Le virus de la maladie de Marek (MDV) est un alpha-herpesvirus responsable de lymphomes T mortels chez la poule. La peau et en particulier le follicule plumeux est considéré comme le seul site de production de particules virales extracellulaires et est à l'origine de la dissémination horizontale du virus et de la contamination de l'environnement. Cependant, aucun système cellulaire ne permet de reproduire ce qui se passe dans ce tissu. Le but de ma thèse a donc été de développer de nouveaux systèmes de culture permettant de reproduire la réplication, la morphogenèse et l’excrétion décrites in vivo. Pour cela, j’ai développé deux systèmes, des explants de peau d’embryons de poulet cultivés ex vivo et des kératinocytes obtenus par différenciation de cellules souches embryonnaires de poule. J’ai également montré la permissivité au MDV de ces deux modèles de peau puis y ai étudié la réplication et la morphogénèse virale. Ces modèles permettront la recherche des déterminants viraux et cellulaires impliqués dans la production de virions extracellulaires et leur dissémination. / Marek's disease (MD) is a highly contagious virus-induced lymphoma in chicken, caused by an alphaherpesvirus named Marek’s disease virus (MDV). The skin and especially, the feather follicle is the only tissue known to produce infectious cell-free virions and is responsible for the shedding of MDV into the environment and transmission between birds. However, no cell culture system actually reproduces this process ex vivo. Herein my thesis aim was to develop new culture systems to reproduce the efficient MDV replication, morphogenesis and shedding from the feather follicle. For that, I developed two systems, skin explants derived from embryos cultivated ex vivo and keratinocytes obtained by differentiation of chicken embryonic stem cells. I also showed that these two models were permissive to MDV infection and I studied in each one MDV replication and morphogenesis. These models will allow the search of viral and cellular determinants involved in the production of extracellular virions and shedding.

A metilação do DNA em mamíferos é uma importante modificação epigenética, sendo essencial no silenciamento de DNAs repetitivos, de regiões que sofrem imprinting genômico e no estabelecimento do cromossomo X inativo em fêmeas. Existem 5 tipos de DNA Metiltransferases, tendo a DNMT3B um importante papel na metilação de novo. A MeCP2, por sua vez, é uma proteína capaz de reconhecer sítios de DNA metilados e recrutar proteínas responsáveis pela desacetilação das histonas. Isto provoca alterações na conformação da cromatina, impedindo a transcrição gênica. Alterações nos padrões de expressão de DNMT3B e na metilação do DNA encontradas em diferentes tipos de tumores, e a temporalidade de expressão de Dnmt3b e de Mecp2 durante ondas de desmetilação e de metilação que ocorrem no início do desenvolvimento embrionário, podem auxiliar na identificação de fatores envolvidos no estabelecimento e manutenção do padrão de metilação do DNA, os quais ainda são pouco conhecidos. Por sua vez, uma nova classe de pequenos RNAs, os microRNAs, envolvidos com a regulação da expressão gênica pós-transcricional, têm grande importância na manutenção do estado diferenciado de diferentes tipos celulares. Trabalhos recentes demonstram também que há alterações nos padrões de expressão de microRNAs entre tecidos normais e tumorais. Assim, é objetivo deste trabalho a identificação de possíveis miRNAs envolvidos na modulação da expressão dos genes DNMT3B/Dnmt3b e MeCP2/Mecp2 em diferentes linhagens de células normais e tumorais, bem como, em células tronco embrionárias humanas e murinas submetidas à diferenciação. / DNA methylation in mammals is an important epigenetic modification, playing an essential role in the silencing of repetitive DNA, in genomic imprinting and, in females, the establishment of X chromosome inactivation. There are 5 DNA metyhltransferases, and one of them, DNMT3B has an important role in de novo methylation. MeCP2, by its turn, is a protein capable of recognizing methylated DNA sites and of recruiting proteins responsible for histones deacetylation. This causes alterations in chromatin conformation, therefore inhibiting gene transcription. Changes in the expression patterns of DNMT3B and in DNA methylation are found in several types of tumors, and temporal expression of Dnmt3b and Mecp2 during global demetyhlation and de novo methylation waves, which occur in early embryonic development, could give a better understanding of the factors involved in the establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation patterns, which are still largely unkown. Additionally, a new class of small RNAs, the microRNAs, involved in the post-transcriptional gene silencing, has great importance in maintaining the differentiated state of several cell types. Recent studies have demonstrated alterations in miRNAs expression patterns between normal and tumor tissues. Thus, the aim of this work was to identify possible miRNAs involved in the modulation of Dnmt3b and Mecp2 RNAs in different normal and tumoral cell lines, as well as in human and murine embryonic stem cells and their respectively differentiated embryoid bodies.

Os microRNAs (miRs) desempenham um papel importante na biologia das células-tronco por meio da interação com seus mRNAs alvos, induzindo inibição da tradução e/ou degradação destes transcritos. Durante a diferenciação de células pluripotentes, os miRs podem ser induzidos ou reprimidos, no entanto, suas funções específicas são amplamente inexploradas. Nós investigamos os papéis funcionais de um conjunto selecionado de miRs na pluripotência e diferenciação celular, usando microscopia de fluorescência quantitativa (High Content Analysis). Para isso, foram empregadas a NTera-2 (células de carcinoma embrionário humano, CCE) e a H1 (células-tronco embrionárias humanas, CTEh) como modelos. Essas células foram transfectadas reversamente com trinta moléculas de miRs distintas (individualmente) ou moléculas controles. Após 3-4 dias de cultura, as células foram fixadas, permeabilizadas e coradas com Hoechst / CellMask Blue (núcleo/citoplasma), anti-OCT4, anti-Ciclina B1 e imageadas com um sistema ImageXpress Micro HCA. O CellProfiler foi utilizado para quantificar vários parâmetros morfométricos e medidas de intensidade de OCT4 e Ciclina B1 em compartimentos nucleares e citoplasmáticos. Esses dados foram usados para gerar perfis fenotípicos multiparamétricos específicos de cada miR (usando KNIME) e o agrupamento desses dados levou à identificação de vias e processos envolvidos na indução de características de pluripotência ou diferenciação celular causadas por miRs com efeitos fenotípicos similares. Como exemplo, as vias de PI3K-AKT, WNT, TGF? e DICER foram encontradas como moduladas por alguns clusters fenotípicos e os transcritos de alguns alvos foram avaliados por qPCR para validar os achados. Parte do trabalho foi focada na regulação da via Notch por miRNAs em células pluripotentes, o que levou à observação de que o miR- 363-3p inibe a sinalização de Notch e promove pluripotência nessas células. A transfecção de miR-363-3p não apenas elevou as características de pluripotência em NTera-2 e H1, mas também protegeu as CCE da diferenciação induzida por cocultivo com OP9 expressando DLL1 e causou a diminuição no nível de transcritos de PSEN1. Em conclusão, o ensaio desenvolvido aqui provou ser uma ferramenta robusta na detecção de mecanismos moleculares, baseando-se na combinação de análises fenotípicas funcionais e bioinformáticas. / microRNAs (miRs) play an important role in stem cell\'s biology by binding to target mRNAs transcripts, inducing translation blockage and/or transcripts degradation. Upon differentiation of pluripotent cells, miRNAs can be induced or repressed, however, their specific roles are largely unexplored. We investigated the functional roles of a selected set of miRs in pluripotency and differentiation, using quantitative automated fluorescence microscopy (High Content Analysis). For this, we used NTera-2 (human embryonal carcinoma cells, ECC) and H1 (embryonic stem cells; ESC) as models. These cells were reverse-transfected with thirty distinct miRs mimics (individually) or control molecules. Following 3-4 days of culture, cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained with Hoechst/CellMask Blue (nucleus/cytoplasm), antiOCT4, anti-Cyclin B1 and imaged using an ImageXpress Micro HCA System. CellProfiler was used to quantify several morphometric parameters and intensity measurements of OCT4 and CYCB1 in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Quantified parameters were used to generate miR-specific multiparametric phenotypic profiles (using KNIME) and clustering these data led to identification of pathways and processes involved in the induction of pluripotency or cell diferention features caused by miRs with similar phenotypic effects. As an example, PI3K-AKT, WNT, TGF? and DICER pathways were found to be regulated by some phenotypic clusters and transcripts level of some of miR targets were evaluated by qPCR to validate de findings. Part of the work was focused in the regulation of Notch pathway by miRNAs in pluripotent cells, which led the observation that miR-363-3p inhibits Notch signaling and promotes pluripotency feature, as the transfection with miR-363-3p mimic not only enhanced pluripotent phenotype in NTera-2 and H1, but also protected de ECCs from differentiation induced by coculture with OP9 expressing DLL1 and decreased PSEN1 transcripts level.In conclusion, The assay developed here proved to be a robust tool in the detection of molecular mechanisms based on combined functional phenotypic and bioinformatic analyzes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silas Mendes dos Reis.pdf: 2481135 bytes, checksum: ba2a3f89a4e8c38054eaedba8f5369f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-28 / By establishing a foundation for final decisions of merit, judicial authority uses several elements, such as language, interpretation and discourse, which will comprise the content of the sentence or judgment, culminating in the grounds or lack of grounds for the request. However, in collegiate judgments, even if the conclusion of decisions pronounced by judges is the same, the votes rendered take different paths, characterized by the oneness of foundations chosen, even in cases of decisions rendered unanimously. Although there is no uniformity of understanding, the conclusions presented are considered acceptable, with the interpretation made by winning votes prevailing. This dissertation intends to demonstrate the presence of extrajudicial elements in the formation of the judge's conviction, characterized and raised by subjectivity. The certainty of objectivity functions as a cloak spread over subjectivity. The demonstrative method and study of arguments will be used according to the structure elaborated by Chaïm Perelman and also from the perspective of legal and non-legal argumentation found in the judgment of ADIn 3510/DF on the use of embryonic stem cells obtained from human embryos produced by in vitro fertilization and not used in the respective procedure. The study will consist of showing there is a merger of objective and subjective elements in the foundation related to the belief of the legal exegete. It shall be concluded that subjectivity is tied to experience and culture found in the foundation for the votes, encompassing valued judgments and their arbitrary (discretionary) application, implicitly containing intuition. The scope of the dissertation will be a case study (ADIn 3.510/DF) and the validity of the procedure, starting with the choice of a sample of the vote population emanating from the Ministers of the Federal Supreme Court, and checking whether it constitutes an outline of the population of decisions handed down by jurisdictional entities / O julgador, ao fundamentar as decisões terminativas de mérito, utiliza-se de vários elementos tais como a linguagem, a interpretação e o discurso, os quais comporão o conteúdo da sentença ou acórdão, culminando na procedência ou improcedência do pedido. Todavia, nos julgamentos colegiados, ainda que a conclusão das decisões proferidas pelos julgadores seja a mesma, os votos exarados trilham caminhos diversos, caracterizando-se pela não unicidade dos fundamentos escolhidos, mesmo nos casos de decisões prolatadas por unanimidade. Embora ausente a uniformidade de entendimento, as conclusões apresentadas são consideradas aceitáveis, prevalecendo a interpretação feita pelos votos vencedores. Esta dissertação pretende demonstrar a presença de elementos extrajurídicos na formação da convicção do julgador, caracterizados e deflagrados pela sua subjetividade. A certeza da objetividade atua como um manto estendido sobre a subjetividade. Será utilizado o método demonstrativo e o estudo dos argumentos de acordo com a estrutura elaborada por Chaïm Perelman e também sob a ótica da argumentação jurídica e não-jurídica constantes do julgamento da ADIn 3.510/DF, sobre a utilização de células-tronco embrionárias obtidas de embriões humanos produzidos por fertilização in vitro e não utilizados no respectivo procedimento. A investigação consistirá em evidenciar que há fusão de elementos objetivos e subjetivos na fundamentação, relacionados à crença do exegeta jurídico. Concluir-se-á que a subjetividade está ligada à experiência e cultura, contidas na fundamentação dos votos, englobando juízos valorativos e sua aplicação arbitrária (discricionária), contendo implicitamente a intuição. A dissertação terá como escopo um estudo de caso (ADIn 3.510/DF) e a validade do procedimento, partindo-se da escolha de uma amostra da população de votos emanados pelos Ministros do Supremo Tribunal Federal, verificando-se se constitui um traço da população de decisões proferidas pelos órgãos jurisdicionais

A domesticação dos cães produziu-se simultaneamente em várias partes do globo o que ocasionou, o aparecimento por seleção de várias raças. Desde então o cão passou a ser utilizado para várias e diferentes tarefas, dentre elas acompanhar o homem, que usufruiu da sua conveniência, descobrindo que muitas vezes ambos podem sofrer dos mesmos males. Cães da raça Golden Retriever apresentam uma doença geneticamente degenerativa, homóloga a distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) no homem; ambas doenças afetam o gene que produz a distrofina; uma proteína citoesquelética múscular. Uma possível forma de fornecer uma cópia normal do gene para os grupos musculares afetados de um indivíduo consiste no transplante de células tronco os quais podem ser obtidas de células embrionárias, células germinativas, células do sangue de cordão umbilical, células de medula óssea e células de sangue periférico. Estudos com modelos animais tem mostrado que transplante de células tronco fetais ou células tronco pluripotentes podem ter sucesso no tratamento de muitas doenças crônicas, sendo assim, objetivamos delinear uma linha de tratamento para distrofia muscular em cães da raça Golden Retriever, mediante caracterização e uso das células germinativas embrionárias para terapia celular. Foram utilizados 16 fêmeas sem raça definida (SRD), e as cadelas foram selecionadas a partir do exame citológico; as fêmeas foram inseminadas artificialmente, e após 30 dias de gestação os animais foram castrados pela técnica de ovário-salpingohisterectomia. Os embriões coletados possibilitaram a obtenção e estabelecimento de células tronco germinativas embrionárias, de fibroblastos fetais, de células musculares, os quais analisamos através de citometria de fluxo, interação no co-cultivo de células musculares caninas e células germinativas embrionárias e a imunopositividade das células na detecção de Oct-4. Os resultados nos possibilitam afirmar que em embriões com 22 dias de idade gestacional a região paramesonéfrica apresenta-se indiferenciada, diferentemente do que encontramos com 24 dias de idade, no qual o rim primitivo apresenta-se visível diferenciado. As células tronco germinativas embrionárias apresentaram colônias compactas e com alta proliferação de células mononucleares indiferenciadas e que as células tronco germinativas embrionárias apresentaram como principal problema a manutenção das culturas por períodos significativos. / The canine domesticity generated simultaneously in different parts of the World, that created, the begin of selection of many breeds. Since that time, dogs become to be used for different works, since follow men, that usufructed their convinience discovering most of the time that both are soffering the same ill. Dogs from the Golden Retriever breed presented a degenerative and genetically disease, homologous to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) in human, the dystrophin gene affection; a muscle citosckeletical protein. A possibility way to supply a correct gene shape for the affected muscle could be from the stem cell therapy from embrionic stem cell, germ cells, umbilical cord blood cells, bone marrow and perific blood. Researches with animal models are showing sucess on the treatment with fetal stem cells or pluripotents ones in different types of cronic illness, then, we aimed a treatment of the Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy using embrionic germ cells meantime characterization and their use on cell therapy. Were uses 16 females crossbreed (SRD), bitches were selected by the vaginal cytology exams; females were artificially inseminated and after 30 days of pregancy, the animals were histectomized. Embryos were collected to stabilish embrionic germ cells, canine fibroblasts, muscle cells, which were analysed by flow cytometre, co culture and OCT-4 detection. The results showed the paramesonephic region of embryos with 22 days of pregnancy presents undifferentiate cells(germ cells), what differs from embryos with 24 days, which primitive kidneys presented differentianted types of cells. Under culture conditions, these cells formed compact colonies with high proliferative potential, but without capacity of maintenance after 30 days.

Les cellules souches embryonnaires humaines (CSEh) sont des outils puissants pour explorer la genèse des différents tissus de l’organisme, notamment le tissu hématopoïétique. Dans le but d’obtenir des types cellulaires cliniquement utiles, la majorité des travaux se sont concentrés sur l’obtention des cellules hématopoïétiques terminales, notamment des cellules lymphoïdes (lymphocytes B, lymphocyte T et cellules NK), à partir des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines. En revanche, le rendement des cellules hématopoïétiques obtenues dans ce modèle reste faible. D’autre part, les étapes précoces de l’hématopoïèse, notamment l’identification de la cellule souche hématopoïétique (CSH), des progéniteurs myéloïdes et lymphoïdes à partir des cellules souches pluripotentes, sont encore très peu définies. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux étapes précoces de la lymphopoïèse dans le modèle des CSEh. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié le rôle de l’homéoprotéine HOXB4 dans l’expansion des progéniteurs NK dérivés des CSEh. Nous avons montré que l’exposition des cellules des corps embryonnaires (EB pour Embryoid Body), dérivées de la différenciation des CSEh, à la lignée MS-5/SP-HOXB4, une lignée modifiée qui exprime constitutivement HOXB4, induit une expansion des progéniteurs NK dérivées des CSEh. De plus, les cellules NK qui en dérivent sont matures et fonctionnelles, de part leur activité cytolytique vis-à-vis d’une lignée érythro-leucémique (K562). Outre l’effet de HOXB4 sur l’expansion des progéniteurs NK, cette étude a permis de démontrer en particulier le rôle de la lignée stromale MS-5 dans l’induction de la spécification lymphoïde à partir des CSEh. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons analysé plus précisément les étapes précoces de la lymphopoïèse humaine à partir des CSEh. En effet, nous avons montré, au cours de la première partie, que la coculture des cellules dérivées des EB avec MS-5 induit l’expression en surface du CD45RA, un marqueur de spécification lymphoïde, au sein des progéniteurs hématopoïétiques CD34+. Ainsi, sur la base de ces données et des données antérieurs concernant les étapes précoces de la lymphopoïèse humaine fœtale et adulte, nous avons identifié et caractérisé in vitro à partir des CSEh deux populations originales de progéniteurs lymphoïdes précoces multipotents (MELP pour Myeloid Early Lymphoid Progenitor): La progéniteur CD34+CD45RA+CD7+ dont le potentiel de différenciation est biaisé vers le lignage T et NK ; et le progéniteur CD34+CD45RA+CD7- a un potentiel de différenciation biaisé vers les lymphocytes B. Cette étude a un intérêt dans la compréhension du processus de la lymphopoïèse humaine dans le modèle des cellules souches pluripotentes. En perspective, ces données pourraient avoir également un intérêt dans la modélisation de maladie de défauts génétiques de développement du système lymphoïde. / Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are powerful tools to explore tissue genesis of the organism, especially hematopoietic tissue. In order to obtain cellular types clinically useful, the majority of works have been focalised on final output of hematopoietic cells, especially lymphoid cells (lymphocyte B, lymphocyte T and NK cells), from human pluripotent stem cells. However, the obtained hematopoietic cells yield is very poor. In the other hand, initial steps of hematopoiesis, especially the identification of the hematopoietic stem cell, myeloid and lymphoid progenitors, from pluripotent stem cells, are poorly defined. We were interested to early steps of lymphopoisis in the hESC model. Initially, we studied the role of HOXB4 homeprotein on CSEh-derived NK progenitor. We showed that exposure of embryoid body (EB), derived from hESC, to the modified line that express constitutively HOXB4 “MS-5/SP-HOXB4”, induce hESC-derived NK progenitor expansion. Furthermore, the derived NK cells are mature and fonctionnal, by cytolytic activity on erythro-leucemic line K562. Furthermore the effect of HOXB4 on NK progenitor expansion, this study demonstrated, particularly the role of MS-5 line on the lymphoid specification from hESC.Secondly, we analysed more precisely the early steps of human lymphopoiesis from hESC. We showed, in the first part, that MS-5 coculture of the EB-derived cells induce surface expression of CD45RA (marker of lymphoid specification) on hematopoietic progenitor CD34+. Thus, on the basis of these data and previous data concerning the initial steps of fetal and adult lymphopoiesis, we identified and characterized in vitro from hESC, two populations of multipotent early lymphoid progenitor (MELP): the CD34+CD45RA+CD7+ progenitor whose the differentiation potential is biased to T and NK lineage, and the CD34+CD45RA+CD7- progenitor has differentiation potential biased to B lineage. This study is essential in understanding of normal and pathological lymphopoisis process in pluripotent stem cells model. Additionally, this study paves the way for the modeling of genetic disorders of lymphoid system.

Chez les mammifères femelles, le processus d’inactivation du chromosome X (XCI) assure la compensation de dose entre les deux sexes. Chez la souris, l’inactivation du X est établie de manière aléatoire dans l’épiblaste au stade blastocyste et peut être récapitulée in vitro dans les cellules souches embryonnaires. L’ARN non-codant Xist, exprimé à partir du centre d’inactivation du X (Xic), est le régulateur principal de ce processus. Il décore en cis le chromosome choisi pour être inactivé et initie la répression de ses gènes. Ainsi, de manière remarquable, les deux chromosomes X sont traités différemment pendant l’initiation de la XCI malgré leur homologie de séquence et leur localisation au sein d’un même noyau. De manière remarquable, ce processus implique le traitement différentiel de deux chromosomes homologues au sein d’un même noyau, avec des changements d’environnements nucléaires et chromatiniens entre le X actif et le X inactif. Il a été proposé que la localisation nucléaire pourrait jouer un rôle important dans l’initiation de l’expression monoallélique des gènes, non seulement pour l’initiation de la XCI mais aussi pour des processus tels que l’exclusion allélique dans les cellules lymphoides. Par exemple, l’association de loci avec des compartiments hétérochromatiques nucléaires et l’association en trans de loci homologues pourraient être impliquées dans la régulation des gènes monoalléliques. Ainsi, j’ai utilisé le système bactérien TetR/TetO afin d’analyser le rôle de l’organisation nucléaire du chromosome X et du Xic dans l’initiation de la XCI. J’ai pu montrer que si le recrutement des protéines de fusion TetR-LaminB1 ou -Cbx5 au niveau de la cassette TetO insérée dans le Xic permet la répression des gènes à proximité, cet évènement n’est pas toujours accompagné d’une relocalisation nucléaire. De plus, l’association forcée du Xic avec la périphérie nucléaire (TetR-LaminB1) n’a pas d’influence sur le choix du chromosome X à inactiver. Enfin, si la relocalisation des deux Xic à la périphérie nucléaire induit une réduction des évènements d’association en trans entre les deux loci, elle n’a pas d’effet sur l’initiation de l’inactivation. En résumé, ces résultats suggèrent que l’organisation nucléaire du chromosome X et du Xic et l’association des Xic en trans ne sont pas des facteurs déterministes pour le choix et l’initiation de la XCI, mais pourraient être le résultat des changements d’expression des gènes liés à l’X au cours de la différenciation des cellules souches ainsi que de l’augmentation de l’expression de Xist.Enfin, j’ai également analysé le rôle de la protéine CTCF, qui a été proposée pour être importante dans l’organisation structurale du génome, dans le contexte du Xic et de l’initiation de l’inactivation. Ainsi, le recrutement de CTCF au niveau de cassette TetO insérée dans le Xic induit localement une réduction mineure des interactions en cis et la répression des gènes du Xic, à l’exception de Xist dont l’expression est augmentée. Pour autant, la présence ectopique de CTCF n’a pas d’incidence majeure sur l’organisation générale du Xic. / X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) ensures dosage compensation in female mammals. Random XCI is established in the epiblast of female mouse embryos and can be recapitulated in vitro in differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The major regulator of XCI is the long non-coding RNA Xist, which is expressed from the X-inactivation center (Xic), covers the chromosome in cis and initiates gene silencing. During XCI, the two X chromosomes are treated very differently, despite their homology and the fact that they reside in the same nucleus. Nuclear localization has been hypothesized to play a role in monoallelic gene regulation, not only during XCI but also in other contexts. For example, association with heterochromatin and homologous trans interactions (“pairing”) have been implicated in the establishment of monoallelic gene expression in lymphoid cells and transient pairing has been suggested to participate in symmetry breaking during random XCI. Using the bacterial tetO/tetR system to alter the subnuclear localization and environment of one or both Xics, we have tested the function of subnuclear localization and trans interactions between the Xic loci during initiation of XCI. Using stable expression and reversible binding of TetR fusion proteins (e.g. LaminB1, Cbx5) we show that binding of these proteins can induce local gene repression and chromatin changes, although this is not always associated with subnuclear relocalization. We further show that the forced association of the Xic with the nuclear envelope, does not impact on the choice-making process during XCI. In particular, tethering both Xics to the nuclear lamina during early ESC differentiation resulted in a substantial reduction of homologous pairing events, but had no obvious impact on the onset of random, monoallelic Xist expression. Taken together, our results suggest that nuclear localization and trans interactions of the Xic may be downstream events rather than causal in the regulation of the XCI process.Furthermore, we recruited CTCF, a protein suggested to be involved in structural organization of the genome, to the Xic using the tetO/tetR system. Upon binding of CTCF the overall structure of the Xic remained unaltered though few cis interactions appeared to be weakened, which was accompanied by gene repression in the Xic. Surprisingly, the only upregulated gene in the Xic was Xist in ESCs and during differentiation, which demonstrates that the induced minor changes of cis interactions might impact on gene regulation in the Xic.

As células-tronco são capazes de se diferenciarem em praticamente todos os tipos celulares, podendo ser utilizadas em terapias de substituição em várias doenças. Células de linhagens hepáticas embrionárias e fetais pode ser uma fonte importante para a terapia celular em indivíduos com doenças hepáticas, pois possuem um alto índice de diferenciação em hepatócitos e células do ducto biliar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial e o controle da resposta proliferativa de células do broto hepático de ratos Fischer 344 em cultura. A obtenção das células do broto hepático foi realizada nos períodos 12,5; 14,5 e 16,5 dias de gestação e os fragmentos foram cultivados em meio DMEM-F12. A caracterização morfológica foi realizada em microscopia invertida de luz e eletrônica de varredura. A caracterização dos marcadores de células mesenquimais, do citoesqueleto, progressão e fases do ciclo celular, morte celular, e do potencial elétrico mitocondrial foram realizadas por citometria de fluxo. A função bioquímica foi realizada pela análise das transaminases hepáticas e pela produção de radicais livres lipoperoxidados. Os resultados encontrados no acasalamento dos ratos isogênicos da linhagem Fischer 344 seguiu o protocolo de 12 h de luz, alcançando o índice reprodutivo satisfatório e reprodutível. O isolamento e separação do broto hepático desta linhagem de ratos permitiu a obtenção, expansão e caracterização de uma cultura primária nos diferentes dias de gestação 12,5; 14,5 e 16,5. Os aspectos morfológicos encontrados foram de células fusiformes do tipo fibroblast-like para todos os períodos de gestação em cultura. As análises das transaminases hepáticas TGO e TGP, mostraram se em concentrações menores no período 12,5 dias de gestação. A expressão dos marcadores de células-tronco de origem mesenquimais (CD90, Nanog, Oct ¾ e STRO1), marcadores do citoesqueleto (CK8, CK18 e Desmina), marcadores envolvidos na checagem e progressão do ciclo celular (P53, P21, P27 e Ciclina D1) e marcadores envolvidos na morte celular (Anexina V/PI, Caspase 3, Bax, Bad e Bcl2) mostraram diferencialmente expressos, nos diferentes períodos gestacionais. A análise do potencial elétrico mitocondrial nos períodos de gestação de 14,5 e 16,5 dias, foi maior na proporção de células inativas com menor capacidade funcional ou metabólica, quando comparada ao período de 12,5 dias ou mesmo em relação ao hepatócito normal de um rato adulto. Análise das fases do ciclo celular observou-se uma concentração de célula na fase G0/G1, repercutindo na modulação da capacidade de proliferação e aumento na proporção de células com DNA fragmentado, nas CBH no período de 16,5 dias em comparação aos demais períodos e ao hepatócito normal. O aumento da fragmentação do DNA em média de 3,5 e 2,3 vezes, respectivamente nos períodos de 12,5 e 14,5 dias de gestação. A capacidade de síntese e de divisão celular das CBH foi mantida em todos os períodos de gestação. Os radicais livres lipoperoxidados mostraram quantidades insignificantes em CBH nos diferentes dias de gestação. / Stem cells are able to differentiate into virtually all cell types and can be used in replacement therapies in various diseases. Cells of embryonic and fetal liver lines can be an important source for cell therapy in patients with liver disease because they have a high rate of differentiation into hepatocytes and biliary duct cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential and control of the proliferative response of liver bud cells during the maturation of hepatocytes in culture. The acquirement of liver bud cells was performed for 12.5, 14.5 and 16.5 days of gestation and the fragments were cultured in DMEM-F12. Morphological characterization was performed on inverted light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The characterization of mesenchymal cell markers, cytoskeleton, and progression stages of the cell cycle, cell death and mitochondrial electric potential were performed by flow cytometry. The biochemical function was performed by analysis of liver transaminases and the production of free radicals lipoperoxidados. The results found in rats\' mating isogenic Fischer 344 followed the protocol of 12 hours of light reaching the reproductive rate satisfactory. The isolation and separation of the liver bud of this strain of mice allowed the isolation, expansion and characterization of a primary culture at different days of gestation, 12.5, 14.5 and 16.5 days. The morphological features were found of spindle cell type to fibroblast-like cells of the liver bud in culture. Analyses of hepatic transaminases GOT and GPT showed lower concentrations in the period 12.5 days of gestation. The expression of stem cell markers of mesenchymal origin (CD90, Nanog, Oct STRO1 and ¾), cytoskeletal markers (CK8, CK18 and desmin) markers involved in checking and cell cycle progression (P53, P21, P27 and Cyclin D1) and markers involved in apoptosis (Annexin V / PI, caspase 3, Bax, Bad and Bcl2) showed differentially expressed in different gestational periods. In the analysis of mitochondrial electrical potential in the gestation periods of 14.5 and 16.5 days, it was observed the higher proportion of quiescent cells with lower metabolic of functional capacity when compared to the periodo of 12.5 days or even compared to a normal hepatocyte adult rat. In the analysis of cell cycle phases it was observed the concentration of cell in the G0/G1 phase, resulting in modulation of proliferation capacity and the increase in the proportion of cells with fragmented DNA, CBH in the period 16.5 days compared to other periods and the normal hepatocyte. The increase of DNA fragmentation on average 3.5 and 2.3 times respectively in the periods of 12.5 and 14.5 days of gestation. The synthesis and cellular division of CBH was maintained in all stages of pregnancy. The free radicals lipoperoxidados showed insignificant amounts of CBH in the days of gestation.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-17T15:36:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Josias Ferreira Alves Neto - 2015.pdf: 1522460 bytes, checksum: aff82ef7adad10129b6a7108aef5baf3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-17T15:40:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Josias Ferreira Alves Neto - 2015.pdf: 1522460 bytes, checksum: aff82ef7adad10129b6a7108aef5baf3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-17T15:40:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Josias Ferreira Alves Neto - 2015.pdf: 1522460 bytes, checksum: aff82ef7adad10129b6a7108aef5baf3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-25 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Judgments about human rights require democratic environments to be incurred. The dialogue between the various stakeholders proves to be essential to overcome the limits of legal cognition so that judicial decision will be more effective as the addressed participate to it. In this sense, the unconstitutionality lawsuit n. 3.510 from 2005 shows an interesting example of operation of the dialog field since admitted in its decision making process, the presence of civil society through the amicus curiae institute and the public hearings. The mainstreaming of research on embryonic stem cells has awakened interest of several organizations that would volunteer themselves to expand the legal cognition about the beginning of life. It has been presented arguments of medical, biological, sociological, historical ordinations and some others arguments to uncover the web of bonds involving the constitutional subject matter. The judges interacted with such argumentative space in order to make the final decision about the constitutionality of scientific research from the influence of the miscellaneous views that were presented about the subject. Thus, there was an interaction field between juridical and extrajuridical knowledge in the human rights treatment that, from the perspective of this study, contributed to the construction of the final text of the judgment. / As decisões judiciais acerca de direitos humanos demandam ambientes democráticos para se constituírem. O diálogo entre os diversos interessados se mostra imprescindível para a superar os limites da cognição jurídica de modo que decisão judicial será mais efetivada na medida em que dela participam os destinatários. Neste sentido, a Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade n. 3.510 de 2005 mostra interessante exemplo de operacionalização do campo de diálogo porquanto admitiu, em seu processo de decisão, a presença da sociedade civil por intermédio do instituto dos amicus curiae e audiências públicas. A transversalidade das pesquisas em células-tronco embrionárias despertou o interesse de diversas entidades que se voluntariaram a ampliar a cognição jurídica sobre o início da vida, tendo sido apresentados argumentos de ordem médica, biológica, sociológica, histórica, dentre outros, para desvelar a teia de vínculos que envolvia o tema constitucional. Os julgadores interagiram com tal espaço argumentativo a fim de compor a decisão final sobre a constitucionalidade das pesquisas científicas a partir da influência das variadas visões que se apresentaram sobre o tema. Assim, observou-se um campo de interação entre saberes jurídicos e extrajurídicos no trato dos direitos humanos que, sob a perspectiva deste trabalho, colaborou para a construção do texto final do julgamento.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) exist in multiple states of pluripotency, broadly categorised as naïve and primed states. These provide an important model to investigate the earliest stages of human embryonic development. Naïve cells can be obtained through primed-to-naïve reprogramming; however, there are no reliable methods to prospectively isolate unmodified naïve cells during this process. Moreover, the current isolation strategies are incompatible for enrichment of naïve hPSCs early during reprogramming. Consequently, we know very little about the temporal dynamics of transcriptional changes and remodelling of the epigenetic landscape that occurs during the reprogramming process. To address this knowledge gap, I sought to develop an isolation strategy capable of identifying nascent naïve hPSCs early during reprogramming. Comprehensive profiling of cell-surface markers by flow cytometry in naïve and primed hPSCs revealed pluripotent state-specific antibodies. By compiling the identified state-specific markers into a multiplexed antibody panel, I was able to distinguish naïve and primed hPSCs. Moreover, the antibody panel was able to track the dynamics of primed-to-naïve reprogramming, as the state-specific surface markers collectively reflect the change in pluripotent states. Through using the newly identified surface markers, I found that naïve cells are formed at a much earlier time point than previously realised, and could be subsequently isolated from a heterogeneous cell population early during reprogramming. This allowed me to perform the first molecular characterisation of nascent naïve hPSCs, which revealed distinct transcriptional changes associated with early and late stage naïve cell formation. Analysis of the DNA methylation landscape showed that nascent naïve cells are globally hypomethylated, whilst imprint methylation is largely preserved. Moreover, the loss of DNA methylation precedes X-chromosome reactivation, which occurs primarily during the late-stage of primed-to-naïve reprogramming, and is therefore a hallmark of mature naïve cells. Using the antibody panel at discrete time points throughout reprogramming has allowed an unprecedented insight into the early molecular events leading to naïve cell formation, and permits the direct comparison between different naïve reprogramming methods. Taken together, the identified state-specific surface markers provide a robust and straightforward method to unambiguously define human PSC states, and reveal for the first time the order of transcriptional and epigenetic changes associated with primed to naïve reprogramming.