O mangarito (Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott) ou mangará, é uma das espécies da família Araceae, e está entre inúmeras plantas rústicas encontradas nas regiões tropicais. A grande maioria dessas espécies são amiláceas, classificadas como calóricas e consideradas alimentos de subsistência, porém, não há muitos dados sobre esses alimentos não-convencionais, e o estudo deles, pode ter um papel importante na suplementação da alimentação de populações desnutridas e de baixo poder aquisitivo. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar composição centesimal, fibras solúveis e insolúveis, minerais, &#945;-tocoferol e o perfil de carotenóides, no mangarito cru (CR) e cozido (CZ). Foram avaliadas cinco colheitas do mangarito provenientes de um único cultivar no interior do Estado de São Paulo entre os anos de 2005 e 2007. Sua composição centesimal foi de aproximadamente 71,93% de umidade; 1,23% de cinzas; 1,43% de lipídeos e 2,11 % de proteínas e houve perdas estatisticamente significativas após o cozimento. Dessa forma, o valor calórico total do mangarito foi de aproximadamente 103,11 kcal/100g. Os valores de fibras alimentares foram de 3,5% (CR) e 3,62% (CZ), não havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa entre eles. O resultado da análise de minerais revelou valores elevados de cálcio (CR=290,60 e CZ=330,0mg/100g), ferro (CR=3,90 e CZ=1,8mg/100g), potássio (CR=1408,70 e CZ=1300,4mg/100g) e zinco (CR=4,2 e CZ=5,20mg/100g). Foram encontrados 72,04&#181;g/g de &#945;-tocoferol e a perda pelo cozimento foi de 14,28%. Os carotenóides encontrados nas amostras foram &#945;-caroteno (1,26&#181;g/g), &#950;-caroteno (3,41&#181;g/g) e traços de mutatocromo e micronona e cozimento ocasionou perda de 20 a 66% para &#945;-caroteno e de 6 a 60% para &#950;-caroteno. Apesar da identificação de um carotenóide com atividade pró-vitamínica (&#945;-caroteno), as quantidades encontradas no mangarito não foram suficientes para que o alimento recebesse a designação de fonte dessa vitamina. / Tannia (Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott) is characterized as a rustic plant found in tropical countries such as Brazil. Vegetables are sources of carotenoids that could be used in prevention of vitamin A deficiency. Considering the generally higher cost of animal foods, the provitamin A from vegetables should be considered as an expressive and easily obtainable source of vitamin A in developing countries Although tannia are popularly c1assified as a source of carotenoids, studies on its chemical composition are rare. Thus, because of the absence of the cultivation, tannia as well as others non-traditional vegetables may become extinct and still be classified as potential source of nutrients. Therefore the goal of the present study is to characterize the chemical composition and carotenoids profile of raw (RT) and cooked tannia (CT). It was analyzed 5 different crops of tannia from the countryside of Sao Paulo state harvested between years 2005 and 2007. When compared to RT, CT presented less (p<0.05) water, protein and fat. Regarding the total amount of energy, RT presented values between 95,12 to 143,60 Kcal/100g while CT presented values between 100,96 to 142,91 Kcal/100 g. In both RT and CT it was found great quantity of calcium (RT =290,60 mg/100 g; CT =330,0 mg/100 g), iron (RT =3,90 mg/100 g; CT = 1,8 mg/100 g), potassium (RT = 1408,70 mg/100 g; CT = 1300,4 mg/100 g) and zinc (RT = 4,2 mg/100 g; CT = 5,20 mg/100 g). Moreover, in RT it was found 72,04 &#181;g of &#945;-tocopherol while CT presented 14,28 % less. It was found &#945;-carotene and &#950;-carotene, mutatochrome and micronone in both RT and CT; however CT presented smaller (p<0.05) concentration of these carotenoids. In conclusion, tannia can not be considered a good source of provitamin A because of the small concentration of &#945;-carotene. Although the great quantity of important minerals, more studies are necessary to elucidate their bioavailability in tannia.

Existeix certa controvèrsia sobre els efectes del b-carotè com a promotor o protector del càncer de pulmó. A més, el b-carotè, com a precursor de l'àcid retinoic, podria estimular la termogènesi i regular l'adipositat corporal. La fura representa un bon model per estudiar els efectes de la ingesta de b-carotè ja que l'absorbeix de manera pràcticament intacta (semblant als humans). Hem demostrat que el b-carotè ingerit amb altres antioxidants no sembla tenir efectes inductors del càncer ja que no augmenta la proliferació cel·lular al pulmó i a més prevé els efectes del carcinogen benzo[a]pirè. D'altra banda, dosis farmacològiques de b-carotè fan a la fura efectes contraris als de l'àcid retinoic, ja que augmenten l'adipositat i resulten en una menor capacitat termogènica, principalment al teixit adipós retroperitoneal que, a la fura, presenta certes característiques de teixit adipós marró, ja que té un percentatge considerable d'adipòcits multiloculars i expressa quantitats significatives d'UCP1. / Existe controversia sobre los efectos del b-caroteno como promotor o protector del cáncer de pulmón. Además, el b-caroteno, como precursor del ácido retinoico, podría estimular la termogénesis y regular la adiposidad corporal. El hurón representa un buen modelo para estudiar los efectos de la ingesta de b-caroteno pues lo absorbe de manera prácticamente intacta (similar a los humanos). Hemos demostrado que el b-caroteno ingerido con otros antioxidantes no parece tener efectos inductores del cáncer puesto que no aumenta la proliferación celular del pulmón y además previene los efectos del carcinógeno benzo[a]pireno. Por otra parte, dosis farmacológicas de b-caroteno producen en el hurón efectos contrarios a los del ácido retinoico, ya que aumentan la adiposidad y reducen la capacidad termogénica, principalmente del tejido adiposo retroperitoneal que, en el hurón, presenta ciertas características de tejido adiposo marrón, al contener un porcentaje considerable de adipocitos multiloculares y expresar cantidades significativas de UCP1. / The effects of b-carotene promoting or protecting against lung cancer are unclear. Furthermore, b-carotene, as retinoic acid precursor, could induce thermogenesis and regulate body adiposity. The ferret represents a good model to study the effects of oral administration of b-carotene because it absorbs it almost intact (similarly to humans). We have shown that the intake of b-carotene together with other antioxidants does not seem to inducecancer as it does not increase cellular proliferation in lung and prevents the effects of the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene. In addition, pharmacological b-carotene doses in ferrets have different effects from retinoic acid, increasing adiposity and decreasing thermogenic capacity, especially in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue which, in ferrets, resembles brown adipose tissue, since it has an important percentage of multilocular adipocytes and expresses significant amount of UCP1.

No description available.

FERNANDES, Aline Gurgel. Alaterações das características químicas e físico-químicas do suco de goiaba (Psidium guajava L.) durante o processamento. 2007. 84 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2007 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-05-30T13:17:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_sgfernandes.pdf: 420665 bytes, checksum: e9cdf981335863a474b85601f8c58da2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-05-30T13:17:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_sgfernandes.pdf: 420665 bytes, checksum: e9cdf981335863a474b85601f8c58da2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-30T13:17:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_sgfernandes.pdf: 420665 bytes, checksum: e9cdf981335863a474b85601f8c58da2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Fruit juices are important vitamin sources, mineral salts, organic acids and fibers, and including in the diet of the population, they can help to keep people healthy. During the stages of juice processing, some modifications in the fruit compounds can happen, affecting its sensorial and nutritional properties. Researches on the effects of processing on the nutritional compound tropical juice are scarce. Usually, only vitamin C losses are evaluated. This study determined the possible chemical and physical-chemical changes during the stages of guava tropical juice processing (extration, formulation / homogenization and pausterization) and storage (30 days). Soluble solids, pH, acidity, reducing sugars, total sugars, water activity, colour, vitamin C, anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds and pectinametilesterase activity were analysed. We saw that only pH, carotenoids and pectinametilesterase activity parameters showed significant variations during the stages of juice processing. At the end of the processing, vitamin C, phenolic compounds and total anthocyanins contents were high, and it was an increase of total carotenoid amount in the guava juice. For the guava juice stored during 30 days it was observed no significant difference between the times zero and thirty days, for the analysed parameters. We conclude that since the chemical and physicochemical characteristics were affected just a little by processing and stored during 30 days, the hot fill processing, the glass packings used and added conservant were good factors of product preservation in this study. / Os sucos de frutas são importantes fontes de vitaminas, sais minerais, ácidos orgânicos e fibras, e incluídos na dieta da população podem ajudar a manter a saúde. Durante as etapas de processamento de sucos, podem ocorrer modificações nos componentes dos frutos, afetando suas propriedades sensoriais e nutritivas. Estudos sobre os efeitos do processamento nos constituintes nutricionais dos sucos tropicais são escassos. Geralmente, são avaliadas somente as perdas de vitamina C. Este trabalho objetivou determinar as possíveis alterações químicas e físico-químicas em suco tropical de goiaba durante as etapas de processamento (extração, formulação / homogeneização e pasteurização) e armazenamento (30 dias). Foram efetuadas determinações de sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez, açúcares redutores, açúcares totais, atividade de água, cor, vitamina C, antocianinas, carotenóides, compostos fenólicos e atividade da pectinametilesterase. Ao final do estudo, constatou-se que somente os parâmetros de pH, carotenóides e atividade da pectinametilesterase apresentaram variações significativas, durante as etapas de processamento do suco. O suco de goiaba se manteve ao final do processamento com elevados teores de vitamina C, compostos fenólicos, antocianinas totais, além do aumento da quantidade de carotenóides totais. No suco de goiaba armazenado por 30 dias observou-se que os parâmetros analisados não apresentaram diferença significativa entre o tempo zero e o trinta dias. Concluindo que as características químicas e físico-químicas são pouco afetadas pelo processamento e armazenamento (30 dias), pode-se considerar, portanto o processo de enchimento à quente (hot fill), as embalagens de vidro utilizadas e os conservantes adicionados como sendo bons fatores de preservação para o produto em estudo.

O mangarito (Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott) ou mangará, é uma das espécies da família Araceae, e está entre inúmeras plantas rústicas encontradas nas regiões tropicais. A grande maioria dessas espécies são amiláceas, classificadas como calóricas e consideradas alimentos de subsistência, porém, não há muitos dados sobre esses alimentos não-convencionais, e o estudo deles, pode ter um papel importante na suplementação da alimentação de populações desnutridas e de baixo poder aquisitivo. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar composição centesimal, fibras solúveis e insolúveis, minerais, &#945;-tocoferol e o perfil de carotenóides, no mangarito cru (CR) e cozido (CZ). Foram avaliadas cinco colheitas do mangarito provenientes de um único cultivar no interior do Estado de São Paulo entre os anos de 2005 e 2007. Sua composição centesimal foi de aproximadamente 71,93% de umidade; 1,23% de cinzas; 1,43% de lipídeos e 2,11 % de proteínas e houve perdas estatisticamente significativas após o cozimento. Dessa forma, o valor calórico total do mangarito foi de aproximadamente 103,11 kcal/100g. Os valores de fibras alimentares foram de 3,5% (CR) e 3,62% (CZ), não havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa entre eles. O resultado da análise de minerais revelou valores elevados de cálcio (CR=290,60 e CZ=330,0mg/100g), ferro (CR=3,90 e CZ=1,8mg/100g), potássio (CR=1408,70 e CZ=1300,4mg/100g) e zinco (CR=4,2 e CZ=5,20mg/100g). Foram encontrados 72,04&#181;g/g de &#945;-tocoferol e a perda pelo cozimento foi de 14,28%. Os carotenóides encontrados nas amostras foram &#945;-caroteno (1,26&#181;g/g), &#950;-caroteno (3,41&#181;g/g) e traços de mutatocromo e micronona e cozimento ocasionou perda de 20 a 66% para &#945;-caroteno e de 6 a 60% para &#950;-caroteno. Apesar da identificação de um carotenóide com atividade pró-vitamínica (&#945;-caroteno), as quantidades encontradas no mangarito não foram suficientes para que o alimento recebesse a designação de fonte dessa vitamina. / Tannia (Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott) is characterized as a rustic plant found in tropical countries such as Brazil. Vegetables are sources of carotenoids that could be used in prevention of vitamin A deficiency. Considering the generally higher cost of animal foods, the provitamin A from vegetables should be considered as an expressive and easily obtainable source of vitamin A in developing countries Although tannia are popularly c1assified as a source of carotenoids, studies on its chemical composition are rare. Thus, because of the absence of the cultivation, tannia as well as others non-traditional vegetables may become extinct and still be classified as potential source of nutrients. Therefore the goal of the present study is to characterize the chemical composition and carotenoids profile of raw (RT) and cooked tannia (CT). It was analyzed 5 different crops of tannia from the countryside of Sao Paulo state harvested between years 2005 and 2007. When compared to RT, CT presented less (p<0.05) water, protein and fat. Regarding the total amount of energy, RT presented values between 95,12 to 143,60 Kcal/100g while CT presented values between 100,96 to 142,91 Kcal/100 g. In both RT and CT it was found great quantity of calcium (RT =290,60 mg/100 g; CT =330,0 mg/100 g), iron (RT =3,90 mg/100 g; CT = 1,8 mg/100 g), potassium (RT = 1408,70 mg/100 g; CT = 1300,4 mg/100 g) and zinc (RT = 4,2 mg/100 g; CT = 5,20 mg/100 g). Moreover, in RT it was found 72,04 &#181;g of &#945;-tocopherol while CT presented 14,28 % less. It was found &#945;-carotene and &#950;-carotene, mutatochrome and micronone in both RT and CT; however CT presented smaller (p<0.05) concentration of these carotenoids. In conclusion, tannia can not be considered a good source of provitamin A because of the small concentration of &#945;-carotene. Although the great quantity of important minerals, more studies are necessary to elucidate their bioavailability in tannia.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Os sucos de frutas sÃo importantes fontes de vitaminas, sais minerais, Ãcidos orgÃnicos e fibras, e incluÃdos na dieta da populaÃÃo podem ajudar a manter a saÃde. Durante as etapas de processamento de sucos, podem ocorrer modificaÃÃes nos componentes dos frutos, afetando suas propriedades sensoriais e nutritivas. Estudos sobre os efeitos do processamento nos constituintes nutricionais dos sucos tropicais sÃo escassos. Geralmente, sÃo avaliadas somente as perdas de vitamina C. Este trabalho objetivou determinar as possÃveis alteraÃÃes quÃmicas e fÃsico-quÃmicas em suco tropical de goiaba durante as etapas de processamento (extraÃÃo, formulaÃÃo / homogeneizaÃÃo e pasteurizaÃÃo) e armazenamento (30 dias). Foram efetuadas determinaÃÃes de sÃlidos solÃveis, pH, acidez, aÃÃcares redutores, aÃÃcares totais, atividade de Ãgua, cor, vitamina C, antocianinas, carotenÃides, compostos fenÃlicos e atividade da pectinametilesterase. Ao final do estudo, constatou-se que somente os parÃmetros de pH, carotenÃides e atividade da pectinametilesterase apresentaram variaÃÃes significativas, durante as etapas de processamento do suco. O suco de goiaba se manteve ao final do processamento com elevados teores de vitamina C, compostos fenÃlicos, antocianinas totais, alÃm do aumento da quantidade de carotenÃides totais. No suco de goiaba armazenado por 30 dias observou-se que os parÃmetros analisados nÃo apresentaram diferenÃa significativa entre o tempo zero e o trinta dias. Concluindo que as caracterÃsticas quÃmicas e fÃsico-quÃmicas sÃo pouco afetadas pelo processamento e armazenamento (30 dias), pode-se considerar, portanto o processo de enchimento à quente (hot fill), as embalagens de vidro utilizadas e os conservantes adicionados como sendo bons fatores de preservaÃÃo para o produto em estudo. / Fruit juices are important vitamin sources, mineral salts, organic acids and fibers, and including in the diet of the population, they can help to keep people healthy. During the stages of juice processing, some modifications in the fruit compounds can happen, affecting its sensorial and nutritional properties. Researches on the effects of processing on the nutritional compound tropical juice are scarce. Usually, only vitamin C losses are evaluated. This study determined the possible chemical and physical-chemical changes during the stages of guava tropical juice processing (extration, formulation / homogenization and pausterization) and storage (30 days). Soluble solids, pH, acidity, reducing sugars, total sugars, water activity, colour, vitamin C, anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds and pectinametilesterase activity were analysed. We saw that only pH, carotenoids and pectinametilesterase activity parameters showed significant variations during the stages of juice processing. At the end of the processing, vitamin C, phenolic compounds and total anthocyanins contents were high, and it was an increase of total carotenoid amount in the guava juice. For the guava juice stored during 30 days it was observed no significant difference between the times zero and thirty days, for the analysed parameters. We conclude that since the chemical and physicochemical characteristics were affected just a little by processing and stored during 30 days, the hot fill processing, the glass packings used and added conservant were good factors of product preservation in this study.

La thérapie photodynamique (PDT) est une technique utilisée cliniquement pour traiter certaines maladies de la peau, la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge et certains types de cancer. Elle fait intervenir trois composants : une molécule photosensible ou photosensibilisateur (PS), la lumière et l’oxygène. Après administration du PS, celui-ci va se localiser plus ou moins sélectivement dans les zones tumorales où il est alors activé par irradiation lumineuse à une longueur d’onde et une puissance données. Ceci engendre la formation d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) très réactives, dont l'oxygène singulet1 O2, qui entraînent la destruction des tissus tumoraux par nécrose ou apoptose. Afin d’améliorer la sélectivité du traitement, différentes pistes sont actuellement exploitées dont l’élaboration de « photodynamic molecular beacons » (PMB). Dans un PMB, le photosensibilisateur (PS) est associé via un peptide à un inhibiteur 1O2, appelé quencher. Ce quencher inhibe la formation d’1O2 tant que le composé n’a pas atteint sa cible. Une fois la zone cancéreuse atteinte, des enzymes spécifiques clivent le peptide, libérant ainsi le PS qui retrouve alors sa capacité à former de l’1O2. Trouver un couple PS/quencher adéquat reste un challenge en PDT. Les propriétés photophysiques particulières des caroténoïdes et leur aptitude à inhiber la production d’1O2 font de ces derniers des quenchers potentiellement utilisables pour l’élaboration de PMBs. Chez les plantes, les caroténoïdes (carotènes et xanthophylles) sont des pigments associés à la photosynthèse, qui ont deux rôles principaux : un rôle de collecteur de lumière et un rôle photoprotecteur en protégeant le(s) système(s) photosynthétique(s) contre les dommages photooxydatifs liés à une exposition trop intense à la lumière. Ceci s’opère, entre autre, via le cycle des xanthophylles. Cette aptitude à capter de l’énergie présente un intérêt potentiel à ne pas négliger dans la perspective de la conception de PMB utilisables en thérapie photodynamique. Dans le cadre de cette thèse en co-tutelle avec la Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte nous avons ciblé les caroténoïdes présents dans trois fruits produits en Tunisie à savoir les kakis (Diospyros kaki L.), les abricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) et les pêches (Prunus persica L.) connus pour leur richesse globale en ces pigments. Divers procédés d’extractions ont été étudiés : (i) L’extraction de type Soxhlet par solvants organiques à pression atmosphérique, utilisée comme référence, (ii) l'extraction accélérée par solvant organique (ASE : Accelerated solvent Extraction) effectuée sous pression, enfin (iii) l'extraction par CO2 supercritique avec l’éthanol comme cosolvant. Pour ces deux derniers procédés, une approche par plan d’expériences (surfaces de réponses) a été utilisée pour identifier les facteurs clé et les conditions optimales d’extractions de divers caroténoïdes (pression, température, débit, % de cosolvant, temps, nombre de cycles). L'analyse par chromatographie liquide à haute performance couplée à la détection UV-Visible et à la spectrométrie de masse a ensuite permis l'identification et la quantification des caroténoïdes présents dans les extraits obtenus, permettant ainsi de comparer les profils caroténoïdiques propres à chaque fruit et les performances de chaque procédé d’extraction. Cette étude ayant révélé un profil caroténoïdique particulièrement intéressant chez le kaki par rapport aux autres fruits, une extraction et une purification des caroténoïdes de ce fruit par chromatographie liquide haute pression préparative a ensuite été effectuée afin de disposer d’une quantité suffisante de chaque caroténoïde, et parfois de leurs isomères conformationnels, en vue de l’étude de leurs propriétés photophysiques (absorption, émission de fluorescence, inhibition d’1O2) et de l’évaluation de leur intérêt potentiel en tant que quencher d’1O2 dans un édifice de type PMB / Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically used technique for treating skin diseases, age-relatedmacular degeneration but mainly some types of cancer. PDT involves three components: a photosensitive molecule named photosensitizer (PS), light and oxygen. After administration of the PS, this one will be located more or less selectively in tumoral regions where it is activated by light irradiation at appropriate wavelength and power. This leads to the formation of highly reactive and cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially singlet oxygen, resulting in the destruction of the tumor by necrosis or apoptosis. To improve the treatment selectivity, different strategies are being exploited, one of which is the development of "photodynamic molecular beacons" (PMB). In PMB the photosensitizer is linked via a peptide to an inhibitor of 1O2 (quencher). This quencher inhibits the formation of 1O2 as long as the compound has not reached its target, namely cancer cells. In order to inhibit the toxicity of the PS in non-target cells and restore toxicity only close to the biological target, it is necessary to find an adequate PS/quencher couple. This remains a challenge for PDT. Carotenoids are interesting candidates due to their specific photophysical properties and ability to inhibit 1O2, which makes them potential quenchers for building PMBs. In plants, carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) are pigments involved in the photosynthesis, in which they play two main roles: a light collecting role and a protecting role by preserving the photosynthetic systems against photoxydative damages induced by a too intense light exposure. This protection can for instance occur via the well-known xanthophylls cycle. This capacity to catch energy presents a potential interest that should not be neglected in the framework of the design of PMBs usable in photodynamic therapy. Within the framework as part of this PhD thesis in Cotutelle with the Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, we focused on carotenoids from three fruits produced in Tunisia: persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.), apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and peache (Prunus persica L.), known for their global richness in these natural pigments. Three extraction processes were investigated: (i) the Soxhlet extraction based on the use of organic solvent at atmospheric pressure and used as reference, (ii) the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) using organic solvent under high pressure, and (iii) the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using supercritical CO2 and ethanol as cosolvent. For these two last processes, a design of experiments (Surface Response Design) was used to identify the key factors and optimal extraction conditions of various carotenoids (pressure, temperature, flow, % cosolvent, time, number of cycles). Then, HPLC-PDA coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) enabled the identification and quantification of carotenoids from the extracts. Thus it was possible to compare the profiles in carotenoids content from each fruit as well as the performances of each extraction process. This study showed that the carotenoidic profile in the persimmon was the most interesting as compared to the profiles in the two other fruits. Extraction and purification of the carotenoids from persimmon by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography were then performed in order to have a sufficient amount of each carotenoid and sometimes of their conformational isomers. We finally performed a study of their photophysical properties (absorption, fluorescence emission, 1O2 inhibition) in order to evaluate their potential as 1O2 quencher in molecular construction such as a PMB

[EN] Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) 'Rojo Brillante' is an astringent variety characterised by good growing conditions, excellent colour, size, sensory characteristics and good nutritional properties. In the last decade, its production has grown substantially in Spain given the application of high levels of CO2 to remove astringency while firmness is preserved. This technology has also increased its potential as a fresh-cut commodity. However, physical damage during processing result in degradation of the colour and firmness of the product and a higher susceptibility to microbial spoilage that significantly reduces the fruit's shelf life. The objective of the present thesis was to develop optimum procedures for processing and marketing 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon into a fresh-cut product with the maximum shelf life and best physicochemical, nutritional, sensory and microbiological quality. Firstly, the objective was to evaluate the effect of the maturity stage (MS) at harvest, storage time at 15 ºC before processing, and the application of different antioxidant treatments on enzymatic browning, sensory and nutritional quality of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon during storage at 5 ºC. Concentrations of 10 g L-1 ascorbic acid (AA) or 10 g L-1 citric acid (CA) controlled tissue browning and maintained the visual quality of fresh-cut persimmon above the limit of marketability for 6-8 storage days at 5 ºC, depending on the MS. However, these acidic solutions reduced fruit firmness as compared to control samples. Further studies showed that the combination of these antioxidants with 10 g L-1 CaCl2 maintained firmness of the persimmon slices within the same range as the control samples. In another work, the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) allowed to process fruits after 45 days of storage at 1 ºC with commercial firmness and the antioxidant solution (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2) extended the limit of marketability up to 9 days of storage at 5 ºC. Different controlled atmosphere conditions in combination with AA or CA dips were also evaluated as a first step to select optimum O2 and CO2 concentrations for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmons. Overall, the combination of antioxidant dips and a controlled atmosphere composed of 5 kPa O2 (balance N2) was proved to be the most effective combination to control enzymatic browning. This atmosphere maintained the visual quality of persimmon slices within the limit of marketability during 7- 9 days at 5 ºC. On the contrary, high CO2 concentrations (10 or 20 kPa) induced darkening in some tissue areas, associated with a flesh disorder known as 'internal flesh browning'. Later studies confirmed the beneficial effect of an active MAP in 5 kPa O2 compared to passive MAP to improve the visual quality of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon, showing a synergic effect with the antioxidant dip (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2). Antioxidant edible coatings were prepared from whey protein isolate (WPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and apple pectin as the polymeric matrix. All edible coatings were amended with the antioxidant combination selected (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2). All the edible coatings tested proved effective to control enzymatic browning of persimmon slices. However, the samples treated with the HPMC- and pectin- based coatings were scored with a better visual quality that the rest of the treatments. In general, free radical scavenging activity and total carotenoid content increased in late-season persimmons; whereas, processing (cutting and storage at 5 ºC), antioxidant dips, controlled atmosphere storage or edible coatings had no clear effect on nutritional quality (vitamin C, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, and carotenoids) of fresh-cut persimmons. / [ES] El caqui persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) 'Rojo Brillante' es un cultivar astringente que presenta unas propiedades organolépticas y nutricionales excelentes. En la última década, su cultivo en el área mediterránea de España se ha incrementado de manera exponencial con el desarrollo de la tecnología que permite eliminar la astringencia, manteniendo la firmeza del mismo. Esta nueva forma de presentación, aporta numerosas ventajas, entre la que se incluye la posibilidad de ser comercializado como fruta fresca cortada. Sin embargo, el éxito comercial del producto está limitado por el pardeamiento enzimático, la pérdida de firmeza y al crecimiento microbiano. En este contexto, el objetivo de la Tesis ha sido el desarrollo de caqui 'Rojo Brillante' fresco cortado mediante un enfoque que integra el estudio de las características del producto en el momento del procesado y de distintas tecnologías que mantengan la calidad físico-química, sensorial, nutricional y microbiológica del producto durante un periodo que permita su comercialización. En primer lugar, se evaluó el efecto del estado de madurez (MS) en el momento de recolección, el tiempo de almacenamiento a 15 ºC antes del procesado y la aplicación de diferentes antioxidantes en el pardeamiento enzimático y la calidad sensorial y nutricional del caqui 'Rojo Brillante' cortado y almacenado a 5 ºC. La aplicación de 10 g L-1 de ácido ascórbico (AA) ó 10 g L-1 ácido cítrico (CA) controló el pardeamiento enzimático y mantuvo la calidad visual del caqui por encima del límite de comercialización entre 6 y 8 días de almacenamiento a 5 ºC, dependiendo del MS. Sin embrago, la aplicación de estos antioxidantes redujo de manera significativa la firmeza del fruto respecto al control. La combinación de estos antioxidantes con 10 g L-1 de CaCl2 permitió mantener la firmeza en el mismo rango que las muestras control. En un trabajo posterior, la aplicación de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) permitió procesar caqui almacenado 45 días a 1 ºC con una buena firmeza comercial y el tratamiento antioxidante (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2) consiguió alcanzar un límite de comercialización del producto de 9 días a 5 ºC. La evaluación de distintas atmósferas controladas en combinación con tratamientos antioxidantes (AA o CA), como paso previo al envasado en atmósfera modificada (MAP) del caqui, mostró como más efectiva en el control del pardeamiento enzimático la atmósfera compuesta por 5 kPa O2 (balance N2). Esta atmósfera mantuvo la calidad visual del caqui cortado dentro del límite de comercialización durante 7-9 días a 5 ºC. Por el contrario, la aplicación de altas concentraciones de CO2 (10 ó 20 kPa) dio lugar a un pardeamiento en ciertas zonas de la pulpa que se conoce como 'internal flesh browning'. Estudios posteriores confirmaron el efecto beneficioso del envasado de caqui cortado y tratado con solución antioxidante (CA-CaCl2) en una MAP activa de 5 kPa O2 en la calidad visual del fruto frente a la aplicación de una MAP pasiva. El desarrollo de recubrimientos comestibles con capacidad antioxidante se realizó mediante la incorporación de antioxidantes (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2) a formulaciones a base de proteína de suero lácteo (WPI), proteína de soja (SPI), hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa (HPMC) y pectina. Todos los recubrimientos fueron efectivos controlando el pardeamiento enzimático del caqui cortado, siendo las muestras recubiertas con HPMC y pectina las mejor evaluadas visualmente. En general, el procesado, la aplicación de antioxidantes, el envasado en atmósferas controladas y los distintos recubrimientos comestibles estudiados, si bien no mostraron un efecto claro en los parámetros de calidad nutricional evaluados, no tuvieron un efecto negativo en los mismos. Por otra parte, los frutos cosechados a final de campaña tuvieron mayor actividad antioxidante y contenido en carotenoides. / [CAT] El caqui persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) 'Rojo Brillante' és un cultiu astringent que presenta unes propietats organolèptiques i nutricionals excel¿lents. En la última dècada, el seu cultiu en l'àrea mediterrània d'Espanya s'ha incrementat de manera exponencial amb el desenvolupament de la tecnologia que permet eliminar l'astringència, mantenint la fermesa del mateix. Esta nova forma de presentació, aporta un gran nombre d'avantatges, entre els quals s'inclou la possibilitat de comercialitzar-lo com fruita fresca processada. No obstant, l'èxit comercial del producte està limitat per pardetjament enzimàtic, la pèrdua de fermesa i el creixement microbià. L'objectiu de la Tesis ha estat en el desenvolupament de caqui 'Rojo Brillante' tallat en fresc mitjançant un enfocament que integra l'estudi de les característiques del producte en el moment del processat i de diferents tecnologies en el manteniment de la qualitat físico-química, sensorial, nutricional i microbiològica del producte durant un període que permeta la seua comercialització. En primer lloc, es va avaluar l'efecte de l'estat de maduresa (MS) en el moment de recol¿lecció, el temps d'emmagatzemament a 15ºC abans del processat i l'aplicació de diferents tractaments antioxidants en el pardetjament enzimàtic i la qualitat sensorial i nutricional del caqui 'Rojo Brillante' tallat i emmagatzemat a 5 ºC. L'aplicació de 10 g L-1 d'àcid ascòrbic (AA) o 10 g L-1 d'àcid cítric (CA) va controlar el pardetjament enzimàtic i va mantenir la qualitat visual del caqui per damunt del límit de comercialització entre 6-8 dies d'emmagatzemament a 5 ºC, depenent del MS. No obstant, l'aplicació d'antioxidants va reduir de manera significativa la fermesa del fruit comparat amb el control. La combinació d'aquestos antioxidants amb 10 g L-1 de CaCl2 va permetre mantenir la fermesa en el mateix rang que les mostres control. En un treball posterior, l'aplicació de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) va permetre processar caqui emmagatzemat 45 dies a 1 ºC amb una bona fermesa comercial i a més, el tractament antioxidant (10 g L-1 CA + 10 g L-1 CaCl2) va aconseguir un límit de comercialització del producte tallat de 9 dies a 5 ºC. L'avaluació de diferents atmosferes controlades en combinació amb tractaments antioxidants (AA o CA), com a pas previ a l'envasament en atmosfera modificada (MAP) del caqui 'Rojo Brillante, va mostrar com a més efectiva en el control del pardetjament enzimàtic l'atmosfera composta per 5 kPa O2 (balanç N2). Aquesta atmosfera va mantenir la qualitat visual del caqui tallat dins del límit de comercialització durant 7-9 dies a 5 ºC. Per contra, l'aplicació d'altes concentracions de CO2 (10 ó 20 kPa) va donar lloc a un pardetjament en certes zones de la polpa, el qual és conegut com 'internal flesh browning'. Estudis posteriors van confirmar l'efecte beneficiós de l'envasament de caqui tallat i tractat amb solució antioxidant (CA-CaCl2) en una MAP activa de 5 kPa O2 millorant la qualitat visual de la fruita front a l'aplicació de una MAP passiva. El desenvolupament de recobriments comestibles amb capacitat antioxidant es va realitzar mitjançant la incorporació d'antioxidants (CA-CaCl2) en formulacions a base de proteïna de sèrum làctic (WPI), proteïna de soia (SPI), hidroxipropilmetilcel-lulosa (HPMC) i pectina. Tots els recobriments van ser efectius controlant el pardetjament enzimàtic del caqui tallat. No obstant, les mostres recobertes amb HPMC i pectina van ser millor avaluades visualment que la resta de tractaments. En general, el processat, l'aplicació d'antioxidants, l'envasament en atmosferes controlades i els distints recobriments comestibles estudiats, si bé no van mostrar un efecte clar en els paràmetres de la qualitat nutricional avaluats, no van tindre un efecte negatiu en els mateixos. Per altra banda, els fruits recol¿lectats a final de temporada van tenir major activitat antioxidant i contingut en / Sanchís Soler, E. (2016). Effect of processing on the physicochemical, sensory, nutritional and microbiological quality of fresh-cut 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62588 / TESIS

This diploma thesis deals with the optimization of processes for extraction of bioactive lipophilic compounds from fruits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides) into various types of plant oil bases using simple maceration. The theoretical part of this thesis deals with the characterization of this herb, its botanical classification, traditional use, chemical composition and medicinal effects. Increased attention is also paid to the characterization of individual types of plant oils used, namely camellia, camellia organic, passionflower, kukui and kiwi oil. The experimental part of the thesis deals with application of theoretical knowledge. The profile of total and free fatty acids for individual plant oil bases was determined by GC/FID, furthet the basic fat numbers were also determined. When optimizing the extraction, emphasis was placed not only on the effect of the extraction agent used, but also on the extraction time (1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 66 days). The macerates were continuously subjected to the determination of selected parameters (total amount of carotenoids, total amount of phytosterols, lutein, neoxanthin, astaxanthin, stigmasterol, -sitosterol and vitamin E) using UV-VIS spectroscopy and HPLC/PDA. Likewise, the peroxide number was monitored during maceration to assess the degree of oxidative degradation of macerates. The recovery of selected total parameters in individual oils did not differ significantly in most cases. On the contrary, the yield of individual monitored parameters differed significantly. At the same time, static maceration under our conditions was not very suitable for the extraction of vitamin E, stigmasterol and total phytosterols.

[ES] La actual problemática medioambiental está demandando sistemas de producción más sostenibles, como los de la agricultura ecológica. Una buena alternativa para estos sistemas son las variedades tradicionales de pimiento, con rasgos de calidad característicos y de amplia variabilidad genética, fundamental en los programas de mejora, concretamente para la adaptación a la producción ecológica. En la presente tesis se ha estudiado la calidad nutricional y organoléptica del cultivo del pimiento (Capsicum sp.) en los dos estados de madurez comercial y bajo diferentes prácticas culturales (sistemas ecológico y convencional). Se han analizado los principales compuestos nutricionales de los frutos de pimiento: el ácido ascórbico, los compuestos fenólicos y los carotenoides; así como la fracción volátil, y se ha estudiado su variación en una amplia colección varietal. Adicionalmente, se ha estudiado la fertilidad biológica del suelo a través de las actividades enzimáticas de la fosfatasa alcalina y la catalasa en interacción con el cultivo del pimiento bajo los sistemas de cultivo convencional y ecológico. El estudio de la calidad nutricional mostró amplios rangos de variación según el factor genotipo, aunque el estado de maduración y el sistema de cultivo también contribuyeron a las diferencias observadas. En general, los frutos maduros presentaron niveles superiores de compuestos bioactivos, especialmente para el ácido ascórbico. Asimismo, el cultivo ecológico proporcionó, en general, niveles más altos de ácido ascórbico y compuestos fenólicos en estado maduro. La notable interacción genotipo × sistema de cultivo para el contenido en ácido ascórbico y fenoles totales, y en menor intensidad para el contenido en flavonoides individuales, permitió la selección de varias accesiones con alto rendimiento en estos compuestos, bajo condiciones de cultivo ecológico en ambos estados de maduración. Por el contrario, los efectos del sistema de cultivo y la interacción genotipo × sistema de cultivo no resultaron significativos en los niveles de carotenoides, cuya variación se debió principalmente al factor genotipo. El estudio de la composición volátil permitió encontrar amplias diferencias cuantitativas y cualitativas para este factor de calidad organoléptica en los frutos de pimiento, dependiendo principalmente del factor genético y del estado de maduración, mientras que el sistema de cultivo afectó en menor medida y significativamente a algunos compuestos volátiles individuales. Se encontraron un total de 124 y 122 volátiles en estado inmaduro y maduro, respectivamente. Los cambios en el perfil volátil con la maduración fueron evidentes y muy diversos según el genotipo. En general, el sistema de cultivo ecológico favoreció la acumulación de compuestos volátiles en ambos estados de maduración y durante el proceso de maduración. Las actividades enzimáticas fosfatasa alcalina y catalasa aumentaron durante la fase de cultivo, con actividades máximas generales en la fase intermedia, especialmente para la fosfatasa alcalina. El sistema de cultivo tuvo una mayor contribución a la variación, resultado significativo y superior para el sistema convencional en fase intermedia para ambas actividades y estando generalmente seguido del factor genotipo, significativo para la fosfatasa alcalina en fase intermedia. La interacción genotipo × sistema de cultivo permitiría seleccionar variedades, con capacidad para que los suelos acumularan mayores valores de las actividades enzimáticas fosfatasa alcalina y catalasa, en el sistema de cultivo ecológico. En definitiva, los resultados de este trabajo proporcionarán información de especial utilidad para programas de investigación en hortalizas de alto valor añadido y programas de mejora de la calidad en agricultura ecológica, así como para el control de autenticidad de variedades tradicionales. / [CA] L'actual problemàtica mediambiental està demandant sistemes de producció més sostenibles, com els de l'agricultura ecològica. Una bona alternativa per a aquests sistemes són les varietats tradicionals de pebrot, amb trets de qualitat característics i d'àmplia variabilitat genètica, fonamental en els programes de millora, concretament per a l'adaptació a la producció ecològica. En la present tesi s'ha estudiat la qualitat nutricional i organolèptica del cultiu del pebrot (Capsicum sp.) en els dos estats de maduresa comercial i sota diferents pràctiques culturals (sistemes ecològic i convencional). S'han analitzat els principals compostos nutricionals dels fruits de pebrot: l'àcid ascòrbic, els compostos fenòlics i els carotenoides; així com la fracció volàtil, i s'ha estudiat la seva variació en una àmplia col·lecció varietal. Addicionalment, s'ha estudiat la fertilitat biològica de terra a través de les activitats enzimàtiques de la fosfatasa alcalina i la catalasa en interacció amb el cultiu del pebrot sota els sistemes de cultiu convencional i ecològic. L'estudi de la qualitat nutricional mostrar amplis rangs de variació segons el factor genotip, encara que l'estat de maduració i el sistema de cultiu també van contribuir a les diferències observades. En general, els fruits madurs van presentar nivells superiors de compostos bioactius, especialment per a l'àcid ascòrbic. Així mateix, el cultiu ecològic va proporcionar, en general, nivells més alts d'àcid ascòrbic i compostos fenòlics en estat madur. La notable interacció genotip × sistema de cultiu per al contingut en àcid ascòrbic i fenols totals, i en menor intensitat per al contingut en flavonoides individuals, va permetre la selecció de diverses accessions amb alt rendiment en aquests compostos, sota condicions de cultiu ecològic en els dos estats de maduració. Per contra, els efectes de el sistema de cultiu i la interacció genotip × sistema de cultiu no van resultar significatius en els nivells de carotenoides, la variació es va deure principalment al factor genotip. L'estudi de la composició volàtil va permetre trobar àmplies diferències quantitatives i qualitatives per aquest factor de qualitat organolèptica en els fruits de pebrot, depenent principalment del factor genètic i de l'estat de maduració, mentre que el sistema de cultiu va afectar en menor mesura i significativament a alguns compostos volàtils individuals. Es van trobar un total de 124 i 122 volàtils en estat immadur i madur, respectivament. Els canvis en el perfil volàtil amb la maduració van ser evidents i molt diversos segons el genotip. En general, el sistema de cultiu ecològic va afavorir l'acumulació de compostos volàtils en els dos estats de maduració i durant el procés de maduració. Les activitats enzimàtiques fosfatasa alcalina i catalasa van augmentar durant la fase de cultiu, amb activitats màximes generals en la fase intermèdia, especialment per a la fosfatasa alcalina. El sistema de cultiu va tenir una major contribució a la variació, resultat significatiu i superior per al sistema convencional en fase intermèdia per a ambdues activitats i estant generalment seguit del factor genotip, significatiu per a la fosfatasa alcalina en fase intermèdia. La interacció genotip × sistema de cultiu permetria seleccionar varietats, amb capacitat perquè els sòls acumulessin grans valors de les activitats enzimàtiques fosfatasa alcalina i catalasa, en el sistema de cultiu ecològic. En definitiva, els resultats d'aquest treball proporcionaran informació d'especial utilitat per a programes d'investigació en hortalisses d'alt valor afegit i programes de millora de la qualitat en agricultura ecològica, així com per al control d'autenticitat de varietats tradicionals. / [EN] The current environmental problem is demanding more sustainable production systems, such as organic farming. A good alternative for these systems are the traditional varieties of pepper, with characteristic quality traits and wide genetic variability, essential in breeding programs, specifically for adaptation to organic production. In this thesis, the nutritional and organoleptic quality of the pepper crop (Capsicum sp.) at the two ripening stages and under different cultural practices (ecological and conventional systems) has been studied. The main nutritional compounds of pepper fruits have been analysed: ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and carotenoids; as well as the volatile fraction, and its variation has been studied in a wide varietal collection. Additionally, the biological fertility of the soil has been studied through the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase and catalase in interaction with pepper cultivation under conventional and ecological growing systems. The study of nutritional quality showed wide ranges of variation according to the genotype factor, although the ripening stage and the growing system also contributed to the differences observed. In general, fully ripe fruits presented higher levels of bioactive compounds, especially for ascorbic acid. Also, organic farming provided, in general, higher levels of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds at the fully ripe stage. The remarkable genotype × growing system interaction for the content of ascorbic acid and total phenolics, and to a lesser extent for the content of individual flavonoids, allowed the selection of several accessions with high yield in these compounds, under organic farming conditions at both ripening stages. On the contrary, the effects of the growing system and the genotype × growing system interaction were not significant in carotenoid levels, whose variation was mainly due to the genotype factor. The study of the volatile composition allowed to find wide quantitative and qualitative differences for this organoleptic quality factor in pepper fruits, depending mainly on the genetic factor and the ripening stage, while the growing system affected to a lesser extent and significantly some individual volatile compounds. A total of 124 and 122 volatiles were found at unripe and fully ripe stages, respectively. The changes in the volatile profile with ripening were evident and very diverse depending on the genotype. In general, the organic growing system favoured the accumulation of volatile compounds at both ripening stages and during the ripening process. Alkaline phosphatase and catalase enzymatic activities increased during the growing phase, with overall peak activities in the intermediate phase, especially for alkaline phosphatase. The growing system had a greater contribution to variation, a significant and superior result for the conventional system in the intermediate phase for both activities and being generally followed by the genotype factor, significant for alkaline phosphatase in the intermediate phase. The genotype × growing system interaction would allow the selection of varieties, with the capacity for soils to accumulate higher values of the enzymatic activities alkaline phosphatase and catalase, in the organic growing system. In conclusion, the results of this work will provide information of special use for research programs in vegetables with high added value and quality breeding programs in organic farming, as well as for the authenticity control of traditional varieties. / Authors thank seeds providers included in Table 1, like P.W. Bosland, S. Lanteri, François Jourdan, I. Ruiz de Galarreta and the different Regulatory Boards of the PDOs and GPIs included in this study. Authors also thank LA UNIÓ for the availability of experimental fields and the technical support from Manuel Figueroa, Rafael Hurtado, Antonio Muñoz and Ricard Ballester in the trials. Finally, the advice of Prof. Jaime Prohens in statistical procedures is also thanked. / Ribes Moya, AM. (2020). Selección y mejora de ecotipos de pimiento (Capsicum sp.) para agricultura sostenible y calidad nutricional y organoléptica [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/159886 / TESIS