplösning, namnkonventioner för original, datalagret och Qlik Sense egna konventioner för visualiseringar. Föroch nackdelar med de framtagna riktlinjerna diskuteras tillsammans med alternativa tillvägagångssätt. Vi drar slutsatsen att de generella riktlinjerna som tolkats genom projektet i denna rapport var speciellt hjälpfulla för att uppnå läsbarhet och ett bra arbetsflöde för slutanvändaren i applikationen. Vidare konstateras att fler mjukvaruspecifika riktlinjer kan vara välbehövliga när det kommer till anpassningsbarhet av applikationer och flexibilitet för slutanvändare.

För att alltid kunna erbjuda sina tjänster som ett finansiellt institut så är det viktigt att alltid vara informerad och uppdaterad när nya regelverk träder i kraft. Idag bidrar det till höga kostnader då det till stor del sker med humanitär kraft. För att se i vilken mån det går att effektivisera med hjälp av artificiell intelligens eller maskininlärning gjordes en litteraturstudie för att detta. Undersökningen visade att maskininlärning var den bäst lämpade metoden för denna problemställning. Arbetet hade inte de mest optimala förutsättningar för att få så säkert resultat som möjligt, trots detta visade resultatet på god förmåga att kunna klassificera produkter mot regelverk. Möjligheten till att applicera maskininlärning eller artificiell intelligens är god men det är viktigt med extremt stora mängder tränings- och testdata för att kunna effektivisera finansbranschen. / To always be able to offer their services as a financial institution, it’s important for them to always stay informed and updated when new regulations come into force. Today it contributes to high costs, largely due to humanitarian power. A literature study was performed to see as to what extent artificial intelligence or machine learning could be used to reduce the problem. The result of the study showed that machine learning was the best suited method for this problem. There were not the most optimal conditions to achieve the best possible result, despite that, the result gave promising ability to classify products to regulations. The possibility of applying machine learning and artificial intelligence is good but it is important to have extremely large amounts of training and test data in order to make the financial industry more effective.