Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Evangelista Pereira.pdf: 1884847 bytes, checksum: a38f92522c5c2d9c323d24808e4147c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-21 / The constitution of the Accounting Pronouncements Committee (CPC) followed by Laws 11.638/2007 and 11.941/2009 resulted in a very important moment in Brazilian accounting. The approval of these laws, especially the Law 11.638/07 represented a landmark in the convergence process of Brazilian Accounting Standards (BRGAAP) to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) of the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB), the European entity responsible for issuing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) that have been adopted in more than 100 countries worldwide. All these efforts together with the internationalization of capital markets and economic growth an accelerated made Brazil a target for potential foreign investors and market analysts who use accounting information for investment analysis. The IFRS adoption in Brazil caused significant impacts on the financial statements of Brazilian companies, upon of adoption by pronouncement CPC 37 equivalent as IFRS 1 of IASB. The present study aims to investigate the overall impacts of the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the Income Statement of seven companies that comprise the retail segment of textiles, apparel and footwear, as specific objectives to ascertain the impact of the adoption of IFRS on financial statements of the research object, based on your notes and present effects the Income Statement, through a comparison of the main rules that affected the first adoption, as well to answer the central question: What the impacts the process of the IFRS adoption on the Income Statement of companies that comprise the retail segment of textiles, apparel and footwear with shares on the BM&F-BOVESPA?. The research result shows that the process of adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) generated impacts primarily by reclassifying income for the year 2009 for the comparative basis of the first IFRS financial statements published by the companies under study / A constituição do Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (CPC), seguida pelas Leis 11.638/2007 e 11.941/2009 resultaram em importante momento na contabilidade brasileira. A aprovação das referidas leis, em especial a Lei 11.638/07 representou o marco inicial do processo de convergência das normas brasileiras de contabilidade (BRGAAP) para as normas internacionais de contabilidade (IFRS) do International Accounting Standard Board (IASB), entidade europeia responsável pela emissão das International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) que já foram adotadas em mais de 100 países em todo o mundo. Todos esses esforços, em conjunto com a internacionalização dos mercados de capitais e o crescimento da economia de forma acelerada, fizeram do Brasil um país alvo de potenciais investidores estrangeiros e analistas de mercado que utilizam as informações contábeis para análise de investimentos. A adoção das IFRS como padrão de contabilidade no Brasil causou impactos significativos nas demonstrações contábeis das empresas brasileiras, quando de sua adoção pelo Pronunciamento CPC 37 equivalente a IFRS 1 do IASB. O presente estudo tem por objetivo geral apurar os impactos da adoção das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade (IFRS) no Resultado do Exercício das sete empresas que compõem o segmento varejista de tecidos, vestuário e calçados e, como objetivos específicos averiguar os impactos da adoção das IFRS nas demonstrações financeiras das empresas objeto da pesquisa, com base nas suas notas explicativas e apresentar os efeitos nos resultados, por meio de um comparativo das principais normas que afetaram a primeira adoção, bem como responder à seguinte questão problema: Quais os impactos causados pelo processo de adoção das IFRS no resultado das empresas do segmento varejista de tecidos, vestuário e calçados com ações na BM&F-BOVESPA? O resultado da pesquisa mostrou que o processo de adoção das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade (IFRS) gerou impactos principalmente pela reclassificação do Resultado do Exercício de 2009 para a base comparativa das primeiras demonstrações financeiras em IFRS, publicadas pelas empresas objeto de estudo

Σκοπός της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι να καταγραφούν οι συνέπειες της υποχρεωτικής λογιστικής μετάβασης, από τα μέχρι πρότινος και για πολλά χρόνια εφαρμοζόμενα Ελληνικά Λογιστικά Πρότυπα (ΕΛΠ) στα ΔΛΠ/ΔΠΧΠ. Κινούμενοι προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση η παρούσα διατριβή αρχικά μελετά το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο των ΔΛΠ/ΔΠΧΠ και των ΕΛΠ και αναλύει, ταξινομεί και σχολιάζει τις διαφορές τους. Στη συνέχεια, προκειμένου να αποκαλυφτούν οι συνέπειες της υποχρεωτικής λογιστικής μετάβασης και να αναδειχτούν οι ανωτέρω διαφορές, πραγματοποιήθηκαν δύο ξεχωριστές εμπειρικές έρευνες. Στην πρώτη, μέσα από την πραγματοποίηση εξισώσεων παλινδρόμησης, εξετάστηκαν οι άμεσες συνέπειες της υποχρεωτικής υιοθέτησης των ΔΛΠ/ΔΠΧΠ, διερευνώντας την επιρροή τους στις οικονομικές καταστάσεις των εισηγμένων εταιριών του Χρηματιστηρίου Αθηνών. Στην δεύτερη εμπειρική ανάλυση, πραγματοποιήθηκε έρευνα πεδίου με ερωτηματολόγια στις εισηγμένες επιχειρήσεις του Χρηματιστηρίου Αθηνών, καταγράφοντας τις απόψεις των άμεσα θιγόμενων από την εξεταζόμενη λογιστική μετάβαση. Και για τις δύο εμπειρικές αναλύσεις που έλαβαν χώρα, εξετάστηκε το κατά πόσο οι συνέπειες της εφαρμογής των ΔΛΠ/ΔΠΧΠ είναι ομοιογενείς για όλες τις επιχειρήσεις. / The present PhD thesis intends to present the consequences of mandatory transition from Greek Accounting Standards (GAS) to IAS/IFRS. The study initially examines the theoretical background of IAS/IFRS and GAS and analyses, classifies and comments on their differences. Then two independent empirical investigations were carried out in order to reveal the above mentioned differences. The first one examined, with the use of regression analysis, the direct consequences of the mandatory transition by exploring its effect on financial statements of listed companies in the Athens Stock Exchange. The second one recorded the opinion of the listed companies toward IAS/IFRS by using questionnaires as a research instrument. Both empirical investigations examined whether IAS/IFRS mandatory implementation has similar effects on all companies.

The development of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) was based on the demand for a more simplified financial reporting standard, compared to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Despite simplifications, the requirements of the IFRS for SMEs are still regarded complex and costly to apply, especially for micro entities in developing countries such as Namibia. Consequently, there is a need to further simplify financial reporting requirements for micro entities in the form of a third-tier financial reporting standard. A third-tier standard can take the form of either a separately developed standard or a simplification of existing standard(s). There are more advantages to the development of a standard based on existing standard(s), taking into account the Namibian financial reporting environment. It is therefore recommended that Namibia develop a third-tier standard based on the IFRS for SMEs. / Financial Accounting / M. Phil. (Accounting Science)

The objective of my thesis is to outline the evolution of accounting regulation. The thesis describes development of accounting, first regulation forms, emergence of double entry and present globally accepted accounting standards. In my work I enlarge the development of two well known accounting standards GAAP and IAS and their regulation. The convergence project between standard setters' bodies is elaborated as part of present development of accounting regulation. One of next titles in my thesis is the accounting harmonization process in EU as part of accounting regulation and the adoption of IAS standards by EU Commission

The work aims to analyze the new leasing standard which is supposed to be adopted by IFRS as well as US GAAP. The new standard represents one of the steps in the process of harmonization and convergence between two predominant world accounting standards, which has been in progress since the year 2002. The work provides readers with the comparison of these two leasing standards, resulted from which the need of common lease standard arose. This led to the first exposure draft of convergence standard issue, and finally the re-exposure draft issue. Because the new accounting standard is still in progress, I provide the analysis of the process as at the end of August.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are required or permitted for use in over 100 countries across the world. IFRS are developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The IASB, with no formal or legal mandate, is performing a task normally reserved for national standard-setters. This study sought to establish the legitimacy of IFRS by assessing the due process of the IASB. The study established that countries have different motivations for choosing IFRS which raises legitimacy concerns. The global financial crisis compounded the legitimacy challenges of IFRS by exposing due process vulnerabilities. The study established that the IFRS governance structures are dominated by powerful stakeholders especially members of the G-20. Although the due process procedures provide opportunities for participation, actual participation is still dominated by constituents from Europe. Africa and South America still account for very low proportions of governance seats and participants in standard-setting projects. / Financial Accounting / M. Com. (Accounting)

Dans le cadre général des regroupements d'entreprises et des groupes de sociétés, cette thèse porte sur des questions d'intérêt à la croisée de la comptabilité, du droit (notamment les dispositions légales et la réglementation comptable) et de la finance d'entreprise. En ce qui concerne la théorie comptable, le chapitre 2 étudie comment les chercheurs en économie d'entreprise ont compris les groupes d'entreprises, les comptes de groupe et le processus de leur préparation, en particulier par rapport aux juristes italiens. Ensuite, le chapitre 3 reconstruit le processus politique et législatif qui a engendré la naissance du concept de groupe de sociétés dans le corpus juridique italien.Concernant le droit et la politique comptable, une analyse comparative est effectuée au chapitre 4qui montre clairement l'évolution de la notion de contrôle et de son utilisation dans les comptes consolidés (comptes de groupe) et les regroupements d'entreprises (I) en droit européen, (II) selon les normes comptables internationales publiées par l'IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) et (III) par rapport aux principes comptables généralement admis aux États-Unis («USGAAP»). De plus, les chapitres 5 et 6 étudient les effets du lobbying sur les normes comptables concernant les états financiers consolidés et les regroupements d'entreprises publiés par l'IASB. Fait intéressant, les résultats concordent avec une forme de capture du normalisateur comptable international par une catégorie d'institutions financières. En effet, confrontées à un modèle de consolidation prétendument basé sur le contrôle, ces dernières ont plaidé en faveur d'une exception de consolidation fondée sur un modèle de propriété et documentée comme ayant été proposée par les sociétés d'audit américaines dans ce contexte au moins depuis 1995. Ce modèle s’avère avoir trouvé un terrain fertile au sein de l'IASB. En conséquence, d'autres catégories d'institutions financières,telles que les fonds d'investissement à long terme et ceux gérés par une famille tout en préférant un modèle de consolidation différent, ne sont plus autorisées à présenter des états financiers consolidés. En ce qui concerne la finance d’entreprise, le chapitre 7 analyse les implications de différentes décisions de financement dans un nouveau échantillon de fusions et acquisitions entre institutions financières (banques et assurances) consommées dans le monde entier au cours des deux dernières décennies. En particulier, il étudie (I) la relation entre la méthode de choix de paiement (si le prix est payé en cash, en actions ou une combinaison des deux) et le choix du mode de financement d'un regroupement d'entreprises (y compris les instruments hybrides) et (II) la réaction des investisseurs à l'annonce de la combinaison. En ce qui concerne ce dernier point, l'utilisation de deux tests non paramétriques permet de détecter une relation intéressante entre la réaction du marché à l'annonce et les différents modes attendus de financement de la transaction. / In the broad context of business combinations and group of companies, this thesis selects some matters of interest at the crossroad between accounting, law (especially legal provisions and accounting regulation) and corporate finance.Concerning accounting theory, chapter 2 studies how business economics scholars understood groups of companies, group accounts and the process for their preparation in particular compared to Italian legal scholars. Then, chapter 3 reconstructs the political and legislative process that brought about the birth of the concept of group of companies in the Italian legal corpus. Concerning law and accounting policy, a comparative analysis is carried out in chapter 4 which clearly shows how the notion of control and its use in consolidated financial statements (group accounts) and business combinations accounting evolved (I) in European law, (II) under international accounting standards as issued by the IASB – International Accounting StandardsBoard and (III) in US GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). Moreover, chapters 5 and 6 investigate the effects of lobbying on accounting standards on consolidated financial statements and business combinations issued by the IASB. Interestingly, results are consistent with a regulatory capture of the international standard setter by a category of financial institutions. In fact, confronted with a consolidation model purportedly based on control, the latter lobbied in favour of a consolidation exception which is based on an ownership view and is documented to have been proposed by US audit companies in that context at least from 1995. That view found a fertile ground within the IASB. As a result, other categories of financial institutions such as long term investment funds and those run by a family preferring a different consolidation model are now prohibited from presenting consolidated financial statement. Concerning corporate finance, chapter 7 studies the implications of different financing decisions ina novel and comprehensive sample of cases of mergers and acquisitions across and between financial institutions (banks and insurances) consummated worldwide around almost the last twodecades. In particular, it investigates (I) the relationship between the method of payment choice (i.e. if the price is paid in cash, stock or a mixture of the two) and the choice regarding the mode offinancing a business combination (including hybrid instruments) and (II) investors’ reaction at the combination announcement. As to the latter point, the use of two non-parametric tests allows todetect an interesting relationship between the market reaction at announcement and the different expected modes of financing the transaction.

Titel: Vad är skogen verkligen värd? En kvalitativ studie ur redovisningsupprättares perspektiv Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Josefine Dalman och Maria Husberg Rådström Handledare: Alice Schmuck Datum: 2023 - juni Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur värdering av biologiska tillgångar till verkligt värde enligt IAS 41 leder till att redovisningsinformation betraktas som användbar i enlighet med IASB:s primära kvalitativa kriterier. Syftet undersöks utifrån redovisningsupprättares perspektiv. Forskningsfrågan fokuserar på att utreda på vilket sätt redovisningsupprättare anser att IASB:s kriterier om relevans och verklighetstrogen representation uppfylls när biologiska tillgångar värderas till verkligt värde.  Metod: I studien har en kvalitativ metod tillämpats och empirin är insamlad med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer där redovisningsupprättare i svenska skogsbolag har intervjuats. Datan är analyserad och redovisad med hjälp av tematisk analys.  Resultat och slutsats: I studien framkom resultat som i huvudsak ger stöd för att det kvalitativa kriteriet om relevans blir uppfyllt när skogen värderas till verkligt värde. Kriteriet om verklighetstrogen representation uppfylls till viss del men den subjektivitet som värdering till verkligt värde innefattar kan inte avhjälpas fullt ut. Resultaten i studien visar att det finns en viss motstridighet i värdering av biologiska tillgångar till verkligt värde och IASB:s primära kvalitativa kriterier.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Examensarbetet har bidragit till att belysa redovisningsupprättares syn på värdering av skog till verkligt värde och på vilket sätt de betraktar värderingen som användbar utifrån en kvalitativ metod. Det bedöms vara värdefullt att utröna om redovisningsupprättare som ska tillämpa IAS 41 betraktar standarden som användbar och den kvalitativa metoden har bidragit till djup i den analysen. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det har framkommit från respondenter i studien att värdering till verkligt värde är en kostsam metod som därmed främst genererar relevant redovisningsinformation i noterade skogsbolag. Som grund för fortsatt forskning föreslås därför att undersöka om nyttan med redovisningsinformation till följd av IAS 41 överstiger kostnaden i onoterade skogsbolag till den grad att produktionen av sådan redovisningsinformation kan motiveras.  Nyckelord: IAS 41, verkligt värde, biologiska tillgångar, IASB:s primära kvalitativa kriterier, relevans och verklighetstrogen representation / Title: What is the forest really worth? A qualitative study from the perspective of accountants Level: Bachelor's degree thesis in business administration  Authors: Josefine Dalman and Maria Husberg Rådström Supervisor: Alice Schmuck Date: 2023 - june Aim: The purpose is to investigate how valuation of biological assets at fair value according to IAS 41 leads to accounting information being considered useful in accordance with the IASB's primary qualitative criteria based on the perspective of accountants. The research question focuses on investigating how accountants believe that the IASB's criteria of relevance and faithful representation are met when biological assets are valued at fair value. Method: In the study, a qualitative method has been applied and the empirical evidence has been collected using semi-structured interviews where accountants in Swedish forestry companies have been interviewed. The data is analyzed and reported using thematic analysis. Results and conclusion: The study produced results that essentially provide support for the qualitative criterion of relevance being met when the forest is valued at its fair value. The criterion of faithful representation is fulfilled to some extent, but the subjectivity that valuation at fair value involves cannot be fully remedied. The results of the study show that there is a certain contradiction in the valuation of biological assets at fair value and the IASB's fundamental qualitative characteristics. Contribution of the thesis: The thesis has contributed to elucidate accountants' views on the valuation of forests at fair value and in what way they consider the valuation useful based on a qualitative method. It is considered valuable to find out whether accountants who must apply IAS 41 consider the standard useful and the qualitative method has contributed to the depth of that analysis. Suggestions for future research: It has emerged from respondents in the study that valuation at fair value is a costly method which thus mainly generates relevant accounting information in listed forest companies. As a basis for continued research, it is therefore proposed to investigate whether the benefit of accounting information as a result of IAS 41 exceeds the cost in unlisted forest companies to the extent that the production of such accounting information can be justified. Key words: IAS 41, fair value, biological assets, IASB fundamental qualitative characteristics, relevance and faithful representation

Die vorliegende kumulative Doktorarbeit umfasst drei Arbeiten aus dem Bereich der empirischen Rechnungslegungsforschung. Die erste Arbeit untersucht die Rolle persönlicher Eigenschaften von Rechnungslegungsstandardsetzern bei der Entwicklung der Internationalen Rechnungslegungsstandards IFRS. Sie dokumentiert, dass in den IFRS insgesamt ein Rückgang der Bedeutung von Prinzipien gegenüber Regeln sowie ein Anstieg der Bedeutung des beizulegenden Zeitwerts im Zeitablauf zu verzeichnen sind. Zwischen Änderungen von IFRS-Eigenschaften sowie beruflichen und kulturellen Eigenschaften von Mitgliedern des International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) wird ein Zusammenhang festgestellt. Die zweite Arbeit widmet sich Ursachen und Folgen fehlerhafter Finanzberichterstattung im Rahmen des deutschen Systems der Durchsetzung von Rechnungslegungsregeln. Sie findet systematische Unterschiede in der Unternehmensführung von Unternehmen, bei denen fehlerhafte Finanzberichte festgestellt werden, gegenüber einer Kontrollgruppe. Weitere Ergebnisse lassen die Vermutung zu, dass die Aufdeckung fehlerhafter Finanzberichte Verbesserungen in der unternehmensspezifischen Aufsicht über den Rechnungslegungsprozess auslösen könnte. Die dritte Arbeit nutzt umfangreiche Befragungsergebnisse deutscher Privatanleger zur Untersuchung der Ursachen ihres Unternehmensüberwachungsverhaltens. Demnach üben Anleger, die ein geringeres Vertrauen in andere Anspruchsgruppen eines Unternehmens haben, zugleich eine geringere Unternehmensüberwachung aus. Darüber hinaus dokumentiert die Arbeit, dass Vertrauen und Unternehmensüberwachung in einem Zusammenhang mit dem Ausmaß der Teilnahme am Aktienmarkt und dem Bildungshintergrund der Anleger stehen. / This cumulative doctoral thesis consists of three papers within the field of empirical financial accounting research. The first paper examines the role of personal characteristics of accounting standard setters in the development of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). It documents that the full set of IFRS exhibited a decrease in the importance of principles relative to rules and an increase in its fair value orientation over time. Changes in IFRS properties are found to be associated with the professional and cultural background of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) members. The second paper investigates determinants and consequences of erroneous financial reporting under the German financial reporting enforcement regime. The corporate governance of firms detected with erroneous financial reporting is found to differ systematically from that of control firms. Further results suggest that error detection might trigger improvements in firm-level accounting oversight. The third paper uses large-scale survey evidence from German individual investors to explore the determinants of their monitoring behavior. Investors who are less trusting in their fellow stakeholders are found to engage in less monitoring. Furthermore, trust and monitoring are documented to be associated with the stock market exposure and the educational background of investors.

Accounting transactions are becoming more complex, and more extensive accounting guidance is provided on a continuous basis in the accounting standards. In addition, accounting guidance changes often and additional guidance is added to the standards regularly. In view of this immense amount of accounting knowledge that an accountant can be expected to have, exacerbated by often multifaceted structures in accounting problems, it can be challenging and onerous to solve certain accounting problems. The premise of this study is that accounting problems can also be solved in a less complex manner with reference to the foundational accounting concepts included in the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (CF). The solution to the accounting problem using the CF should result in a similar answer had the detailed, complex accounting guidance been consulted. This is based on the understanding that the detailed guidance is consistent with the CF and that the CF is not underdeveloped. In the experience of the author of this dissertation, however, the CF is rarely used to consider the accounting treatment of specific transactions and the first point of reference is usually the detailed, specific guidance. In order to impart a practice of incorporating the CF in problem-solving, the study in this dissertation is underpinned by educational philosophies rooted mainly in constructivism, and specifically in Ausubel’s subsumption theory. Applied to accounting education, this theory suggests a frameworkbased approach whereby educators first instil a detailed knowledge of the CF in an Accounting course and thereafter present details of specific accounting transactions by building and crossreferencing to the foundational concepts in the CF. In addition, the paradigm in Accounting courses should also incorporate problems and experiments through which students can construct their own knowledge, rather than being passive recipients of an educator’s teaching style. Recent literature on framework-based teaching suggests that such an approach is beneficial as it enhances lifelong learning. This study reported on a framework-based approach incorporated in an Accounting course and aimed to determine students’ ability to solve complex accounting problems by referring only to the CF, as well as to determine the factors that could influence their ability to solve the problems and the preferred problem-solving approach of students in facing future accounting problems. In order to address the broad aim of this study, it was divided into two sections, each to identify and analyse a different aspect of accounting problem-solving that incorporated the CF. The study in this dissertation focused mainly on an interpretive research paradigm. The first project had the primary objective of determining whether students have the ability to solve complex accounting problems by using only the CF and determining which factors could influence their ability. This was established by analysing the content and results of an assignment administered to third-year Accounting students at a South African university in which students were required to solve problems using only the CF. The second project had the objective of determining the preferred future approach students will take in solving accounting problems after they have been exposed to a framework-based assignment. This was established through qualitative measures and augmented by a questionnaire to analyse the students’ perceptions. The contributions of this dissertation are manifold and include, but are not limited to, the realisation that a conceptual approach to accounting education is beneficial in Accounting courses. The results in this study indicate that the ability of students to solve complex accounting problems by referring only to the CF may depend on the complexity of the scenario and the students’ familiarity with the problem. In addition, after being exposed to a framework-based assignment, students may tend to prefer a mixed approach in solving accounting problems, which entails a combination of the concepts in the CF and specific accounting guidance governing a particular transaction. The author also believes that this study makes a practical contribution by providing an actual framework-based assignment which can be used or adapted by other Accounting educators to use in similar courses, or to help them develop similar assignments or case studies or to replicate the study. From an educational perspective, it is recommended that Accounting educators incorporate an emphasis on the CF in their teaching approach. As students are exposed to opportunities to exercise their judgement using the concepts included in the CF, they will gain experience in this and be able to exercise better judgement in future. Each time a student is exposed to a problem requiring to be solved using the CF, or is required to make necessary judgements with regard to the CF, it will lead to the creation of new knowledge which the student can constantly link and cross-reference to existing knowledge and experiences. It also appears that, when students are exposed to problem-solving using the CF, it may lead to accountants adopting a more balanced approach by considering more CF constructs in solving future accounting problems. Although the study in this dissertation was conducted at only one university, its implications are by no means limited to this institution. Extrapolation of results cannot be attempted due to the nature of the research design, but the results in this study are valuable and enhance accounting education literature in better understanding students’ problem-solving abilities and their preferred problemsolving approach. The research is therefore valuable to any Accounting educator, as well as the institutional bodies guiding accounting education and its syllabi. It is hoped also that some of the findings will inspire other educational institutions to promote a framework-based approach in an innovative manner. / MCom (Accountancy), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015