This study explores the notion of female cultural difference in the context of dominant patriarchal and other oppressive patriarchal structures. Essentially, its focus is on deconstructing stereotypical images of women, who are often perceived as homogenous. Throughout the study I argue that as much as their sensibilities are varied, African and African American women respond differently to the oppressive conditions they find themselves in. The following selected texts provided the opportunities for exploring and evaluating the genealogy of female cultural difference that is central to my research: Anthills of the Savannah (Chinua Achebe); Scarlet Song (Mariama Ba); The Joys of Motherhood and Kehinde (BuchiEmecheta); Their Eyes Were Watching God (Nora Zeale Hurston); Bitches Brew and Seven Steps to Heaven (Fred Khumalo). In the process of analyzing these texts, I demonstrated that the notion of cultural difference is often narrowly and erroneously construed. I discovered that the protagonists in these texts are not only conscious of their oppressed condition but often adopt strategic agency to contest male privileges that silence them. In pursuit of this critical perspective, I have proceeded to apply relevant theoretical frameworks constructed by Cornel West, Hudson-Weems, Bakhtin and a conflation of others whose philosophical tenets support the major theoretical frameworks. The aforementioned literary critics have enabled me to come up with a more comprehensive and richer analysis of the set texts. In my analysis I have advanced the argument that female visibility manifests itself variously and temporally through individual and sometimes sisterly attempts at empowerment, self- definition and esoteric discursive features. I noted that all this is evidence of the nascent creative potential in African women who refuse to be silenced. In my analysis of the Seven texts I have incorporated, modified and developed some of the insights from critical thinkers who engage in the ongoing debate about female cultural difference. This approach has enabled me to come up with new insights that ferret out veneers of African women’s rich cultural diversity, in light of the ever changing nature of women’s operational spaces. It is this transcendental vision that basically informs and resonates with my study. / English Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (English)

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O eixo que considera o artesanato como modelo de organização social do trabalho toma o artesanato como paradigma do que seja um trabalho de qualidade, considerando que ele: envolve o fim da clivagem cabeça-corpo, além da lentidão e rotinização que asseguram um trabalho reflexivo e imaginativo (Sennett, 2009). Já o eixo que analisa o artesanato como produto promove a exaltação do objeto em si e adota postura descritiva em relação a ele. Canclini (1983) esclarece que este é um posicionamento científico perigoso, pois nos remete a explicações exclusivamente folclorista ou econômica do artesanato. Assim, o autor propõe o estudo do artesanato como processo, como práticas cotidianas nas quais os objetos são elaborados, a partir de uma visão global: social, econômica e cultural. A análise da literatura científica brasileira sobre artesanato foi realizada a partir de um conjunto de 22 artigos disponibilizados pela plataforma Capes e revisados pelos pares. Estes estão organizados a partir dos três grandes eixos apresentados acima. Os 45 artigos científicos franceses sobre artesanato foram acessados através da base de dados CAIRN.INFO e são em sua maioria do domínio da administração e das ciências sociais. Considerando nesta tese o artesanato como processo, buscamos elementos históricos da atividade artesanal na região do Cariri cearense para compreender o contexto hodierno no qual investigamos práticas e significados do trabalho artesanal. Assim, o segundo estudo destaca a florescência do artesanato entre 1900 e 1960, seguida de um processo de sua fragilização engendram o contexto complexo e paradoxal do artesanato do Cariri cearense. O terceiro estudo analisa as práticas atuais da atividade de trabalho artesanal, quanto a 1) aspectos relativos à organização do trabalho e características econômicas da atividade laboral; 2) diferenças entre artesãos e artesãs, quanto à organização do trabalho; e 3) empreendemos caracterização dos artesãos em perfis que consideraram, simultaneamente, o nível de visibilidade do artesanato e as inovações nos processos de trabalho. Os principais resultados encontrados indicam a baixa escolaridade destes trabalhadores que exercem a atividade em média, há 22,18 anos e adota a própria residência é o principal local de trabalho. Quanto à renda, pouco mais da metade da amostra não chega a ganhar um salário mínimo através do trabalho artesanal. Apesar da evidente dificuldade econômica enfrentada pelos artesãos, o artesanato ainda é para a maioria dos trabalhadores a única atividade produtiva exercida. No que tange às possíveis diferenças entre artesãos e artesãs, quanto à organização do trabalho, pudemos perceber que a média de horas trabalhadas pelos homens é maior que a média de horas trabalhadas pelas mulheres e que e em geral os artesãos trabalham na oficina ou associação, enquanto a maior parte das artesãs trabalha no próprio domicílio. Em relação ao nível de visibilidade e de inovação alcançados pela amostra estudada, os resultados indicaram que 54,8% da amostra se concentra no segundo cluster, onde estão os artesãos que alcançaram baixos escores de inovação e visibilidade e são denominados artesãos tradicionais não-reconhecidos. O segundo perfil com maior quantidade de artesãos é aquele dos artesãos tradicionais-reconhecidos, seguido dos artesãos de referência cultural não reconhecidos e, por último, o perfil com menor quantidade de artesãos representa o quarto cluster e diz respeito aos artesãos de referência cultural reconhecidos. No quarto estudo, o significado do trabalho foi analisado a partir das três dimensões propostas no modelo teórico elaborado pela equipe MOW (1987). Quanto ao instrumento de coleta de dados, utilizamos uma versão reduzida do questionário criado pela mesma equipe e validado por Soares (1992). Analisamos os dados relativos a amostra total de artesãos investigados, mas também comparamos as médias dos quatro perfis de artesãos, considerando o nível de visibilidade e inovação alcançados pelo artesão. Os resultados encontrados permitem configurar a profissão de artesão como marcada por uma atribuição de alta centralidade do trabalho. Também identificamos diferenças entre artesãos dos quatro perfis quanto à centralidade relativa do trabalho e aos construtos que integram as motivações para o trabalho. This thesis is divided into four studies. In the first of one, the craft definitions discussed in this thesis are organized from three main axis: crafts like working model (or metaphor); as a product; and as a process. The axis that considers the craft as a working model takes the craft as a paradigm of what a quality job, considering he involves the end of disconnextion between head-body, also the slowness and routinization ensuring a reflective and imaginative work (Sennett, 2009). The axis that analyzes the craft as product promotes the appreciation of the object itself and adopts descriptive attitude towards it. According to Canclini (1983), this is a dangerous scientific position since it refers to the explanations exclusively folklorist or economic crafts. Thus, the author proposes the craft study as a process, as everyday practices in which the objects are drawn from a global view: social, economic and cultural. The analysis of the scientific literature on craft was carried out from a set of 22 articles provided by Capes and reviewed by peers. These are organized from the three main axis listed above. The 45 french scientific articles on crafts were accessed through CAIRN.INFO database and most of them are from the field of administration and social sciences. In this thesis we assume crafts as process, so we seek historical elements of craft activity in Cariri/ Ceará to understand the present-day context in which we investigate practices and meanings of craftswork. Thus the second study highlights the growth of the craft between 1900 and 1960, followed by a process of weakening engender a complex and paradoxical context of the crafts in Cariri. The third study analyse the current practices of craftsmanship activity as: 1) aspects related to work organization and economic characteristics of labor activity; 2) differences between craftsmen and craftswoman, as the organization of work; and 3) characterize the artisans in profiles that considered both the craft level of visibility and innovations in work processes. The main results indicate a low level of education of these workers engaged in the activity for an average of 22.18 years and adopts their home as workplace. As for income, just over half of the sample make less than a minimum wage through handmade work. Despite the economic difficulty faced by artisans, handicraft is still for most workers the only productive activity exercised. With regard to possible differences between craftsmen and artisans, as the organization of work, we realized that the average hours worked by men is greater than the average hours worked by women and that in general and the artisans in the workshop or association, while most of the artisans working in the household. Regarding the level of visibility and innovation achieved by this sample, the results indicated that 54.8% of the sample is concentrated in the second cluster, where are the craftsmen who achieved low scores for innovation and visibility and they are called non-recognized traditional craftsmen . The second profile with higher number of artisans is that of traditional-recognized artisans, followed by culture reference artisans not recognized and, finally, the profile with less artisans represents the fourth cluster, they are called recognized culture reference artisans. In the fourth study, the meaning of work was analyzed from the three dimensions proposed in the theoretical model developed by the team MOW (1987). As for the data collection instrument, we use a reduced version of the questionnaire created by the same team and validated by Soares (1992). We analyze data on the total sample of surveyed craftsmen, but also compared the average of the four profiles of artisans, considering the level of visibility and innovation achieved by the artisan. It was possible to set up artisan profession as marked by an assignment of high centrality of work. Also we identified differences between craftsmen of four profiles on the relative centrality of work and constructs that comprise the motivations for work.

Apesar de serem intensamente estudados em muitos países que caminham na vanguarda do conhecimento, os métodos sem malha ainda são pouco explorados pelas universidades brasileiras. De modo a gerar uma maior difusão ou, para a maioria, fazer sua introdução, esta dissertação objetiva efetuar o entendimento dos métodos sem malha baseando-se em aplicações atinentes à mecânica dos sólidos. Para tanto, são apresentados os conceitos primários dos métodos sem malha e o seu desenvolvimento histórico desde sua origem no método smooth particle hydrodynamic até o método da partição da unidade, sua forma mais abrangente. Dentro deste contexto, foi investigada detalhadamente a forma mais tradicional dos métodos sem malha: o método de Galerkin sem elementos, e também um método diferenciado: o método de interpolação de ponto. Assim, por meio de aplicações em análises de barras e chapas em estado plano de tensão, são apresentadas as características, virtudes e deficiências desses métodos em comparação aos métodos tradicionais, como o método dos elementos finitos. É realizado ainda um estudo em uma importante área de aplicação dos métodos sem malha, a mecânica da fratura, buscando compreender como é efetuada a representação computacional da trinca, com especialidade, por meio dos critérios de visibilidade e de difração. Utilizando-se esses critérios e os conceitos da mecânica da fratura, é calculado o fator de intensidade de tensão através do conceito da integral J. / Meshless are certainly very researched in many countries that are in state of art of scientific knowledge. However these methods are still unknown by many brazilian universities. To create more diffusion or, for many people, to introduce them, this work tries to understand the meshless based on solid mechanic applications. So basic concepts of meshless and its historic development are introduced since its origin, with smooth particle hydrodynamic until partition of unity, its more general form. In this context, most traditional form of meshless was investigated deeply: element free Galerkin method and also another different method: point interpolation method. This way characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, comparing to finite elements methods, are introduced by applications in analyses in bars and plates in state of plane stress. This work still researched an important area of meshless application, fracture mechanical, to understand how a crack is computationally represented, particularly, with visibility and diffraction criterions. By these criterions and using fracture mechanical concepts, stress intensity factor is calculated by J-integral concept.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation has as its theme the communication processes developed organizations in the digital media / corporate blog, which is enclosed in the examination of socio-technical strategies of visibility and legitimacy undertaken in 16 blogs the corporate Medium-Large Business and Large Business of the blogsphere Brazilian. The overall objective is to develop an array of strategies for socio-technical visibility and legitimacy for corporate blogs with the intention of responding to problem: what strategies sociotechnical practiced organizations in promoting corporate blogs that search visibility and legitimacy '. The methodology uses empirical research proposal mediated computer (Johnson, 2010), from two main methods for research qualitative: the hidden field observation and non-participatory and triangulation methodological techniques. The theoretical approach and methodology developed in this research focused on the finding that 68.75% of companies are conspicuous by their field of study sociotechnical strategy of visibility positioned at the level of relationship intermediate and 75% by sociotechnical strategy of legitimacy positioning also returned to the relationship and intermediate level. The positioning of relationship besides having preferably is at intermediate level and therefore absorbed in the socio-technical strategies of visibility and legitimacy in more than half corporate blogs the field of study. / A presente dissertação tem como tema os processos comunicacionais desenvolvidos pelas organizações na mídia digital/blog corporativo, que é delimitado no exame das estratégias sociotécnicas de visibilidade e legitimidade empreendidas em 16 blogs corporativos das Médias-Grandes Empresas e Grandes Empresas da blogosfera brasileira. O objetivo geral é desenvolver uma matriz de estratégias sociotécnicas de visibilidade e legitimidade para os blogs corporativos com o intento de responder à problemática: quais estratégias sociotécnicas praticadas nos blogs corporativos pelas organizações promovem a busca de visibilidade e legitimidade?. A metodologia utiliza a proposta de pesquisa empírica mediada por computador (JOHNSON, 2010), a partir de dois principais métodos para pesquisas qualitativas: a observação de campo encoberta e não participativa e a triangulação de técnicas metodológicas. O percurso teórico e metodológico desenvolvido nessa pesquisa incidiu na constatação de que 68,75% das empresas do campo de estudo primam pela estratégia sociotécnica de visibilidade com posicionamento de relacionamento no nível intermediário e 75% pela estratégia sociotécnica de legitimidade com posicionamento também voltado ao relacionamento e com nível intermediário. O posicionamento de relacionamento além de ter preferência se encontra em nível intermediário e, portanto, absorvido nas estratégias sociotécnicas de visibilidade e legitimidade em mais da metade dos blogs corporativos do campo de estudo.

Du soulèvement survenu en Birmanie en 2007 aux révoltes qui ont traversé les pays de la Méditerranée en 2011, les usages de la vidéo partagée sur internet n’ont cessé de se développer au cœur des manifestations et des émeutes. À partir d’observations menées sur internet et d’une enquête de terrain en Tunisie, la thèse s’attache à décrire l’évolution des usages de l’image animée sur le temps long du processus révolutionnaire tunisien entre 2008 et 2014, et à questionner la place et le rôle de ces pratiques dans un monde social en ébullition. L’analyse des contenus mais aussi des tensions socio-politiques qui ont présidé et succédé au moment insurrectionnel, suggère que la prise d’images n’est pas seulement une pratique utilitaire et stratégique destinée à sensibiliser ou à produire une information alternative, mais qu’elle sert des objectifs complexes traversés par les enjeux de lutte qui ont animé les différentes périodes. Des premiers usages en période autoritaire aux productions en plan-séquence dans le temps de l’urgence insurrectionnelle, des montages et mises en scènes accompagnant les mobilisations pour la reconnaissance des acteurs de la révolte à ceux réaffirmant les revendications des populations marginalisées, la vidéo partagée s’est affirmée comme le langage vernaculaire de la contestation. / From the Burma uprising in 2007 to the revolutions of the Arab world in 2011, the uses of digital video have continued to grow, from the heart of demonstrations and riots to the internet. Based on observations conducted on the internet and on a field survey in Tunisia, the thesis describe the evolution of moving image uses in the Tunisian revolutionary process between 2008 and 2014, and interrogates the place and role of these practices in a social world in turmoil. Content analysis combined with analysis of the socio-political tensions that led and succeeded the uprising, suggests that taking pictures is not only a strategic utility practice to raise awareness or to produce alternative information, but that it serves complex objectives marked by the struggle issues of the different periods. From the first uses in authoritarian period to the uses during riots weeks, from edited clips for recognition of revolutionary actors to productions for the recognition of marginalized populations, shared videos revealed as the vernacular language of protest.

Apesar de serem intensamente estudados em muitos países que caminham na vanguarda do conhecimento, os métodos sem malha ainda são pouco explorados pelas universidades brasileiras. De modo a gerar uma maior difusão ou, para a maioria, fazer sua introdução, esta dissertação objetiva efetuar o entendimento dos métodos sem malha baseando-se em aplicações atinentes à mecânica dos sólidos. Para tanto, são apresentados os conceitos primários dos métodos sem malha e o seu desenvolvimento histórico desde sua origem no método smooth particle hydrodynamic até o método da partição da unidade, sua forma mais abrangente. Dentro deste contexto, foi investigada detalhadamente a forma mais tradicional dos métodos sem malha: o método de Galerkin sem elementos, e também um método diferenciado: o método de interpolação de ponto. Assim, por meio de aplicações em análises de barras e chapas em estado plano de tensão, são apresentadas as características, virtudes e deficiências desses métodos em comparação aos métodos tradicionais, como o método dos elementos finitos. É realizado ainda um estudo em uma importante área de aplicação dos métodos sem malha, a mecânica da fratura, buscando compreender como é efetuada a representação computacional da trinca, com especialidade, por meio dos critérios de visibilidade e de difração. Utilizando-se esses critérios e os conceitos da mecânica da fratura, é calculado o fator de intensidade de tensão através do conceito da integral J. / Meshless are certainly very researched in many countries that are in state of art of scientific knowledge. However these methods are still unknown by many brazilian universities. To create more diffusion or, for many people, to introduce them, this work tries to understand the meshless based on solid mechanic applications. So basic concepts of meshless and its historic development are introduced since its origin, with smooth particle hydrodynamic until partition of unity, its more general form. In this context, most traditional form of meshless was investigated deeply: element free Galerkin method and also another different method: point interpolation method. This way characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, comparing to finite elements methods, are introduced by applications in analyses in bars and plates in state of plane stress. This work still researched an important area of meshless application, fracture mechanical, to understand how a crack is computationally represented, particularly, with visibility and diffraction criterions. By these criterions and using fracture mechanical concepts, stress intensity factor is calculated by J-integral concept.

The World Wide Web provides a well standing environment in any kind of organizations for exposing online products and services. However, no one ensures that web products or services which provided by organizations or enterprises, would receive the proper visibility and accessibility by the internet users. The process of Search Engine Optimization examines usability in design, architecture and content that an internet-based system has, for improving its visibility and accessibility in the web. Successful SEO process in an internet-based system, which is set under the paternity of an organization, ensures higher recognition, visibility and accessibility for the web services that the system provides to internet users. The aim of this study characterized with a trinity of axes. In the first axe, an internet-based system and the web services that provides is examined in order to understand its initial situation regarding its visibility and accessibility in the web. In the second axe, the study follows a user-centric approach on how and in what way the examined system could be improved based on its users’ needs and desires. After the encapsulation of needs and desires that the users expressed as regards the usability of the system in design, architecture and content, the third axe takes place. In the third axe, the extracted needs and desires of users are implemented in the under-examined system, in order to understand if its visibility and accessibility has improved in the World Wide Web.For the completion of this trinity of axes, the Soft Systems Methodology approach is adopted. SSM is an action-oriented process of inquiry which deals with a problematic situation from the Finding Out about the situation through the Taking Action to improve it. Following an interpretative research approach, ten semi-structured interviews take place in order to capture all the participants’ perceptions and different worldviews regarding of what are the changes that they need and desire from the examined system. Moreover, in this study, the conduction of three Workshops, constitute a cornerstone for implementing systemically desirable and culturally feasible changes where all participants can live with, in order to improve system’s visibility and accessibility in the internet world. The results indicate that the adoption of participants’ needs and desires, improved the levels of usability, visibility and accessibility of the under examined internet-based system. Overall, this study firstly contributes to expand the knowledge as regards the process of improving the visibility and accessibility of internet-based systems and their web services in the internet world, based on a user-centric approach. Secondly, this study works as a practical toolbox for any kind of organization which intends to improve the visibility and accessibility of its current or potential web services in the World Wide Web.

La synthèse d'images, qui consiste à développer des algorithmes pour générer des images à l'aide d'un ordinateur, est devenue incontournable dans de nombreuses disciplines. <p><p>Les méthodes d'affichage interactives permettent à l'utilisateur d'explorer des environnements virtuels en réalisant l'affichage des images à une cadence suffisamment élevée pour donner une impression de continuité et d'immersion. Malgré les progrès réalisés par le matériel, de nouveaux besoins supplantent toujours les capacités de traitement, et des techniques d'accélération sont nécessaires pour parvenir à maintenir une cadence d'affichage suffisante. Ce travail s'inscrit précisemment dans ce cadre. Il est consacré à la problématique de l'élimination efficace des objets masqués, en vue d'accélérer l'affichage de scènes complexes. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressé aux méthodes de précalcul, qui effectuent les calculs coûteux de visibilité durant une phase de prétraitement et les réutilisent lors de la phase de navigation interactive. Les méthodes permettant un précalcul complet et exact sont encore hors de portée à l'heure actuelle, c'est pourquoi des techniques approchées leur sont préférée en pratique. Nous proposons trois méthodes de ce type.<p><p>La première, présentée dans le chapitre 4, est un algorithme permettant de déterminer de manière exacte si deux polygones convexes sont mutuellement visibles, lorsque des écrans sont placés entre eux. Nos contributions principales ont été de simplifier cette requête, tant du point de vue théorique que du point de vue de l'implémentation, ainsi que d'accélérer son temps moyen d'exécution à l'aide d'un ensemble de techniques d'optimisation. Il en résulte un algorithme considérablement plus simple à mettre en oeuvre que les algorithmes exacts existant dans la littérature. Nous montrons qu'il est également beaucoup plus efficace que ces derniers en termes de temps de calcul.<p><p><p>La seconde méthode, présentée dans le chapitre 5, est une approche originale pour encoder l'information de visibilité, qui consiste à stocker l'ombre que générerait chaque objet de la scène s'il était remplacé par une source lumineuse. Nous présentons une analyse des avantages et des inconvénients de cette nouvelle représentation. <p><p>Finalement, nous proposons dans le chapitre 6 une méthode de calcul de visibilité adaptée aux scènes d'intérieur. Dans ce type d'environnements, les graphes cellules-portails sont très répandus pour l'élimination des objets masqués, en raison de leur faible coût mémoire et de leur grande efficacité. Nous reformulons le problème de la génération de ces graphes en termes de segmentation d'images, et adaptons un algorithme classique, appelé «watershed», pour les obtenir de manière automatique. Nous montrons que la décomposition calculée de la sorte est proche de la décomposition classique, et qu'elle peut être utilisée pour l'élimination des objets masqués.<p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse porte sur la construction médiatique de « l’affaire de la burqa » (2009-2010) et la problématisation scientifique de « l’affaire du foulard » (1989-2004) en France. Ces débats s’inscrivent dans une actualité marquée par l’émergence de projets d’interdiction du voile islamique dans les crèches (2008-2015), sorties scolaires (2007-2013), entreprises et universités (2013-2015). Des faits divers aux lois, les affaires du foulard et de la burqa mettent au jour la conversion des débats médiatiques en affaires nationales, nous informant alors sur la construction d’un agenda juridique autour des signes de l’islam. Au regard de ce contexte, ce travail interroge la manière dont la mise en visibilité médiatique accrue du voile participe à la reconfiguration des espaces publics. Dans une approche sémiotique en communication, appuyée sur les méthodes d’analyse de l’image et des discours, ce travail conjugue l’étude de « l’affaire de la burqa » dans la presse et « l’affaire du foulard » dans les revues en SHS. L’articulation des arènes médiatique et scientifique se fait dans une perspective de recherche « archéologique » consistant à lire l’actualité (« affaire de la burqa ») à la lumière d’un savoir scientifique sédimenté durant vingt ans de publication en SHS sur « l’affaire du foulard ». Cette étude démontre que « l’affaire du foulard » a inauguré une problématique au sujet de la visibilité islamique, tandis que « l’affaire de la burqa » a posé une question inédite sur la spatialité des signes de l’islam. Ce travail a mis au jour deux paradigmes d’analyse (visibilité-spatialité) devenus aujourd’hui centraux pour la recherche en SHS portant sur le voile ou le fait religieux islamique sous le prisme des médias. / This thesis focuses on the media construction of the "burqa affair" (2009-2010) and the scientific problematization of the "headscarf affair" (1989-2004) in France. These public debates are part of media and scientific current events marked by the emergence of many projects banning the Islamic veil in nurseries (2008-2015), school trips (2007-2013), enterprises and universities (2013-2015). From news stories to laws, headscarf and burqa affairs reveals the conversion of media controversies into national issues, informing us about building a legal agenda around the signs of Islam. Given this context, this work examines how the increased media setting of Islamic veils visibility takes part in the redefinition of public spaces. In a semiotics approach, based on methods of image and discourse analysis, this work combines the study of the "burqa affair" through the press and the "headscarf affair" through the Humanities and Social Sciences journals. The articulation of mediatic and scientific arenas is approached from an "archaeological" perspective consisting of reading recent news events ("burqa affair") in the light of a scientific-knowledge sedimented during twenty years of HSS publications on "headscarf affair". This study demonstrates that the "headscarf affair" has opened a problematic view in relation to the Islamic visibility, while the "burqa affair" has set a new question on the spatiality of the signs of Islam. This work has enable to update two analytical paradigms – visibility and spatiality – that became central to contemporary research in HSS regarding the issue of the veil or Islam through the prism of the media.

Les caméras sont devenues de plus en plus communes dans les véhicules, les smartphones et les systèmes d'aide à la conduite ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systèmes). Les domaines d'application de ces caméras dans le monde des systèmes intelligents de transport deviennent de plus en plus variés : la détection des piétons, les avertissements de franchissement de ligne, la navigation... La navigation basée sur la vision a atteint une certaine maturité durant ces dernières années grâce à l'utilisation de technologies avancées. Les systèmes de navigation basée sur la vision ont le considérable avantage de pouvoir utiliser directement les informations visuelles présentes dans l'environnement, sans devoir adapter le moindre élément de l'infrastructure. De plus, contrairement aux systèmes utilisant le GPS, ils peuvent être utilisés à l'extérieur ainsi qu'à l'intérieur des locaux et des bâtiments sans aucune perte de précision. C'est pour ces raisons que les systèmes basés sur la vision sont une bonne option car ils fournissent des informations très riches et précises sur l'environnement, qui peuvent être utilisées pour la navigation. Un axe important de recherche porte actuellement sur la cartographie qui représente une étape indispensable pour la navigation. Cette étape engendre une problématique de la gestion de la mémoire assez conséquente requise par ces systèmes en raison de la quantité d'informations importante collectées par chaque capteur. En effet, l'espace mémoire nécessaire pour accueillir la carte d'une petite ville se mesure en dizaines de GO voire des milliers lorsque l'on souhaite couvrir des espaces de grandes dimensions. Cela rend impossible son intégration dans un système mobile tel que les smartphones, les véhicules, les vélos ou les robots. Le défi serait donc de développer de nouveaux algorithmes permettant de diminuer au maximum la taille de la mémoire nécessaire pour faire fonctionner ce système de localisation par vision. C'est dans ce contexte que se situe notre projet qui consiste à développer un nouveau système capable de résumer une carte 3D qui contient des informations visuelles collectées par plusieurs capteurs. Le résumé sera un ensemble des vues sphériques permettant de garder le même niveau de visibilité dans toutes les directions. Cela permettrait aussi de garantir, à moindre coût, un bon niveau de précision et de rapidité lors de la navigation. La carte résumant l'environnement sera constituée d'un ensemble d'informations géométriques, photométriques et sémantiques. / Cameras have become increasingly common in vehicles, smart phones, and advanced driver assistance systems. The areas of application of these cameras in the world of intelligent transportation systems are becoming more and more varied : pedestrian detection, line crossing detection, navigation ... Vision-based navigation has reached a certain maturity in recent years through the use of advanced technologies. Vision-based navigation systems have the considerable advantage of being able to directly use the visual information already existing in the environment without having to adapt any element of the infrastructure. In addition, unlike systems using GPS, they can be used outdoors and indoors without any loss of precision. This guarantees the superiority of these systems based on computer vision. A major area of {research currently focuses on mapping, which represents an essential step for navigation. This step generates a problem of memory management quite substantial required by these systems because of the huge amount of information collected by each sensor. Indeed, the memory space required to accommodate the map of a small city is measured in tens of GB or even thousands when one wants to cover large spaces. This makes impossible to integrate this map into a mobile system such as smartphones , cameras embedded in vehicles or robots. The challenge would be to develop new algorithms to minimize the size of the memory needed to operate this navigation system using only computer vision. It's in this context that our project consists in developing a new system able to summarize a3D map resulting from the visual information collected by several sensors. The summary will be a set of spherical views allow to keep the same level of visibility in all directions. It would also guarantee, at a lower cost, a good level of precision and speed during navigation. The summary map of the environment will contain geometric, photometric and semantic information.