Denna kvalitativa studie undersöker hur behandlare inom socialtjänsten och barnpsykiatrin möter och skapar förtroende tillbarnsom har bevittnat våld i nära relationeroch vilka metoder som sätts in. Studien baseras på intervjuer med fyra yrkesverksamma personer medstor erfarenhetavatt möta barn som bevittnat våld. Metodentolkas i en form från Antonovskys salutogena modell, känslan av sammanhang, KASAM.Resultatet visaratt som behandlare så måste mötet med barnet sker i sittsammanhang och att det är deras sanning somska vara vägledande. Vidare är det av stor vikt att skapa goda relationer till barnets omsorgsgivare.

<p>Poly, to live in several loving and intimate relationships at the same time, is one alternative to the mono norm. In Sweden polygamy is illegal yet in recent years poly has slowly started to enter the hetero normative political agenda and raise debate in the media. But what does poly mean, and how do those who identify with this type of relationship describe it in contrast to mono? The theoretical framework is based on a structural viewpoint of the changes in the organisation of the family and the growing de-traditionalism of society. Amongst other I use a Foucauldian perspective to explain the structural shift (yet not replacement) between an Alliance pattern and a Sexuality pattern. Other theories in use are that of the emerging ideal of The Pure Relationship and Queer Tendencies. The essay draws its empirical results from seven e-mail and/or face interviews with individuals who identify with poly. The results show that if poly and mono are both understood as expression of the pure relationship they are potentially not so different. Yet the stigma and the lack of role models show that there is much needed public debate about it to unleash it from old discourses that still seem to uphold the equation that love equals two partners. Drawing attention to queer mechanism and the initiated process of the decentralisation of the heterosexual norm, I speculate that in the future polygamy must not be a foreign concept in Swedish society.</p>

<p>Den här undersökningen beskriver hur den svenska skivbranschen skall överleva vid nya teknikskiften. Syftet med undersökning är att genom en fallstudie få en djup förståelse och kunskap om hur branschen och dess externa faktorer ser ut, och därefter analysera och utvärdera tre företag i skivbranschen och dess långsiktiga strategier.</p><p>Genom att ha genomfört intervjuer med tre personer från tre olika skivbolag har syftet kunnat besvaras. Intervjuerna som genomfördes var ostrukturerade och ej standardiserade, detta för att få en djup kunskap och förståelse för branschen som undersöks, samt att få ut så mycket relevant information som möjligt.</p><p>I undersökningens analys har empirin analyserats utifrån de variabler som har tagits ut från de valda teorierna. De svenska skivbolagen befinner sig på en marknad där konkurrensen är hög, vilket bolagen inte har uppmärksammat. Omstruktureringar har varit nödvändiga i organisationerna på grund av den nya digitala tekniken. Skivbolagen befinner sig i en situation där nyskapande och flexibilitet är viktiga utgångspunkter för framgång.</p><p>Skivbolagen började sent utnyttja möjligheten att sälja sin musik via distributions- och försäljningskanaler på Internet. Om bolagen utsätts för samma fenomen en gång till måste de bli mer flexibla och agera snabbare för att inte hamna i den situation som de befinner sig i idag. En annan aspekt som kommer att ha stor betydelse i framtiden är kommunikationen inom företagen så att de anställda är uppdaterade när det gäller utvecklingen inom den digitala tekniken.</p>

Hovedproblemstillinga i denne undersøkelsen er ” Hvordan oppfatter musikk- og kulturskolelærerne den stille eleven og hvordan legger de opp gruppeundervisningen for å nå denne typen elever i gruppesituasjoner?” For å finne svar på dette brukte jeg kvalitativt forskningsintervju som metode. Fem strykelærere med minimum ti års fartstid og med erfaring fra både individuell- og gruppeundervisning har deltatt. Disse ble håndplukket fra mitt kontaktnett. Resultatet av undersøkelsen viser at lærerne ser på den stille eleven som en som ikke sier så mye og er veldig forsiktig. Utover dette kan det se veldig ulikt ut. For å nå den stille eleven kom det fram at det er viktig å arbeide med hele gruppa for å skape en fellesskapsfølelse, og at de som lærere ser og bekrefter elevene. I diskusjonen har jeg med utgangspunkt i teorier om gruppeprosesser og lederskap, diskutert hvilken betydning musikkundervisning i gruppe og hvilken rolle læreren har i forhold til den stille elevens atferd. / The main question in this survey is "What are experienced music and art teachers’ opinions on the quiet learner, and how do they reach this group of students in group teaching?" To answer this, I used qualitative interviews. Five string teachers with a minimum of ten years of experience and with experience in both individual and group teaching participated. The teachers were handpicked from my contacts. The results of the survey show that teachers see the quiet student as a person who does not say much, and is very careful. Beyond this, every quiet student can look very different. To reach the quiet student, it became apparent that it is important to create a group atmosphere, and that the teachers see and acknowledge the students. During the discussion, I have raised the importance of group teaching in music and the vital part the teacher plays, in relation to the development of quiet students, based on theories about group processes and leadership.

Research on inherently nanolaminated transition metal carbides is inspired by their unique properties combining metals and ceramics, such as higher damage tolerance, better machinability and lower brittleness compared to the binary counterparts, yet retaining the metallic conductivity. The interesting properties are related to their laminated structure, composed of transition-metalcarbide layers interleaved by non-transition-metal (carbide) layers. These materials in thin-film form are particularly interesting for potential applications such as protective coatings and electrical contacts. The goal of this work is to explore nanolaminated transition metal carbides from the aspects of phase formation and crystal growth during thin-film synthesis. This was realized by studying phases in select material systems synthesized from two major approaches, namely, fromdirect-deposition and post-deposition treatment. The first approach was used in studies on the Mo-Ga-C and Zr-Al-C systems. In the former system, intriguing properties have been predicted for the 3D phases and their 2D derivatives (socalled MXenes), while in the latter system, the phases are interesting for nuclear applications. In this work, the discovery of a new Mo-based nanolaminated ternary carbide, Mo2Ga2C, is evidenced from thin-film and bulk processes. Its structure was determined using theoretical and experimental techniques, showing that Mo2Ga2C has Ga double-layers in simple hexagonal stacking between adjacent Mo2C layers, and therefore is structurally very similar to Mo2GaC, except for the additional Ga layers. For the Zr-Al-C system, the optimization of phase composition and structure of Zr2Al3C4 in a thin-film deposition process was studied by evaluating the effect of deposition parameters. I concluded that the formation of Zr2Al3C4 is favored with a plasma flux overstoichiometric in Al, and with a minimum lattice-mismatch to the substrates. Consequently, epitaxial Zr2Al3C4 thin film of high quality were deposited on 4H-SiC(001) substrates at 800 °C. With the approach of post-deposition treatment, the studies were focused on a new method of thermally-induced selective substitution reaction of Au for the non-transition-metal layers in nanolaminated carbides. Here, the reaction mechanism has been explored in Al-containing (Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2) and Ga-containing (Mo2GaC and Mo2Ga2C) phases. The Al and Ga in these phases were selectively replaced by Au while the carbide layers remained intact, resulting in the formation of new layered phases, Ti2Au2C, Ti3Au2C2, Mo2AuC, and Mo2(Au1-xGax)2C, respectively. The substitution reaction was explained by fast outward diffusion of the Al or Ga being attracted to the surface Au, in combination with back-filling of Au, which is chemically inert to the carbide layers,to the vacancies. The substitution reaction was further applied to Ga-containing nanolaminated carbides, (Cr0.5Mn0.5)2GaC and Mo2GaC, motivated by development of novel magnetic nanolaminates. The former experiment resulted in the formation of (Cr0.5Mn0.5)2AuC, where the retained (Cr0.5Mn0.5)2C layers allowed a comparative study on the magnetic properties under the exchange of Ga for Au. After Au substitution, reduction in the Curie temperature and the saturation magnetization were observed, showing a weakened magnetic exchange interaction of the magnetic (Cr0.5Mn0.5)2 Clayers across the Au. In the Mo2GaC case, an Fe-containing MAX phase, Mo2AC with 50 at.% of Fe on the A site, was synthesized through selective substitution of Au-Fe alloy for the Ga layers, showing the first direct evidence for Fe in the MAX-phase structure. The substitution of Fe did not take place on another Mo2GaC sample tested for Fe exchange only, indicating the essential role of Au in catalyzing the Fe-substitution reaction. The knowledge gained from this thesis work contributes to improved approaches for attaining thin films of nanolaminated transition metal carbides with desired phase composition and crystal quality. The reports on the new nanolaminated phases through exchange interactions are likely to expand the family of nanolaminated carbides and advance their properties, and trigger more studies on related (quasi-) 2D materials.

This thesis presents experimental results on strongly interacting γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles and their collective properties. The main findings are that very dense randomly packed (≈60%) γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles form a replica of a spin glass. The magnetic properties of the nanoparticle system are in most regards the same as those of an atomic spin glass. The system is therefore proposed as a model superspin glass. In superspin glasses the interacting building blocks that form the collective state are single domain nanoparticles, superspins with a magnetic moment of about 10000 μB, which can be compared to the atomic magnetic moment in spin glasses of approximately 1 μB.  It was found that the relaxation time of the individual nanoparticles impacts the collective properties and governs the superspin dimensionality. Several dense compacts, each prepared with nanoparticles of a specific size, with diameters 6, 8, 9 and 11.5 nm, were studied. All the studied compacts were found to form a superspin glass state. Non-interacting reference samples, consisting of the same particles but coated with a silica shell, were synthesized to determine the single particle magnetic properties.  It was also found that the effects of the nanoparticle size distribution, which lead to a variation of the magnetic properties, can be mitigated by having strong enough interparticle interactions. The majority of the work was carried out using SQUID magnetometry.

Amorphous transition metal oxides [aTMOs], have emerged as innovative functional materials for wide-ranging electronic, optical and energy-related applications. However, no systematic and broadly applicable method exists to assess their atomic-scale correlations, and since the optical and electronic processes are local structure-dependent, still there are not well-stablished mechanisms that suitably explain the physical properties of aTMOs. This thesis presents experimental and theoretical studies of the atomic short-range order, optical and electronic properties, and state-defects induced by Li+-ion-intercalation and oxygen-vacancies in amorphous titanium aTiO2 and tungsten aWO3 thin-film oxides. Those properties play a key role for application in high energy-density Li+-ion batteries and in switchable dynamical modulation of solar-irradiation transmittance for energy efficient "smart windows", where the disorder-dependent Li+-ion-intercalation and oxygen-vacancy-induced defect-states influence charge-carrier transfer mechanisms. After introducing the scope of this thesis, the fundamental theoretical concepts describing the experimental findings on amorphous solids are reviewed. Thereafter, a comprehensive analysis on the optical absorption phenomena experimentally observed in oxygen-deficient and Li+-ion-intercalated aLixTiO2−y and aLixWO3−y thin-films and a discussion on the electrochromic properties are presented. The optical absorption is described in the framework of the small polaron absorption model. Finally, a state-of-the-art systematic procedure involving theory and experiment in a self-consistent computational framework is implemented to unveil the atomic-scale structure of aTiO2 and aWO3, and its role for the electronic properties. The procedure is based in Reverse Monte Carlo [RMC] and Finite Difference Method [FDM] simulations of X-ray-Absorption spectra to construct a disordered theoretical model having the same bonding and coordination distribution as the experimental system. Ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory are then used to assess defect-states induced by Li+-ion-intercalation and oxygen-vacancies in aTiO2 and aWO3 oxides. The schemes introduced in this study offer a consistent route to experimentally and theoretically assess the role of the atomic-scale structure on the optical and electronic properties of aTiO2 and aWO3 and could be extended to the study of other aTMOs. The final results provide crucial insight towards the understanding of optical and electronic mechanisms where disorder-dependent ion-intercalation and oxygen-vacancy-induced localized defect-states influence charge transfer mechanisms of crucial importance for wide ranging optical and energy-related application of aTiO2 and aWO3 oxides.

Denna uppsats handlar om bostadsmässan som begrepp utifrån perspektivet den rättvisa staden. Uppsatsen bygger på fallstudier av tre bostadsmässor utifrån fall- studier. De tre studerade bostadsmässorna är Bo92, Bo01 och TenstaBo06. Syftet är att studera bostadsmässorna utifrån social och ekologisk hållbarhet och även ut- ifrån de krav som finns på hur det byggs studera påverkan på utformandet av bo- stadsmässorna ur ett socialt hållbarhetsperspektiv med fokus på rättvisa och mång- fald från teorin om den rättvisa staden. För att kunna besvara syftet och forsknings- frågorna har intervjuer och dokumentinläsning genomförts. Sju personer som på olika sätt har arbetat med eller har någon koppling till de tre bostadsmässorna har intervjuats. Dokumentstudier av olika material om bostadsmässorna har gjorts och analyserats tillsammans med de transkriberade intervjuerna. Analysen utgår från temana mångfald, rättvisa, ekologiska aspekter samt bland- stad. Temana mångfald och rättvisa kommer från teoridelen och utgör två teman som kan representera den rättvisa staden. Utöver de två nämnda temana har eko- logiska aspekter och blandstad ingått i analysen. Ekologiska aspekter och blandstad kan ses som två exempel på hur bostadsmässorna utformas och vad det har för påverkan på mångfald och rättvisa inom bostadsmässorna. Resultatet visar att bostadsmässor ofta har visat upp bostäder för en köpstark kundkrets och även fått kritik för det. Förklaringen kan vara att bostadsmässor har som syfte att vara en arena för innovationer och att visa på något nytt. Teman kring ekologiska lösningar syns mest i Bo92 och Bo01 som hade tydliga teman kring eko- logiska aspekter med innovativa lösningar. Temana mångfald och blandstad upp- fattas ofta som synonyma med varandra. Mångfald som begrepp nämns i större utsträckning än blandstad. Även om blandstad inte nämns specifikt så är det bland- stadens ideal som efterfrågas i planeringen av bostadsmässorna. Inom alla tre bo- stadsmässorna finns en uttalad önskan om mångfald och den uttrycks i en variation av byggnadstyper, kvarterstadideal och upplåtelseformer. Mångfalden kopplas mer till sammansättningen av människor som befolkar området. Alla tre bostadsmäs- sorna nämner en mångfald av olika grupper av människor som önskvärt och att det ska uppnås genom att erbjuda bostäder som skiljer sig åt när det kommer till ex- empelvis upplåtelseformer, boendestorlekar och boendekostnader. Bostadsmässorna som har studerats har byggt på liknande teman och bidragit till att det mestadels byggs bostäder som inte alla har råd med. Hållbarhet uttryckt i ekologisk och social hållbarhet har varit omnämnt i alla tre bostadsmässorna. Skill- naden är att Bo06 som inte har uttryckt något specifikt syfte att vara hållbar är den bostadsmässa som uppfattas som den mest hållbara.

Since its isolation in 2004, that resulted in the Nobel Prize award in 2010, graphene has been the object of an intense interest, due to its novel physics and possible applications in electronic devices. Graphene has many properties that differ it from usual semiconductors, for example its low-energy electrons behave like massless particles. To exploit the full potential of this material, one first needs to investigate its fundamental properties that depend on shape, number of layers, defects and interaction. The goal of this thesis is to perform such an investigation. In paper I, we study electronic transport in monolayer and bilayer graphene nanoribbons with single and many short-range defects, focusing on the role of the edge termination (zigzag vs armchair). Within the discrete tight-binding model, we perform an-alytical analysis of the scattering on a single defect and combine it with the numerical calculations based on the Recursive Green's Function technique for many defects. We find that conductivity of zigzag nanoribbons is practically insensitive to defects situated close to the edges. In contrast, armchair nanoribbons are strongly affected by such defects, even in small concentration. When the concentration of the defects increases, the difference between different edge terminations disappears. This behaviour is related to the effective boundary condition at the edges, which respectively does not and does couple valleys for zigzag and armchair ribbons. We also study the Fano resonances. In the second paper we consider electron-electron interaction in graphene quantum dots defined by external electrostatic potential and a high magnetic field. The interaction is introduced on the semi-classical level within the Thomas Fermi approximation and results in compressible strips, visible in the potential profile. We numerically solve the Dirac equation for our quantum dot and demonstrate that compressible strips lead to the appearance of plateaus in the electron energies as a function of the magnetic field. This analysis is complemented by the last paper (VI) covering a general error estimation of eigenvalues for unbounded linear operators, which can be used for the energy spectrum of the quantum dot considered in paper II. We show that an error estimate for the approximate eigenvalues can be obtained by evaluating the residual for an approximate eigenpair. The interpolation scheme is selected in such a way that the residual can be evaluated analytically. In the papers III, IV and V, we focus on the scattering on ultra-low long-range potentials in graphene nanoribbons. Within the continuous Dirac model, we perform analytical analysis and show that, considering scattering of not only the propagating modes but also a few extended modes, we can predict the appearance of the trapped mode with an energy eigenvalue close to one of the thresholds in the continuous spectrum. We prove that trapped modes do not appear outside the threshold, provided the potential is sufficiently small. The approach to the problem is different for zigzag vs armchair nanoribbons as the related systems are non-elliptic and elliptic respectively; however the resulting condition for the existence of the trapped mode is analogous in both cases. / Sedan isoleringen av grafen 2004, vilket belönades med Nobelpriset 2010, har intresset för grafen varit väldigt stort på grund av dess nya fysikaliska egenskaper med möjliga tillämpningar i elektronisk apparatur. Grafen har många egenskaper som skiljer sig från vanliga halvledare, exempelvis dess lågenergi-elektroner som beter sig som masslösa partiklar. För att kunna utnyttja dess fulla potential måste vi först undersöka vissa grundläggande egenskaper vilka beror på dess form, antal lager, defekter och interaktion. Målet med denna avhandling är att genomföra sådana undersökningar. I den första artikeln studerar vi elektrontransporter i monolager- och multilagergrafennanoband med en eller flera kortdistansdefekter, och fokuserar på inverkan av randstrukturen (zigzag vs armchair), härefter kallade zigzag-nanomband respektive armchair-nanoband. Vi upptäcker att ledningsförmågan hos zigzag-nanoband är praktiskt taget okänslig för defekter som ligger nära kanten, i skarp kontrast till armchairnanoband som påverkas starkt av sådana defekter även i små koncentrationer. När defektkoncentrationen ökar så försvinner skillnaden mellan de två randstrukturerna. Vi studerar också Fanoresonanser. I den andra artikeln betraktar vi elektron-elektron interaktion i grafen-kvantprickar som definieras genom en extern elektrostatisk potential med ett starkt magnetfält. Interaktionen visar sig i kompressibla band (compressible strips) i potentialfunktionens profil. Vi visar att kompressibla band manifesteras i uppkomsten av platåer i elektronenergierna som en funktion av det magnetiska fältet. Denna analys kompletteras i den sista artikeln (VI), vilken presenterar en allmän feluppskattning för egenvärden till linjära operatorer, och kan användas för energispektrumav kvantprickar betraktade i artikel II. I artiklarna III, IV och V fokuserar vi på spridning på ultra-låg långdistanspotential i grafennanoband. Vi utför en teoretisk analys av spridningsproblemet och betraktar de framåtskridande vågor, och dessutom några utökade vågor. Vi visar att analysen låter oss förutsäga förekomsten av fångade tillstånd inom ett specifikt energiintervall förutsatt att potentialen är tillräckligt liten.

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