Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabia Maria Silva Lins dos Santos.pdf: 2368363 bytes, checksum: b7f60e810f9885e4ab828fa7fb8ba2a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-16 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Traditionally, the sugar cane sector is commodities industry and rarely innovate its portfolio, although researches have shown that some firms inside the sector have been using portfolio diversification strategies in the search of growth. Inside these strategies, the firms have made choices to: prospect new knowledge (exploration) or take advantage of not utilized competencies (exploitation). The use of knowledge is part of sectoral systems of innovation due to actors and institutions interaction. Using an exploratory and multicase and multistrategy study, this project wants to verify which processes exploration or exploitation is predominant on diversification strategy of sugar cane firms. The main contribution of this study are related to three main objectives: (1) identify characteristics of diversification in the sugar cane plants; (2) distinguish the processes of exploration and exploitation in these plants; (3) present evidences that support the presupposition of sugar cane sector being a sectoral systems of innovation. The results have shown that, from a total of nine firms, eight of them developed diversification strategies, related to Penrose (1959) classification of diversification. All of them participated in the sectoral systems of innovation, interacting in major or minor degree. All researched firms presented process related to exploitation, but their punctuation in exploration may explain their search for diversification. The high punctuation at exploration of some firms suggests it may be an explanation of their differentiated portfolio. Furthermore they showed intensive interaction with universities and research entities, in the search for new knowledge. These findings where consistent with the main objective defined in this project. It is expected that the present study might support future researches upon knowledge generation in firms oriented to diversification strategies. / Tradicionalmente, o setor sucroalcooleiro é um produtor de commodities e raramente inova sua carteira de produtos, embora algumas pesquisas demonstrem que firmas dentro do setor têm usado estratégia(s) de diversificação destas carteiras para buscar crescimento. Para atingir esta(s) estratégia(s), as firmas fazem escolhas entre: prospectar conhecimento novo (exploration) ou aproveitar competências não utilizadas (exploitation). O uso do conhecimento é característico dos sistemas setoriais de inovação devido à interação entre seus atores e instituições. Através de um estudo exploratório, mediante a aplicação de estudo multicasos e pesquisa de múltipla estratégia (quantitativa e qualitativa), buscou-se verificar qual dos processos exploration ou exploitation predomina na estratégia de diversificação das firmas sucroalcooleiras. As principais contribuições deste estudo relacionaram-se a três objetivos específicos: (1) identificar características de diversificação presentes nas usinas estudadas; (2) caracterizar os processos de exploration e exploitation nessas usinas; (3) apresentar argumentos que suportem o pressuposto de que o setor sucroalcooleiro é um sistema setorial de inovação. Os resultados apontaram que oito entre nove usinas pesquisadas apresentaram algum tipo de diversificação, de acordo com a classificação de Penrose (1959). Todas as usinas apresentaram participação no sistema setorial em menor ou maior grau e processos voltados à exploitation, mas observou-se que a pontuação em exploration pode ser um fator que explica a busca pela diversificação produtiva. As usinas com valores altos em exploration foram aquelas que apresentaram uma carteira de produtos diferenciada e também nas quais observou-se uma interação maior com universidades e entidades de pesquisa, buscando a prospecção do conhecimento. Espera-se que o presente estudo possa apoiar futuras pesquisas sobre geração de conhecimento em firmas voltadas a estratégias de diversificação.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:30:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Antonio Franklin.pdf: 2752727 bytes, checksum: 8af41632661f50bbd4a2dc89aa20bdd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-07 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This study examines how the organizational structure, mechanical or organic, and guidelines for exploitation and exploration of organizational knowledge can explain the innovations in technology research and development institutes (R & D),focused on products and services related to the Internet, software, hardware, telecommunications (Telecom), information technology (IT) and automation. This study aims to characterize and classify these institutes, according to the models and guidelines adopted at the organizational knowledge. For this, the research has two phases: the first one, a qualitative phase and the second a quantitative phase. The qualitative phase used a semistructured script in four case studies, two cases of national institutes, one private institute and the other a public one, and two private multinational institutes situated in Brazil. For data analysis, we adopt the content analysis, analysis of the dimensions and non-participant observation. Based on the findings of this phase, we carried out the quantitative phase, through the application of a questionnaire to the whole population of 44 R & D institutes, however, only 17 of those institutes respondend. This questionnaire is structured with closed question, and it had incorporated a set of assertions measures, using a Likert scale with seven points. Thie analysis presented is descriptive and it was supplemented with secondary data, by searching the website of these 17 institutes. Therefore, the analysis adopted the technique of data triangulation in order to obtain more reliable results. The results revealed a predominance of organic model in 19 of 21 of the institutes studied, using both steps. However, it appears that, despite the strong orientation towards the organic model, there are elements of the mechanical model: the ability to combine bureaucracy without loosing the necessary flexibility. Two of the institutes have not demonstrated the mechanical configuration combining ability, i.e., the base is the bureaucracy, standardization, formalization and specialization. Whereas guidelines for exploitation and exploration is possible to identify and conclude that the institutes tend to have guidelines for exploration, however, some institutes show focus on exploitation, such as the relative efficiency of the processes and standard work routines. Of the four propositions for this stage of the research institutes in 14 were confirmed and ratified the findings of the qualitative phase. Regarding the classification of the 21 institutes surveyed, it can be stated that the focus is mainly on services and products. With regard to the vocation of the institutes, eleven reveal themselves facing R & D and radical innovations and incremental. However, for nine of these institutes it is possible to affirm that the vocation is D, development. The contribution of this thesis for the academic point of view, reveals that when discussing the role of models of organizational structures and guidelines for exploration and exploitation in search of possible lag between theory and application. The contribution for the business standpoint is that to understand how these factors are fundamental to the development of innovation and competitiveness. It is assumed that these factors may have implications on the performance and the economic viability of the R & D Institutes, since innovation is its business. / Este estudo examina como a estrutura organizacional, mecânica ou orgânica, e as orientações para exploitation e exploration do conhecimento organizacional podem explicar as inovações em institutos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) tecnológicos concentrados em serviços e produtos ligados à internet, software, hardware, telecomunicações (Telecom), tecnologia da informação (TI) e automação. Tem como objetivo caracterizar e classificar esses institutos, de acordo com os modelos e as orientações relativas ao conhecimento organizacional adotados. Para tanto, a pesquisa apresenta duas etapas: qualitativa e quantitativa. A etapa qualitativa foi conduzida com a utilização de quatro estudos de casos, sendo dois institutos nacionais, um privado e um público, e mais dois privados estrangeiros sediados no Brasil, mediante a utilização de um roteiro semiestruturado. Para análise dos dados, adota-se a análise de conteúdo, análise das dimensões e observação não-participante. Com base nos achados desta fase, realizou-se a etapa quantitativa, por meio da aplicação de um questionário em 17 institutos de P&D, cujo universo era de 44. Este questionário está estruturado fechado e incorporava um conjunto de assertivas mensuradas, segundo uma escala tipo Likert, com sete pontos. Esta análise é descritiva e complementada com dados secundários, por meio da pesquisa nos website dos institutos. Neste sentido, para as análises, é adotada a técnica da triangulação dos dados, visando à obtenção de maior fidedignidade nos resultados. Os resultados revelaram predominância do modelo orgânico em 19 de 21 dos institutos estudados, compreendendo as duas etapas. Contudo, verifica-se também que, apesar da forte orientação para o modelo orgânico, há elementos do modelo mecânico: revelam capacidade combinatória em utilizar a burocracia sem, no entanto, deixar de ser flexível. Dois dos institutos apresentam a configuração mecânica não demonstrando capacidade de combinação, isto é, a base é a burocracia, a padronização, a formalização e a especialização. Considerando as orientações para exploitation e exploration é possivel identificar e concluir que os institutos tendem a ter orientações para exploration, mas apresentam focos em exploitation, como é o caso de eficiência relativa aos processos e às rotinas de trabalho padronizados. As quatro proposições levantadas para esta etapa da pesquisa, foram confirmadas em 14 institutos e ratificadas nos achados da etapa qualitativa. Quanto à classificação dos 21 institutos pesquisados, pode-se afirmar que o foco de atuação é predominantemente em serviços e produtos. No que diz respeito à vocação dos institutos, onze se revelam voltados para P&D com inovações radicais e incrementais. Entretanto, em nove destes casos é possivel afirmar que a vocação é D, desenvolvimento. A contribuição desta tese se revela, do ponto de vista acadêmico, na discussão do papel dos modelos de estruturas organizacionais e de orientações para exploitation e exploration na busca de possíveis lacunas entre a teoria e a aplicação: do ponto de vista empresarial, destina-se ao entendimento de como esses fatores são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento da inovação e da competitividade. Supõe-se que estes possam ter implicações no desempenho e na viabilidade econômica dos Institutos de P&D, uma vez que inovação é o seu negócio.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Wesley da Silva.pdf: 1788944 bytes, checksum: f773f6f92dde56922f7e92bdee5ed77c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-05 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This present thesis approaches, from an educational level, strategies of exploration and exploitation and competencies. This study was developed by comparing the modalities of courses, firstly where the student is present in the classroom, and then, distance learning in graduations course, both in the management area. Therefore, the following research problem was defined as: Does the process of education of a student, in graduation course (in the management area), stimulate the development and the use of competencies for the student to become a professional, who knows how to put into practice the knowledge of the strategies of exploration and exploitation in a balanced way? In this sense, actions of building up and developing knowledge by means of exploration and exploitation are understood to be actions which are born from strategies of the organization. The organizational strategies are those which will indicate how the organization will put into practice these actions. To achieve its goals, the research has been structured into four chapters. The first chapter defines concepts related to strategy for subsequent discussion of exploration and exploitation. The second chapter discusses the concept of organizational competencies within the following perspective: educational, organizational, typology of competence and also education for the competence in professional practice. The third chapter contextualizes the educational scenery to be researched highlighting the following points: the history of education, the Brazilian educational system, the graduation and the dynamics of Distance Learning Education. The fourth chapter addresses the methodological procedures and the results of studies carried out. The result of this research shows a list of 51 competencies social skills, functional, cognitive and meta competece. It is confirmed that a graduation course can stimulate the development and the use of competencies for the student to become a professional who knows how to put into practice the use of strategies in exploration and exploitation in a balanced manner. / A presente tese aborda, a partir da educação, as estratégias de exploration e exploitation e competências. O estudo foi desenvolvido comparando as modalidades presencial e a distância em cursos de lato sensu na área de gestão. Para tanto, foi definido o seguinte problema de pesquisa: o processo de formação de um aluno, em um curso de lato sensu (na área de gestão), estimula o desenvolvimento e a utilização de competências para que este se torne um profissional que saiba colocar em prática o conhecimento das estratégias de exploration e exploitation de maneira equilibrada? Nesse sentido, as ações de construção e de desenvolvimento do conhecimento por meio da exploration e exploitation são entendidas como ações de conhecimento, são ações que nascem nas e das estratégias da organização. São as estratégias organizacionais que indicarão como a organização colocará em prática essas ações. Para atender aos objetivos, a pesquisa está estruturada em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo define conceitos relacionados à estratégia para posteriormente discutir os conceitos de estratégias de exploration e exploitation . No segundo capítulo, discute-se o conceito de competências organizacionais dentro das seguintes perspectivas: educacional, organizacional, abordagem única e a educação para a competência na prática profissional. O terceiro capítulo contextualiza o cenário educacional a ser pesquisado destacando os seguintes pontos: história da educação, o sistema educacional brasileiro, a pós-graduação lato sensu e a dinâmica da educação a distância EaD. O quarto capítulo mostra os procedimentos metodológicos e os resultados das pesquisas realizadas. Como resultados das pesquisas, apresentam-se uma lista de 51 competências competências sociais, funcionais, cognitivas e meta competências. Confirma-se que um curso de lato sensu pode estimular o desenvolvimento e a utilização de competências para que o aluno se torne um profissional que saiba colocar em prática o conhecimento das estratégias de exploration e exploitation de maneira equilibrada.

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer une méthodologie d’extraction de connaissances à partir de brevets pour aider les concepteurs dans la phase de résolution de problèmes industriels. La méthodologie est fondée sur trois piliers : la définition, la recherche / analyse et l’innovation. La définition exhaustive de la fonction principale du système industriel cible le champ de recherche et permet la récupération de mots clés initiaux grâce à une analyse approfondie de l’existant. La recherche itérative des brevets se base sur la décomposition fonctionnelle et sur l’analyse physique. L’analyse intègre la décomposition fonctionnelle énergétique pour déceler les énergies, les flux fonctionnels transmis et les phénomènes physiques impliqués dans le processus de conversion énergétique afin de sélectionner des effets physiques potentiellement pertinents. Pour délimiter le champ d’exploration nous formulons des requêtes de recherche à partir d’une base de données de mots clés constituée par des mots clés initiaux, des mots clés physiques et des mots clés technologiques. Une matrice des découvertes basée sur les croisements entre ces mots clés permet le classement des brevets pertinents. La recherche des opportunités d’innovation exploite la matrice des découvertes pour déceler les tendances évolutives suivies par les inventions. Les opportunités sont déduites à partir de l’analyse des cellules non pourvues de la matrice des découvertes, de l’analyse par tendances d’évolution et du changement de concept par la substitution du convertisseur énergétique. Nous proposons des tendances d’évolution construites à partir de lois d’évolution de la théorie TRIZ, d’heuristiques de conception et de règles de l’art de l’ingénieur. Un cas d’application concernant l’étude d’évolution et la proposition de nouveaux systèmes de séparation de mélanges bi-phasiques en offshore profond met en valeur la méthode. / The aim of this thesis work is the development of a methodology for knowledge extraction from patents to assist design engineers in the industrial problem-solving phase. The methodology is based on three pillars: definition, search / analysis and innovation. A comprehensive definition of the main function of the industrial system delimits the research field and allows the retrieval of initial keywords through a detailed analysis of what is currently available. The iterative patent search is based on functional decomposition and physical analysis. The analysis phase uses energy functional decomposition to identify energies, transmitted functional flows and physical phenomena involved in the energy conversion process in order to select potentially relevant physical effects. To delineate the exploration field we formulate search queries from a keywords database composed by initial, physical, and technological keywords. A discovery matrix based on the intersections between these keywords allows the classification of pertinent patents. The research for innovation opportunities exploits the discovery matrix in order to decipher the evolutionary trends followed by inventions. Opportunities are deduced from an analysis of the discovery matrix empty cells, an analysis of the evolution trends, and from changing the concept by energy converter substitution. We propose evolution trends constructed from the evolution laws of TRIZ theory, design heuristics, and rules of the art of the engineering. An application case concerning the study of the evolution and the proposal of innovative biphasic separation systems in deep offshore highlights the method.

Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à la nature des innovations générées par les acteurs et à la gestion dialectique des phases d’exploitation et d’exploration au cours d’un processus d’innovation socio-économique, à partir d’une recherche-intervention longitudinale conduite dans une entreprise de service pendant cinq ans. Elle positionne ce processus dans le champ des processus d’innovation ambidextres et analyse s’il y a poursuite simultanée d’actions d’innovation d’exploitation et d’exploration dans le cadre d’un processus de changement organisationnel piloté et instrumenté basé sur le recyclage des dysfonctionnements en actions d’innovation. / This doctoral dissertation focus on the nature of innovation generated by the actors and on the dialectic management of exploitation and exploration phases among the socio-economic (SEAM) innovation process. The research is based on an intervention-research carried out during five years in a SME from computing industry. It aims at putting this innovation process is the field of ambidextrous innovation process. In the framework of a steered and instrumented organizational change process, this research is presenting the recycling of dysfunctions into innovation actions.

L'étude de l'exploitation des oeuvres cinématographiques sous le prisme du droit administratif révèle un pan peu connu du droit du cinéma. Loin des idées reçues, la recherche démontre combien le droit administratif a d'abord été un instrument visant à préserver et à promouvoir les salles de cinéma et combien il reste aujourd'hui un moyen puissant de promotion de la diffusion des oeuvres cinématographiques. Par ailleurs, à l'heure où les modes numériques de diffusion du cinéma vont profondément bouleverser l'industrie cinématographique, la thèse confirme qu'il ne fait aucun doute que le cadre juridique de son développement va nécessairement être fragilisé. De nouveaux défis vont devoir être relevés par le droit, car la salle, comme support principal de l'oeuvre, est désormais confrontée à la numérisation des équipements, l'émergence du hors-film, ou l'obsolescence programmée de l'actuelle chronologie des médias. Tout ceci impliquera donc une adaptation, voire une mutation, du droit administratif s'il souhaite conserver une place centrale dans la régulation de l'exploitation des oeuvres cinématographiques. L'intention principale de cette thèse est donc de révéler et de comprendre la persistante nécessité d'un encadrement par le droit administratif de la diffusion des oeuvres cinématographiques. Pour ce faire, avant de démontrer combien le droit administratif constitue encore aujourd'hui un moyen légitime d'organisation et de soutien de la projection-diffusion des oeuvres, il sera révélé que ce droit « dérogatoire », bien que contraignant, s'est très vite avéré indispensable à l'existence même de spectacles de cinéma et au maintien d'une industrie cinématographique française. / The study of the exploitation of films through the prism of administrative law reveals a little-known side of cinema law. Indeed, far from the preconceptions, research shows how administrative law was first an instrument to preserve and promote movie theaters and how it remains today a powerful means of promoting and distributing cinematographic works.Moreover, at a time when digital cinema distribution methods will totally disrupt the film industry, the thesis confirms that there is no doubt that the legal framework for its development will necessarily be weakened. New challenges will have to be officially recorded by the law, because the cinema hall (movie theater), as the principal medium of the work, is now faced with scanning equipment or planned obsolescence of the current media timeline. All this therefore implies an adaptation or mutation of administrative law if its duty is to retain a central role in regulating the exploitation of cinematographic works. The main intention of this thesis is to reveal and to understand the continued need for a framework formed by the administrative law of cinematographic works. To do this, before showing how administrative law is still a legitimate way to organize and support the distribution-projection of works, it will first be shown that "special" law, although binding, was very quickly essential to the very existence of movie performances and generally speaking, to the maintenance of the French film industry.

En 2019, le trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle continue de générer une importante polarisation des opinions sur les places publiques et politiques. Même si les écrits entourant ce phénomène sont nombreux, celui-ci reste mal défini. Le manque de recherches bâties sur une méthodologie rigoureuse demeure une entrave importante à l’élaboration de connaissances fiables autant en ce qui concerne le paradigme du passage à l’acte que celui de la réaction sociale. Pourtant, la gravité des impacts de ce crime sur la vie des victimes mérite de s’y attarder consciencieusement. La présente recherche souhaite poursuivre l’exploration empirique du phénomène. L’objectif est de décrire le processus du trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle. Pour ce faire, l’approche des scripts a été retenu comme cadre théorique. C’est une approche utilisée dans de nombreuses études de phénomènes complexes et pourtant rarement appliquée au trafic humain. L’approche du script nous permet de considérer le trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle dans sa globalité tout en permettant de mettre en lumière les éléments spécifiques nécessaires qui composent le processus. Vingt-deux cas, tirés de jugements canadiens ayant des accusations sous l’article 279.01 du Code criminel, ont été retenus pour créer le script général du trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle. Le résultat est un script en huit étapes, du recrutement à la distribution des bénéfices. Deux étapes additionnelles ont été ajoutées. En amont, le contexte initial est soulevé pour, notamment, établir les motivations individuelles des travailleuses et, en aval, la fin de la carrière est décrite pour aborder les causes du désengagement. Le script identifié rapporte un trafic national, peu structuré et opportuniste. / In 2019, human trafficking for sexual exploitation still generate important public and political debates. Even if the literature is growing on the subject, the latter stays ill-defined. Indeed, the lack of researches based on a rigorous methodology is, still today, a major impediment to the development of reliable knowledge on the phenomenon itself as well as on the social reaction to it. This research aims at pursuing the empirical exploration of the human trafficking for sexual exploitation. The objective is to describe the global process from the recruitment up to the sexual exploitation and beyond. In order to achieve this, the script methodological approach will be applied. It is an efficient approach that has been used in numerous studies to improve the understanding of complex phenomenon yet, it has been rarely applied to human trafficking. The script enables the researchers to consider the whole process of human trafficking for sexual exploitation while highlighting the key elements that are required to allow the chain of events that build up to the exploitation. Twenty-two individual cases from Canadian judgments having accusations under the article 279.01 of the Criminal Code were retained to create the general script of the human trafficking for sexual exploitation. The result is a script in eight steps, from the recruitment of the sex worker to the distribution of the gains. Two steps were added in order to expand the knowledge around the process of the phenomenon. Before the process, the initial context is presented in order, notably, to raise the individual motivations of the workers. After the process, the end of the career is also added to explore the factors that bring them to quit the sex work. Moreover, the general script exposes a national, loosely structured and opportunistic traffic.

L’avancement des technologies a permis aux agresseurs sexuels de mineurs d’avoir de nouvelles opportunités de commettre des infractions à caractère sexuel en ligne (Fortin, Paquette, & Dupont, 2018; Seto, Hanson, & Babchishin, 2011). Avec un nombre de plaintes criminelles croissant (Wolak, Finkelhor, & Mitchell, 2012), le phénomène du leurre informatique pose de nombreux défis pour les enquêteurs qui doivent développer des méthodes d'enquête pour distinguer les dossiers ayant le plus de risque de passage à l’acte afin d’assurer la protection du public. Le projet de recherche vise à distinguer les différents types de cyber-relations basées sur les stratégies utilisées dans les discours d’auteurs de leurre. En analysant les différences entre les auteurs de leurre qui ne demande pas un contact hors ligne, ceux qui n’ont pas été capables d’obtenir un contact et ceux qui ont obtenu un contact hors ligne, on vise à identifier les stratégies associées aux discoures des interactions menant aux contacts hors ligne. L’étude utilise une combinaison d’approche qualitative et quantitative. L’analyse des conversations en ligne a été faite à partir de données policières de la Surêté du Québec . La transformation des données qualitatives en quantitative a été fait pour conduire les analyses statistiques. Les résultats suggèrent que les stratégies associées aux interactions qui ont mené au passage hors ligne sont : la persistance, la pratique en ligne des fantaisies sexuelles et d’avoir des opportunités à risque limité de détection d’une figure faisant autorité. Les auteurs de leurre avec contact ont utilisé ces stratégies de manière plus récurrente que les auteurs de leurre sans contact. En outre, les victimes qui participent plus et qui résistent le plus ont été associées à des relations menant au contact hors ligne. Les auteurs de leurre ayant eu un contact hors ligne avec leurs victimes avaient un plus grand nombre de conversations, en moyenne. Donc, ils avaient plus de temps pour utiliser différentes stratégies pour surpasser les résistances des victimes. Les implications de cette recherche suggèrent que les typologies identifiées dans la littérature scientifique n’ont pas trouver les caractéristiques scientifiquement associées à chacun des types. / The advancement of technology created new opportunities for online sex solicitors to cyber victimize minors online (Fortin et al., 2018; Seto et al., 2011). With the increasing number of police reports (Wolak et al., 2012), online sex solicitors pose numerous challenges for police practices. This research project aims to distinguish the differences between the types of interactions that seek offline contact based on the strategies seen in their discourses. By analyzing the differences between the strategies used by various types of interactions, we aimed to identify the strategies which are associated with offline contact interaction group. This study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods to achieve the research goal. We used a qualitative methodology to do a thematic analysis and codify the chatlogs. The strategies used for codification were taken from previous studies and observation of the police data from the Sûreté du Québec . After the codification, we transformed the thematic results into quantitative data. The quantitative research methodology was employed to test the differences in frequency of each strategy between types of interactions. The results demonstrate that the strategies associated with offline contact are persistence, fantasy rehearsal and the presence of opportunities with limited risk of exposure. Contact group used more frequently these strategies compared to the noncontact group. Moreover, contact victims showed more participatory and oppositional behaviours. Offenders who met their victims offline showed longer interactions, on average. Consequentially, offenders from the contact group had more time to use the various strategies to surpass the victims' resistances. The implication of this research lays in the contradiction of these results compared to literature's results. The particularities of each types are not associated with previous typologies.

L’intensité concurrentielle et les évolutions technologiques n’ont jamais été aussi intenses. Aussi, les entreprises en quête de pérennité sont-elles de plus en plus confrontées à une nécessité d’exploiter leurs activités actuelles et d’explorer des activités futures. Or la gestion de ce double impératif est loin d’être évidente, générant potentiellement d’importantes tensions au sein des entreprises. Bien que la recherche en management ait permis de mieux appréhender cette tension d’Exploration/Exploitation, il reste des zones de contradiction et des espaces non explorés. En particulier, il n’y a pas de consensus sur les définitions des concepts d’exploration et d’exploitation, ne permettant pas ainsi de garantir une certaine cohérence dans la recherche (Birkinshaw & Gupta, 2013). D’autre part, la tension Exploration/Exploitation n’a que très peu été étudiée dans le contexte des jeunes entreprises de croissance - également appelées « scale-up » - qui ont la particularité d’être exposées à de forts enjeux de survie. Ainsi, afin de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des problématiques que soulève cette tension au sein de celles-ci, un format de thèse sur travaux, comprenant trois études complémentaires, est adopté.Au préalable, afin de cadrer conceptuellement la thèse, je réponds, dans une première étude, à l’appel des chercheurs pour la clarification des concepts d’exploration et d’exploitation en proposant une typologie d’exploration. Puis, par l’intermédiaire d’une approche multi-cas longitudinale menée auprès de huit jeunes entreprises de croissance, j’explore tout d’abord, dans une deuxième étude, les facteurs influençant les orientations stratégiques des entreprises quant à leurs activités d’exploration et d’exploitation. Enfin, dans la troisième étude, je cherche à comprendre comment le fonctionnement des équipes de direction définit les rôles de chacun dans les activités d’exploration et d’exploitation. / Competition and technological change have never been as intense as they are today. To survive, companies must increasingly carry out current activities at the same time that they explore future ones. It is no easy task to operate on both of these fronts, and doing so is a potential source of tension and contradiction. Although management research has provided insight into the exploration and exploitation tension, there are still contradictions and unexplored areas. In particular, there is no consensus on the definition of the concepts of exploration and exploitation, which means the research lacks a certain level of consistency. In addition, there has been very little attention paid to the Exploration/Exploitation tension in the context of young, growing “scale-up” companies, which are particularly exposed to threats to their survival. To obtain a better understanding of the situations this tension causes in these companies, we have adopted a multi-paper dissertation consisting of three complementary studies.In the first study, to create a conceptual framework for the thesis, we answer researchers’ call for a clarification of the concepts of exploration and exploitation by proposing a typology of exploration. Then, based on a longitudinal, multi-case approach focused on eight scale-up companies, we first explore, in a second study, the factors influencing firms’ strategic orientations vis-à-vis exploration and exploitation activities. Finally, in the third study, we seek to understand how management teams define their individual roles with respect to exploration and exploitation activities.

Au Tchad, le triptyque « armées, sécurité et rébellions » est indissociable, tant il mêle des acteurs armés qui ont dominé la scène nationale depuis l’indépendance du pays en 1960. L’entrelacs des intérêts et des combats a aussi provoqué l’implication d’intervenants extérieurs nombreux, la France et la Libye en premier lieu. Tous ont participé à cette séquence historique, de 1969 à 1990, dominée par l'émergence d'une rébellion, le Front de libération nationale du Tchad (FROLINAT), qui finira par s'emparer du pouvoir et engendrer une guerre civile suivie d'une guerre de libération des provinces du Nord. La France s’engage au Tchad en 1969 dans sa première véritable guerre depuis l’indépendance de l’Algérie, et dès lors restera actrice du destin de ce pays, sous tous les régimes successifs, de Tombalbaye au régime d’Hissène Habré. Elle cherche à conserver son appréciation autonome de situation, et renseigner sur les groupes rebelles du Tchad, la Jamariyya libyenne, voire ses propres alliés, afin de donner à ses décideurs politiques et militaires des clés de compréhension et d’action. Dans cette guerre d’un genre nouveau et méconnu des citoyens français, le renseignement et les actions spéciales constituent des armes fondamentales au cœur des engagements opérationnels, de l’évolution des différents types de capteurs, et des tensions interservices entre le SDECE/DGSE et les autres services chargés de renseignement. Parce qu'elle veut conserver son rang en Afrique notamment dans la bande sahélo-saharienne, concurrencée par les Etats-Unis, défiante vis-à-vis de la Libye et de l'Union soviétique; parce qu'elle est très impliquée dans les affaires intérieures du Tchad, parfois avec excès; et enfin parce que ses adversaires la contraignent à une adaptation permanente de posture et de capacités militaires, la France va faire du Tchad son point focal en Afrique, le laboratoire de ses futurs engagements, à la frontière entre légalité et légitimité, entre actions conventionnelles et spéciales, entre raison d'Etat et diplomatie. / In Chad, the triptych « armed forces, security and rebellion » is inextricably linked, so much it mixes armed players that dominated the scene since the independence in 1960. The interlacing of interests and fights also led to the involvement of external players, making Chad an enduring challenge for France, Libya, United-States and many others. Those countries, along with local players, participated to this historical sequence, 1969-1990, dominated by the apparition of the FROLINAT’ rebellion, that will finally seize power and generate a civil war followed by a liberation war of the Northern provinces. Thus France will commit itself in Chad in 1969, in its first real African war since the independence of Algeria, and by then will remain actress of Chad’s destiny whatever the political system is, from Tombalbaye to Hissène Habré’s reign. France will try to keep its autonomous situation awareness and collect intelligence on the Chadian rebel groups, the Jamariyya, or even its own allies, in order to provide to the political and military decision-makers some keys for understanding and acting. In this new type of warfare, unknown by the French population, intelligence and special actions manage to be fundamental weapons at the core of operational commitment, sensors evolutions, and interagency tensions between the SDECE/DGSE and the other intelligence services. Because France wants to keep its rank in Africa, especially in the Sahelian strip, challenged by the United-States, defying Libya and hampered by the Soviet Union; because it is deeply committed in the internal affairs of Chad, sometimes too deeply; and finally because its adversaries do compel it to an everlasting adaptation of its posture and military capabilities, France will make Chad its focal point in Africa, the laboratory of its future deployments, at the edge between legacy and legitimacy, between conventional and special actions, between raison d’Etat and diplomacy.