As the effects of climate change grow more severe, scholars and policymakers have paid increased attention to the intersection of climate and conflict. This study examines one subset of that crossing: how drought leads to the exacerbation of state-based violence. While researchers generally agree that droughts increase conflict risks, the underlying link that connects them remains a key uncertainty. This study puts forth a newly assembled causal mechanism of staple insecurities, forced displacement and recruitment opportunities. It argues that as water and food become scarce due to drought, individuals are forcibly displaced in search of basic necessities. Subsequent vulnerabilities and lack of economic alternatives give warring parties an opportunity to recruit members, ultimately leading to an escalation of the conflict. Using a structured focused comparison method with elements of process tracing, this study analyzes four cases (time periods of drought and non-drought) which are drawn from the southern area of Somalia. The findings are aligned with the hypothesized relationship, thus contributing to the academic literature by providing evidence of a causal mechanism through which drought – and therefore climate change – can exacerbate state-based violence.

[pt] O trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar como se apresentam e como se desenvolvem as formas de proteção e/ou desproteção (internacional e nacional) às pessoas e famílias que vivem o deslocamento interno e forçado em função da violência urbana e dos conflitos armados no município do Rio de Janeiro. Em relação aos objetivos específicos, destacam-se: a) conhecer as causas e determinantes que motivam o deslocamento interno e forçado em função da violência urbana e os conflitos armados no município do Rio de Janeiro; b) identificar como se apresentam as percepções das pessoas e grupos de pessoas que vivenciam e/ou percebem essa problemática; c) examinar como se efetivam os elementos que se configuram como respostas (de resistência, organização e mobilização) das pessoas e famílias que vivenciam e/ou percebem essa problemática; d) tipificar de forma qualitativa o público deslocado interno e forçado no Rio de Janeiro a partir das particularidades dos conflitos armados. Optou-se pela análise do discurso, constituindo a tese através de variados exercícios analíticos, por fontes de várias ordens, por meio: do levantamento de estudos bibliográficos; do resgate e apoio em um corpus material (estrofes de músicas e matérias/reportagens); e da análise do corpus de discursos orais/institucionais (entrevistas semiestruturadas). Constituiu-se um modelo metodológico próprio (singular) de acordo com os objetivos estabelecidos, a particularidade do objeto de estudo e a organização para a coleta de dados. Partiu-se da abordagem intencional e/ou de conveniência, com grupos específicos que estiveram dispostos a dar sua opinião. Os deslocamentos internos e forçados estão imersos no movimento determinado pela natureza centralizadora das classes dominantes, e as particularidades do conflito armado não-internacional no Rio de Janeiro determinam o fenômeno em questão (níveis de violências, hostilidades, lógica da guerra e da militarização do cotidiano etc.). Se debate a situação dos deslocamentos internos e forçados no plano internacional, e leva-se em conta os sistemas de proteção de direitos humanos e a proteção aos refugiados como gênese à proteção dos deslocados internos. Após resgatar a construção da proteção internacional aos deslocados internos forçados, se discute a violência como processo constitutivo no cenário brasileiro, o que remete ao tema do capitalismo dependente e a generalização dos mecanismos coercitivos. Ao adentrar a violência urbana e os conflitos armados no Rio de Janeiro destacam-se a (para)militarização e a metáfora da guerra como condições que se retroalimentam na representação da favela como indissociável da violência e na militarização ampliada em meio às disputas por controle econômico-territorial, entre atores que despontam como os grupos que fomentam o fenômeno do deslocamento interno e forçado (milícias, facções e o Estado). Evidencia-se o público deslocado interno como segmento da superpopulação relativa, precarizados nas condições de vida, de trabalho e de privações, categorizados a partir dos deslocamentos: a) direto; b) indireto por decisão; c) indireto por circunstância. O fenômeno apresenta-se em situações de elevado risco de vida e insegurança em que predomina o silêncio. Esse público tipifica-se na situação do deslocamento intramunicipal e nos deslocamentos em função da desconformidade dos padrões estabelecidos pelos grupos/atores armados; se efetiva em meio a constituição de fronteiras físicas e simbólicas “visíveis” (no faccionamento dos territórios). Sobre a proteção social, à defesa dos direitos humanos em programas de proteção do Estado adquire centralidade tendo em vista o público-alvo acompanhado. A assistência social, através de seus equipamentos territorializados, tem relevância sobre o tema nos territórios de favelas frente a influência das ações dos grupos armados (como porta de entrada da população e como instrumento de respostas, assim como colhendo os desafios da viabilização do encaminhamento e atendimento pela via do trabalho coletivo e dos processos de trabalho em rede em meio as violências físicas e verbais e a produção de regras pelos grupos armados que impactam essas atuações). A questão da habitação emerge para ser pensada ao se entender a desigualdade e a manutenção da segregação socioespacial, da favela como lugar que colhe os efeitos negativos da violência urbana e os conflitos armados, e o PMCMV como lócus de experiência dessa problemática. O tema da produção de dados para a construção de marcos legais e as políticas de proteção e assistência ganha relevância no tocante ao objeto de estudo que é marcado pela invisibilidade (vazio cartográfico), em função da inexistência de dados e a complexidade do fenômeno no que tange ao elevado risco e insegurança e, portanto, tem-se a necessidade de publicizar esse tema. A demanda da assistência em saúde aos deslocados internos e forçados no Rio de Janeiro se apresenta como uma necessidade intrínseca frente às experiências do elevado risco de vida e insegurança, que despontam de forma negativa na saúde física e mental dos grupos de pessoas que sofrem com os conflitos armados, onde urge a necessidade de pensar espaços e políticas voltados aos cuidados e à assistência. / [en] The general objective of the work was to analyze how to present and how to develop forms of protection and/or lack of protection (international and national) to people and families who experience internal displacement and force due to urban violence and armed conflicts in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. In relation to the specific objectives, the following stand out: a) to know the causes and determinants that motivate internal displacement and force due to urban violence and armed conflicts in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro; b) identify how it presents itself as a symbol of people and groups of people who experience and/or perceive this problem; c) monitor how the elements that are configured as responses (resistance, organization and support) of people and families who experience and/or perceive this problem are implemented; d) qualitatively typify the internally displaced and forced public in Rio de Janeiro based on the particularities of armed conflicts. We opted for discourse analysis, constituting the thesis through varied analytical exercises, from sources of various orders, through: the survey of bibliographic studies; rescuing and supporting a material corpus (songs and articles/reports); and the analysis of the corpus of oral/institutional discourses (semi-structured interviews). A unique methodological model was constituted according to the objectives achieved, the particularity of the object of study and the organization for data collection. The starting point was an intentional and/or preferred approach, with specific groups that were willing to give their opinion, and to undergo theoretical saturation therapy. Internal and forced displacements are immersed in the movement determined by the centralizing nature of the dominant classes, and the particularities of the non-international armed conflict in Rio de Janeiro determine the phenomenon in question (levels of violence, hostilities, logic of war and the militarization of everyday life etc). The situation of internal and forced displacements at the international level is discussed, and human rights protection systems and refugee protection are taken into account as a genesis for the protection of internally displaced persons. After rescuing the construction of international protection for forced internally displaced people, violence is discussed as a constitutive process in the Brazilian scenario, which refers to the theme of dependent capitalism and the generalization of coercive mechanisms. When entering urban violence and armed conflicts in Rio de Janeiro, the (para)militarization and the metaphor of war stand out as conditions that feed back into the representation of the favela as inseparable from violence and in the expanded militarization in the midst of disputes for economic control -territorial, between actors who emerge as groups that foment the phenomenon of internal and forced displacement (militias, factions and the State). The internally displaced public is evidenced as a segment of the relative overpopulation, precarious in terms of life, work and deprivation, categorized from the displacements: a) direct; b) "indirect" by decision; c) indirect by circumstance. The phenomenon appears in situations of high risk to life and insecurity in which "silence" predominates. function of non-compliance with the standards established by armed groups/actors; it is effective amid the constitution of "visible" physical and symbolic borders (in the "factionalization of territories"). On social protection, the defense of human rights in programs for the protection of the The State acquires centrality in view of the target audience followed. Social assistance, through its territorialized equipment, has relevance on the subject in the territories of favelas in view of the influence of the actions of armed groups (as a gateway for the population and as an instrument of answers, as well as picking up the challenges of facilitating the referral and assistance through collective work and networking processes in the midst of physical and verbal violence and the production of rules by armed groups that impact these actions). The issue of housing emerges to be considered when understanding inequality and the maintenance of socio-spatial segregation, the favela as a place that reaps the negative effects of urban violence and armed conflicts, and the PMCMV as the locus of experience of this problem. The issue of data production for the construction of legal frameworks and protection and assistance policies gains relevance with regard to the object of study that is marked by invisibility (cartographic emptiness ), due to the lack of data and the complexity of the phenomenon with regard to the high risk and insecurity and, therefore, there is a need to publicize this theme. The demand for health care for the internally displaced and forced in Rio de Janeiro is an intrinsic need in the face of the high risk of life and insecurity, which negatively affect the physical and mental health of the groups of people who suffer from the armed conflicts, where there is an urgent need to think about spaces and policies aimed at care and assistance.

No / Nowhere in the world is the demand for peace more prominent and challenging than in Africa. From state collapse and anarchy in Somalia to protracted wars and rampant corruption in the Congo; from bloody civil wars and extreme poverty in Sierra Leone to humanitarian crisis and authoritarianism in Sudan, the continent is the focus of growing political and media attention. This book presents the first comprehensive overview of conflict and peace across the continent. Bringing together a range of leading academics from Africa and beyond, "Peace and Conflict in Africa" is an ideal introduction to key themes of conflict resolution, peacebuilding, security and development. The book's stress on the importance of indigenous Africa approaches to creating peace makes it an innovative and exciting intervention in the field.

The child soldier problem is an escalating and growing phenomenon around the world. It is a complex issue as it involves a wide range of areas such as human rights, politics and cultures. A comprehensive legal framework is in place to protect children in armed conflicts, yet they are still being targeted, recruited and deployed in armed groups and organizations. The purpose of this study is to conduct an exhaustive examination of current international law, de lege lata, regarding child soldiers aged 15-18. The legal-dogmatic method will be used to identify the merits, but above all the shortcomings and problems of the legislation. The result shows that international law treats children differently in terms of age and when they are no longer considered child soldiers. The findings demonstrate the difficulties between the two frameworks of international humanitarian law and international human rights law in relation to child rights and protection issues. Furthermore, it has been discovered that the international law regarding child soldiers is outdated, contradictory and inconsistent, as society and warfare have changed since the adoption of the documents. The lack of legal sanctions against recruiters and enablers complicates the situation even further.

In 2022 Russia illegally invaded Ukraine starting a full-scale war against the country. The war has had severe humanitarian concerns for the civilian population, one of the consequences being increased levels of GBV and CRSV. This research paper analyzes the implications of GBV and the use of CRSV in the war against Ukraine, exploring vulnerable groups and pre-existing patriarchal structures affecting those exposed to the violence. The paper also explores challenges and ways to respond to these issues, providing recommendations to humanitarian and international actors supporting Ukraine in responding to these issues. This qualitative study is based on interviews with professionals working for humanitarian and international organizations in or with Ukraine in the fields of GBV, CRSV and gender providing knowledge on the situation on the ground and insights into local culture and norms, as well as secondary data. The conducted research shows that women and girls are a vulnerable group towards different forms of GBV, such as domestic violence and trafficking in times of war and peace, and CRSV, such as rape. Pre-existing patriarchal structures and traditional norms increases the threat towards women and girls being exposed to violence committed by men. It also indicates that the levels of GBV and CRSV, with violence in different forms such as domestic violence, trafficking, and rape, has increased since the escalation of the war, and that the rate of GBV will continue to increase after the war ends. Recommendations to humanitarian and international actors include working localized and focusing on the re-building of systems responding to GBV that existed prior to the war, promoting a survivor-centered approach in meeting survivors through training of staff, and raising awareness around GBV, CRSV, patriarchal structures and mental health to prevent violence against women and girls in the long-term.

No description available.

[pt] O presente estudo se propõe a analisar os aspectos políticos e econômicos que influenciaram o processo decisório sobre a intervenção federal de 2018 no Rio de Janeiro a partir de um resgate histórico sobre o papel do Estado como forma política inseparável do capital, considerando o discurso da insegurança, de modo a traçar a trajetória da segurança pública no Rio de Janeiro e o debate sobre crime e violência revelando o real propósito da implantação desta intervenção. Pondera-se que a intervenção federal de 2018 age em favor do capital, uma vez que não trouxe um reflexo real na diminuição dos índices de criminalidade e, sim, aumentou a taxa de letalidade da população por parte dos agentes do Estado. / [en] This present study proposes to analyze the political and economic aspects that influenced the decision-making process on the 2018 federal intervention in Rio de Janeiro from a historical rescue on the role of the State as an inseparable political form of capital, considering the discourse of insecurity, in order to trace the trajectory of public security in Rio de Janeiro and the debate on crime and violence revealing the real purpose of the implementation of this intervention. It is considered that the federal intervention of 2018 acts in favor of capital, since it did not bring a real reflection in the decrease in crime rates, but rather increased the lethality rate of the population by the agents of the State.

When violence against civilians is high in armed conflicts, it is predicted that the UNSC will pay close attention to those conflicts. However, it does not always happen to an equal degree. Based on recently collected data of UNSC agenda-setting behaviour by Susan H. Allen and Amy T. Yuen, this paper asks: why do some conflicts receive more UNSC attention than others, despite similar levels of violence against civilians? The thesis looks into the role of ROs in the UNSC agenda-setting. To account for the variation, the thesis argues that ROs are able to influence the UNSC agenda-setting in a way that leads some conflicts to have more recurrences of items on the agenda and others less. By applying a structured focused comparison on the conflict in Darfur between 2003 – 2007, and the Rohingya crisis in Myanmar between 2016-2022, I find a correlation between representation of ROs and recurrences of agenda-items. However, correlation is not causation, and I conclude that ROs had little influence in the UNSC decision-making and that it was the interests of the P5 and the institutional role of the UN Secretary-General that lead to the variation in the number of recurrences of items on the agenda.

In the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, a compelling question arises, could this event have brought Europeans closer? Armed conflicts often strengthen in-group identity as individuals seek safety from external threats. This study speculates that the perceived threat of the invasion might have intensified emotional attachments to Europe across the continent. Additionally, it explores how the response differed between Western Europe and Central and Eastern European countries. This study bases its conceptualization, hypotheses, and interpretations on social identity theory, alongside a comprehensive review of the literature on armed conflict and identity. Utilizing a quasi-experimental method to investigate the probable causal link and using 12 countries from the 10th round of the European Social Survey to generalize the findings across a diverse European population. The findings reveal that Europeans did not develop a stronger sense of European identity in response to the invasion, suggesting that Europeans do not perceive Europe as a meaningful identity to unite under or seek safety in when military conflicts intensify on the continent. This study contributes to the understanding that the European project, along with its socio-political efforts, has been relatively unsuccessful in establishing itself as a significant unifying point when conflicts intensify.

United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations (PKOs), despite varied success outcomes, have been instrumental in mitigating conflict and promoting stability. Initially designed to support ceasefires and facilitate post-conflict activities, their role has evolved significantly since the end of the Cold War. Nowadays, peacekeepers are deployed in active conflict zones, raising critical questions about the effectiveness of their interventions. Current literature extensively analyzes the general impact of peacekeeping on conflict duration, intensity, and civilian protection. However, the local and subnational impacts of peacekeeping remain contested. Most research has focused on mission-level effects, often overlooking the spatial dynamics of conflict and the localized impacts of peacekeeping efforts. This study addresses the gap in understanding the spatial effects of peacekeeping by providing an in-depth analysis of peacekeeping deployments and their impact on the spread of armed conflicts. Utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) data at a sub-national level, this research examines how the proximity of peacekeeping forces to conflict zones influences the geographical spread of armed conflict. Employing Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) models with data from the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset (GED) 23.1 and the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operation (GEO-PKO) 2.2 dataset, the study explores interactions between peacekeeping deployments, local infrastructure, and conflict dynamics. The study tests two hypotheses: 1) Closer proximity to peacekeeping bases is associated with a greater likelihood of a reduction in conflict fatalities, and 2) The fatality-reduction effect of peacekeeping deployments varies across local geographical conditions. By leveraging PRIO Grid cells as the unit of analysis, this research contributes to the literature, highlighting the importance of local geographical features and infrastructure. The findings inform more effective, context-specific peacekeeping strategies and interventions.