Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:17:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Santos de Moraes.pdf: 1827219 bytes, checksum: 705e64c43f201be3d0a943851ce4ef09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work takes as a beginning point the conception that image, now days, can be consedered the most important social code. This hipotesis is formulated through a systemic approach, inside the communicational field, attempting to the movements of meaning production, reception and mediation. On one side, there is a technovision making human eyes perceiving up to 80% of everything men receives from outside, and in the other, the increasing conditioning of cognition and psych to visual information; between both, the image itself unavoidably corporeal -, assuming the position of mediator of social representations. As a counterpoint, it have been decided to study blind women, trying to understand how they deal with an environment that claims, especially from females, the corporal adoration - the feminine identity itself -, propagated by publicity, movies, television, it means, the vidoesphere proposed by Debray. Among the results, it was possible to evidence that even without seeing, many blind women cares about the visual universe, trying, somehow, to insert themselves on it for social interaction / O presente estudo parte do pressuposto que, hoje, a imagem tenha se convertido no mais importante código comunicativo dentro da sociedade. Tal hipótese é formulada a partir de uma perspectiva sistêmica, dentro do campo comunicacional, na qual se consideram os movimentos de produção, recepção e mediação de sentidos envolvidos no ato comunicativo. De um lado, uma tecnovisão que delegou aos olhos a responsabilidade por até 80% de tudo percebido pelo homem e, do outro, o crescente condicionamento da cognição e da psique às informações imagéticas; entre ambos, a própria imagem inevitavelmente corporal -, assumindo o papel de mediadora nas representações sociais. Como ponto de inflexão, optou-se por fazer um estudo empírico com mulheres cegas, na tentativa de observar de que forma, privadas de enxergar, elas se relacionam com um ambiente onde se exige, especialmente da mulher, o culto à corporeidade a própria identidade feminina -, propagado através da publicidade, dos filmes, da televisão, enfim, da videosfera sugerida por Debray. Dentre os resultados obtidos, a constatação de que, mesmo sem enxergar, muitas cegas dão grande importância ao plano visual, tentando, de algum modo, nele inserir-se para interagir socialmente

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / BACKGROUND: The accumulation of abnormal extracellular deposits beneath the retinal pigment epithelium characterises the pathology of early age-related macular degeneration. However, the histopathological threshold at which age-related changes become early AMD is not defined, and the effect of each of the deposits (basal laminar deposit and membranous debris) on disease progression is poorly understood. Evidence suggests that macrophages play a key role in the development of AMD lesions, but the influence of basal laminar deposit (BLamD) and membranous debris on the recruitment and programming of local macrophages has not been explored. Although evidence also suggests that inflammation and innate immunity are involved in AMD, the significance of anti-retinal autoantibodies to disesase pathogenesis is not known. AIMS: (i) To determine the histopathological threshold that distinguishes normal ageing from early AMD; (ii) to determine the influence of BLamD and membranous debris on disease progression; (iii) to examine whether distinct early AMD phenotypes exist based on clinicopathological evidence; (iv) to determine the histopathological context in which Bruch’s membrane macrophages first found; (v) to examine the relationship between Bruch’s membrane macrophages and subclinical neovascularisation; (vi) to determine if the progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris alters the immunophenotype of Bruch’s membrane macrophages and/or resident choroidal macrophages; (vii) to determine if the anti-retinal autoantibody profile differs significantly between normal individuals and those with early AMD, neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy; (viii) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict progression to advanced AMD in individuals with early AMD; and (ix) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict vision loss in individuals with neovascular AMD. METHODS:Clinicopathological studies were performed to correlate progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris to fundus characteristics and visual acuity, as well as to sub-macular Bruch’s membrane macrophage count. Immunohistochemical studies were perfomed to determine whether the presence of BLamD and membranous debris altered the programming of Bruch’s membrane or resident choroidal macrophages. The presence of serum anti-retinal autoantibodies was determined by western blotting, and the association with disease progression examined in early and neovascular AMD. RESULTS: The presence of both basal linear deposit (BLinD) and a continuous layer of BLamD represents threshold early AMD histopathologically, which was seen clinically as a normal fundus in the majority of cases. Membranous debris accumulation appeared to influence the pathway of progression from early AMD to advanced AMD. Bruch’s membrane macrophages were first noted when a continuous layer of BLamD and clinical evidence of early AMD were present, and increased with the amount of membranous debris in eyes with thin BLamD. Eyes with subclinical CNV had high macrophage counts and there was some evidence of altered resident choroidal macrophage programming in the presence of BLamD and membranous debris. Serum anti-retinal autoantibodies were found in a higher proportion of early AMD participants compared with both controls and participants with neovascular AMD, and in a higher proportion of individuals with atrophic AMD compared to those with neovascular AMD. The presence of baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies in participants with early AMD was not associated with progression to advanced AMD. Participants with neovascular AMD lost more vision over 24 months if they had IgG autoantibodies at baseline compared to autoantibody negative participants. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that eyes with threshold early AMD appear clinically normal underscores the need to utilise more sophisticated tests to enable earlier disease detection. Clinicopathological evidence suggests two distinct early AMD phenotypes, which follow two pathways of AMD progression. Macrophage recruitment and programming may be altered by the presence of BLamD and membranous debris, highlighting the need to further characterise the biology of human resident choroidal macropahges. Anti-retinal autoantibodies can be found in both control and AMD sera, and future approaches that allow the examination of subtle changes in complex repertoires will determine whether they are involved in AMD disease pathogenesis.

<p>Forskning visar att 65 procent av konsumenternas köpbeslut av dagligvaror fattas i butikerna. Denna studie syftade till att studera konsumenters medvetenhet om tv-reklam i dagligvarubutik, hur deras köpbeteende påverkas, och i vilken grad kognitiva och perceptuella faktorer inverkar på om tv-reklam medvetet uppfattas av konsumenten eller inte. Endast fyra av 120 konsumenter upptäckte den tv-skärm som de stått intill och ingen mindes vad tv-skärmen visat, en stark indikation på att konsumentens uppmärksamhet kan vara mycket svårfångad. Huruvida visad reklamfilm var försedd med ljud och prisuppgift eller inte tycktes inte ha någon effekt på konsumenternas medvetenhet och ingen försäljningseffekt kunde påvisas men generella slutsatser kräver ytterligare forskning. Fortsatt forskning kan även undersöka konsumentens mottaglighet för tv-reklam på olika platser i butiken.</p>

Forskning visar att 65 procent av konsumenternas köpbeslut av dagligvaror fattas i butikerna. Denna studie syftade till att studera konsumenters medvetenhet om tv-reklam i dagligvarubutik, hur deras köpbeteende påverkas, och i vilken grad kognitiva och perceptuella faktorer inverkar på om tv-reklam medvetet uppfattas av konsumenten eller inte. Endast fyra av 120 konsumenter upptäckte den tv-skärm som de stått intill och ingen mindes vad tv-skärmen visat, en stark indikation på att konsumentens uppmärksamhet kan vara mycket svårfångad. Huruvida visad reklamfilm var försedd med ljud och prisuppgift eller inte tycktes inte ha någon effekt på konsumenternas medvetenhet och ingen försäljningseffekt kunde påvisas men generella slutsatser kräver ytterligare forskning. Fortsatt forskning kan även undersöka konsumentens mottaglighet för tv-reklam på olika platser i butiken.

Bakgrund: Diabetes är en av de främsta orsakerna till synnedsättning och blindhet. Dåförekomsten av diabetes ökar utgör de synrelaterade komplikationerna ett växande globalt hälsoproblem. En ökad förståelse för hur personer med diabetesretinopati upplever att synnedsättning påverkar deras dagliga kan vara till stor hjälp i mötet med dessa personer. Syfte:Syftet med studien var att beskriva personers upplevelser av att leva med diabetesretinopati. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie. Vetenskapliga, empiriska studier med kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats ligger till grund för studien. Resultat: Studiens resultat redovisas utifrån tre olika teman: känsla av delaktighet, känsla av begränsningar och känsla av otillräcklighet. Diskussion: Sjuksköterskan bör vara professionell i mötet med patienten. Kommunikation, undervisning och en helhetssyn av personens upplevelse av sin livssituation ligger till grund för personens vård och behandling. Det är viktigt med hälsofrämjande insatser för att kunna förebygga komplikationer. / Background: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of vision loss and blindness. Since the prevalence of diabetes is increasing, the sight-related complications are a growing global health problem. A better understanding of how people with diabetic retinopathy are experiencing vision loss that affects their daily may be helpful in meeting with these people. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe people's experiences of living with diabetic retinopathy. Method: The study was conducted as a general literature review. Scientific, empirical studies using qualitative and quantitative approach is the basis for the study. Results: The results are reported from three different themes: sense of ownership, sense of limitations and feelings of inadequacy. Discussions: Nurse should be professional in the meeting with the patient. Communication, education and a holistic view of the person's experience of their lives is the basis for the person's care and treatment. It is important with health promotion efforts to prevent complications.

Veränderungsblindheit tritt auf, wenn das Bewegungssignal einer Veränderung verdeckt wird oder der Betrachter von der Veränderung abgelenkt wird. In beiden Fällen kann die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit, mangels Hinweisreiz, nicht zum Ort der Veränderung gelenkt werden. Nach einer Erörterung von Augenbewegungen und ihrem Zusammenhang mit Veränderungsblindheit werden drei explorative Untersuchungen zur Veränderungsblindheit im Kontext des Straßenverkehrs vorgestellt. Untersuchung 1 befasst sich mit einem direkten Vergleich dreier unterschiedlicher Verdeckungsarten (Lidschläge, Blicksprünge, Blanks) bei statischem Stimulusmaterial (Fotos). Insgesamt führen die Ergebnisse zu dem Schluss, dass Veränderungsblindheit, unabhängig von der Verdeckungsart, ein Grund für zu spät oder nicht erkannte Gefahren im Straßenverkehr sein könnte, wenngleich sie für die gefährlichsten Situationen (relevante Additionen) am geringsten ausfällt und künstliche Blanks sich, zumindest in einer statischen Bedingung, gut zur Simulation von Lidschlägen und Sakkaden eignen. Darüber hinaus zeigen sich deutliche Hinweise zur impliziten Veränderungsentdeckung. Untersuchung 2 überprüft Teile von Untersuchung 1 in dynamischer Umgebung (Fahrsimulator) und findet überraschenderweise einen umgekehrten Effekt von Veränderungsblindheit. Die Echtheit des Effektes wird angezweifelt und auf die Nutzung von Abzählstrategien zurückgeführt. Unabhängig davon zeigen sich erneut Hinweise zur impliziten Entdeckung. Untersuchung 3 stellt schließlich einen direkten Vergleich zwischen statischer (Fotos) und dynamischer Umgebung (Filme) vor und zeigt, dass das Ausmaß an Veränderungsblindheit, unabhängig von Verdeckungsdauer und Veränderungsart, in dynamischer Umgebung größer ist als in statischer (85% vs. 64%) und daher eine Gefahr im Straßenverkehr darstellt. Wieder zeigen sich Hinweise auf eine implizite Entdeckung. Die Arbeit schließt mit einem grundlagen- und anwendungsorientierten Ausblick.

Vision impairment profoundly affects older people, yet we do not know specifically which areas of daily living are most affected by vision impairment. Nor do we know how daily levels of activity and independence differ for this population compared to others their age. Understanding these differences can enhance goal-setting practices and improve rehabilitation services for older individuals with impaired vision. This study examined activity, independence and life satisfaction of older adults living in the Manawatu region of the North Island of New Zealand, using an adapted model of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. The adapted model introduced subjective dimensions of functioning including satisfaction with activity, independence and life. This study was conducted with registered members of the Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind and with a random selection of registered voters in the region. Results indicated that both age and vision impairment had significant main effects on activity and independence. An interaction of age and vision had effect on the number of recently relinquished activities participants reported, social comparisons of activity and independence, and on satisfaction with independence and with life. An examination of age cohorts assisted in an improved understanding of daily functioning for this population. Unique findings were that social comparison of activity and satisfaction with social support contributed more to overall life satisfaction than did activity and independence levels. Unexpectedly, the oldest age cohort of those with impaired vision reported a higher level of overall life satisfaction than did their sighted peers in the oldest age cohort or younger cohorts with impaired vision. Results of this study will enable a better understanding of daily life for older people, and the differences which can be attributed to vision impairment. Older people and those that provide rehabilitation services to them can use this information to set more realistic and appropriate goals for rehabilitation. The results of this study will also allow those involved in personnel preparation programmes to develop curricula to improve new practitioners' understanding of typical daily life of older people with and without impaired vision.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / BACKGROUND: The accumulation of abnormal extracellular deposits beneath the retinal pigment epithelium characterises the pathology of early age-related macular degeneration. However, the histopathological threshold at which age-related changes become early AMD is not defined, and the effect of each of the deposits (basal laminar deposit and membranous debris) on disease progression is poorly understood. Evidence suggests that macrophages play a key role in the development of AMD lesions, but the influence of basal laminar deposit (BLamD) and membranous debris on the recruitment and programming of local macrophages has not been explored. Although evidence also suggests that inflammation and innate immunity are involved in AMD, the significance of anti-retinal autoantibodies to disesase pathogenesis is not known. AIMS: (i) To determine the histopathological threshold that distinguishes normal ageing from early AMD; (ii) to determine the influence of BLamD and membranous debris on disease progression; (iii) to examine whether distinct early AMD phenotypes exist based on clinicopathological evidence; (iv) to determine the histopathological context in which Bruch’s membrane macrophages first found; (v) to examine the relationship between Bruch’s membrane macrophages and subclinical neovascularisation; (vi) to determine if the progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris alters the immunophenotype of Bruch’s membrane macrophages and/or resident choroidal macrophages; (vii) to determine if the anti-retinal autoantibody profile differs significantly between normal individuals and those with early AMD, neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy; (viii) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict progression to advanced AMD in individuals with early AMD; and (ix) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict vision loss in individuals with neovascular AMD. METHODS:Clinicopathological studies were performed to correlate progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris to fundus characteristics and visual acuity, as well as to sub-macular Bruch’s membrane macrophage count. Immunohistochemical studies were perfomed to determine whether the presence of BLamD and membranous debris altered the programming of Bruch’s membrane or resident choroidal macrophages. The presence of serum anti-retinal autoantibodies was determined by western blotting, and the association with disease progression examined in early and neovascular AMD. RESULTS: The presence of both basal linear deposit (BLinD) and a continuous layer of BLamD represents threshold early AMD histopathologically, which was seen clinically as a normal fundus in the majority of cases. Membranous debris accumulation appeared to influence the pathway of progression from early AMD to advanced AMD. Bruch’s membrane macrophages were first noted when a continuous layer of BLamD and clinical evidence of early AMD were present, and increased with the amount of membranous debris in eyes with thin BLamD. Eyes with subclinical CNV had high macrophage counts and there was some evidence of altered resident choroidal macrophage programming in the presence of BLamD and membranous debris. Serum anti-retinal autoantibodies were found in a higher proportion of early AMD participants compared with both controls and participants with neovascular AMD, and in a higher proportion of individuals with atrophic AMD compared to those with neovascular AMD. The presence of baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies in participants with early AMD was not associated with progression to advanced AMD. Participants with neovascular AMD lost more vision over 24 months if they had IgG autoantibodies at baseline compared to autoantibody negative participants. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that eyes with threshold early AMD appear clinically normal underscores the need to utilise more sophisticated tests to enable earlier disease detection. Clinicopathological evidence suggests two distinct early AMD phenotypes, which follow two pathways of AMD progression. Macrophage recruitment and programming may be altered by the presence of BLamD and membranous debris, highlighting the need to further characterise the biology of human resident choroidal macropahges. Anti-retinal autoantibodies can be found in both control and AMD sera, and future approaches that allow the examination of subtle changes in complex repertoires will determine whether they are involved in AMD disease pathogenesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_tmg_me_assis.pdf: 282446 bytes, checksum: 2014b1e0809cf20c78c9b68a59525ca4 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O trabalho propõe-se a analisar o filme dirigido por Fernando Meirelles (1955), com o roteiro de Don McKellar, Blindness, lançado em 2008, como uma adaptação do livro de José Saramago (1922-2010), Ensaio sobre a cegueira, publicado em 1995. Para tanto, primeiramente contextualizaremos o livro e o filme na produção artística de seus respectivos criadores, de modo a deixar claras as diferenças entre eles, pois o adaptador de uma obra não compartilha com seu autor o mesmo ponto de vista, preocupação estética ou momento histórico. Em um segundo momento, conheceremos diversas opiniões críticas sobre a relação entre a literatura e o cinema, colocadas cronologicamente, para mostrar a relação intrínseca que uma arte mantém com a outra. Ao final, poderemos ver claramente como estudo sobre Literatura e Cinema encara uma adaptação cinematográfica. Um filme baseado em uma obra literária não é visto nem analisado como uma mera transposição do livro em outra mídia, muitos críticos vêem no filme uma obra original que teve apenas como fonte a obra literária. Por fim, para realizar essa análise da obra a cinematográfica precisamos descobrir; quais modificações foram feitas em relação ao texto-fonte e quais são as razões e conseqüências dessas modificações / The present work proposes to analyse the movie Blindness, directed by Fernando Meirelles (1955), with screenplay by Don McKellar, released in 2008 as a adaptation of the José Saramago´s (1922-2010) book, Blindess, published in 1995,. Firstly, in order to do so, we will contextualize the book and the movie among the artistic production of their respective creators, in order to make the differences between them clear, for the adapter of a work does not share the same point of view, aesthetic concerns or historical moment as its author. Secondly, we will present several critical opinions about the relation between literature and cinema, arranged in chronological order, in order to show the intrinsic relation the arts have with each other. At the end, we will be able to clearly see how the study on literature and cinema faces the film adaptation. A movie based upon a literary work neither is seen as a mere transposition of the book into another media, nor is analysed as such, many critics see in the movie an original work which had the literary work only as a source. At last, in order to carry out the analysis of the motion picture we need to find out what changes were made in relation to the prior text and what are the reasons and consequences of these changes

Orientador: Odil José de Oliveira Filho / Banca: Suely Fadul Vilibor Flory / Banca: Ana Maria Carlos / Resumo: O trabalho propõe-se a analisar o filme dirigido por Fernando Meirelles (1955), com o roteiro de Don McKellar, Blindness, lançado em 2008, como uma adaptação do livro de José Saramago (1922-2010), Ensaio sobre a cegueira, publicado em 1995. Para tanto, primeiramente contextualizaremos o livro e o filme na produção artística de seus respectivos criadores, de modo a deixar claras as diferenças entre eles, pois o adaptador de uma obra não compartilha com seu autor o mesmo ponto de vista, preocupação estética ou momento histórico. Em um segundo momento, conheceremos diversas opiniões críticas sobre a relação entre a literatura e o cinema, colocadas cronologicamente, para mostrar a relação intrínseca que uma arte mantém com a outra. Ao final, poderemos ver claramente como estudo sobre Literatura e Cinema encara uma adaptação cinematográfica. Um filme baseado em uma obra literária não é visto nem analisado como uma mera transposição do livro em outra mídia, muitos críticos vêem no filme uma obra original que teve apenas como fonte a obra literária. Por fim, para realizar essa análise da obra a cinematográfica precisamos descobrir; quais modificações foram feitas em relação ao texto-fonte e quais são as razões e conseqüências dessas modificações / Abstract: The present work proposes to analyse the movie Blindness, directed by Fernando Meirelles (1955), with screenplay by Don McKellar, released in 2008 as a adaptation of the José Saramago's (1922-2010) book, Blindess, published in 1995,. Firstly, in order to do so, we will contextualize the book and the movie among the artistic production of their respective creators, in order to make the differences between them clear, for the adapter of a work does not share the same point of view, aesthetic concerns or historical moment as its author. Secondly, we will present several critical opinions about the relation between literature and cinema, arranged in chronological order, in order to show the intrinsic relation the arts have with each other. At the end, we will be able to clearly see how the study on literature and cinema faces the film adaptation. A movie based upon a literary work neither is seen as a mere transposition of the book into another media, nor is analysed as such, many critics see in the movie an original work which had the literary work only as a source. At last, in order to carry out the analysis of the motion picture we need to find out what changes were made in relation to the prior text and what are the reasons and consequences of these changes / Mestre