Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ricardo Batista Politi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2016. / Esta pesquisa foi realizada buscando analisar a participação da Burocracia de Médio Escalão - BME - na implementação das políticas públicas de assistência social no município de Guarulhos. Há diversos trabalhos que tratam da participação da burocracia, sobretudo do alto escalão, no processo de produção de políticas públicas. Entretanto, a burocracia de médio escalão, ou BME, apesar de serem atores determinantes nas políticas públicas e que encontram-se presentes em qualquer ação, não são considerados nas análises empíricas sobre este processo. Por essa razão, a pesquisa em questão buscou analisar a participação destes atores considerando a implementação de um programa, o PAIF, que tem apresentado resultados interessantes em meio à situações as quais a literatura muitas vezes trata como prejudiciais ao processo de implementação das políticas públicas. Entretanto, como poderá ser observado, situações aparentemente negativas podem representar "janelas de oportunidades" através das quais poderão ser utilizadas novas estratégias de ação e, assim, alcançar resultados promissores no atendimento da população. Por fim, considerando algumas situações observáveis a partir dos questionários utilizados, adotamos algumas abordagens a partir das quais foi possível identificar diversas formas através das quais os BME contribuem com o processo de implementação das políticas públicas de assistência social no município de Guarulhos. / This research was carried out in order to analyze the participation of the Middle Level Bureaucracy implementation of public policies for social assistance in the city of Guarulhos. There are several works that deal with the participation of the bureaucracy, especially senior in public policy production process. However, bureaucracy midlevel, or BME, although they are crucial actors in public policy and which are present in any action, are not considered in the empirical analysis of this process. For this reason, the research in question sought to analyze the participation of these actors considering the implementation of a program, the PAIF, which has shown interesting results through the situations which the often literature is as harmful to the implementation of public policies process. However, as can be seen apparently negative situations can represent "windows of opportunity" through which can be used new action strategies and thus achieve promising results in serving the population. Finally, considering some situations observable from questionnaires used, we adopted some approaches from which it was possible to identify several ways in which the BME contribute to the process of implementation of public policies for social assistance in the city of Guarulhos.

Bakgrund: Ur den kritik som sedan 50-talet formulerats mot den byråkratiska “mekaniska” organisationsformen har en utveckling mot mer “organiska” organisationsformer skett. Detta har tillsammans med den tekniska utvecklingen, som under de senaste årtiondena fortskridit, kommit att förändra många verksamheter. Begreppet post-byråkrati har i många sammanhang blivit ett samlingsnamn för dessa nya organisationsformer. Även om organisationer i mångt och mycket framhålls som mer post-byråkratiska, alltså flexibla, nätverkande och decentraliserade, finns det argument för att särskilt mellanchefers arbete och roll inte har förändrats i samma utsträckning och att byråkratin upprätthålls. Det talar för att det förekommer ett glapp mellan föreställning och verklighet. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur ett post-byråkratiskt chefsbeteende gestaltas i organisationer som utger sig för att vara post-byråkratiska. Metod: Studien har genomförts med utgångspunkt i en kvalitativ forskningsansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer och observationer har tillämpats. Detta eftersom syftet var att studera fenomenet på djupet snarare än att producera numerisk data och se samband. Respondenterna utgjordes av sex mellanchefer från två olika organisationer, tre chefer från respektive organisation. Urvalet av organisationerna baserades på ett antal uppställda kriterier. Resultat/slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att ett post-byråkratiskt chefsbeteende gestaltas som en hybrid mellan byråkratiska och post-byråkratiska kännetecken. Denna kombination gör sig synlig i alla studerade områden inom chefsbeteendet, såsom kommunikation, kontroll/styrning, beslutsfattande, ledarskapsstil och det interpersonella. Dock visar studien att beteendet hos de studerade mellancheferna tenderar att vara övervägande post-byråkratiskt. / Background: From the criticisms that have been formulated against the bureaucratic "mechanical" organizational form since the 1950s, there has been a development towards more "organic" forms of organization. This has along with the technological development, which has continued in recent decades, changed many enterprises. The concept of post-bureaucracy has in many contexts become a collective name for these new organizational forms. Although organizations are widely regarded as more post-bureaucratic, for example being flexible, networking and decentralized, there are arguments that the work and role of middle managers has not changed in the same extent and that bureaucracy is maintained. A gap between assumption and reality seems to occur. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe how a post-bureaucratic managerial behavior is embodied in organizations claiming to be post-bureaucratic.Method: The study has been carried out on the basis of a qualitative research approach. Semi-structured interviews and observations have been applied, since the purpose was to study the phenomenon in depth rather than produce numerical data and compare different results with each other. The respondents consisted of six middle managers from two different organizations, three managers from each organization. The selection of organizations was based on a number of criteria. Results/Conclusion: The results of the study show that a post-bureaucratic managerial behavior is regarded as a hybrid between bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic characteristics. This combination is visible in all of the studied areas in managerial behavior, such as communication, control, decision-making, leadership style and the interpersonal. The study shows that the behavior of the studied middle managers tends to be predominantly post-bureaucratic.

Det är inte mycket i vår vardag som undkommit att påverkas av digitaliseringens framfart. Mycket handel sker idag över internet och våra bankärenden görs idag allt mer frekvent genom mobiltelefonen. Utvecklingen pekar mot att konsumenter av olika produkter och tjänster blir allt mer digitala i sin relation med olika organisationer. När konsumenternas beteenden ändras påverkas även företagen som tillhandahåller de olika produkterna och tjänsterna.Denna trend har kunnat uppmärksammas i redovisningsbranschen. Allt fler digitala tjänster har på senare tid dykt upp på den svenska marknaden i form av bokföringsappar och förenklade program som ska underlätta för företagare att själva sköta sin bokföring. Den här studien syftar därför till att studera fenomenet. Studien uppmärksammar hur olika aktörer i branschen ställer sig till förändringarna genom att belysa vilken strategi och eventuella förändringsprocesser de har gentemot digitaliseringens möjligheter och utmaningar. Redovisningsbranschen tillhör en gren inom affärsprofessionalismen som är en svag form av profession. Därför har forskning kring både maskinbyråkratier och professioner varit av relevans för utformandet av studiens referensram där vi tar upp olika sätt digitaliseringen påverkat dessa typer av organisationer.Studien syftar till att belysa hur redovisningsbranschen reagerar på och väljer att bemöta digitaliseringens utmaningar och hur strategierna skiljer sig åt beroende på hur de ställer sig till utvecklingen. Vi har valt en kvalitativ metod till studien och har genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju stycken auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter på olika redovisningsbyråer i Västra Götaland. Resultatet av vår studie visar att strategierna för att bemöta digitaliseringen skiljer sig åt mellan byråer och vi har kunnat urskilja tre dominerande strategier som vi redogör för i vår analys. Vi har i studien även kunnat observera att vissa delar hos redovisningsbyråerna skiftar från att vara professionellt strukturerade till att anamma egenskaper från maskinbyråkratin vid förändringsprocesser gentemot digitaliseringen. / It is not much in our everyday lives that escapes to be influenced by the progress of digitization. Much trade is today done over the internet, and our banking errands are being made more frequently through smartphones. The trend indicates that consumers of different products and services are becoming increasingly digital in their relationship with different organizations. But a change in consumer behavior also affects companies that provide the different products and services.This trend has been observed in the accounting profession. Many digital services have recently appeared in the Swedish market in form of apps and simplified programs that will make it easier for business owners to manage their bookkeeping themselves. This study therefore aims to study that phenomenon. The study draws attention to how different actors in the profession adapt to the changes by highlighting the strategy and possible change processes they proceed to face the potentials and challenges of digitization. The accounting profession belongs to a branch of business professionalism, which is a weak form of profession. Therefore, research on both machine bureaucracies and professions has been relevant to the design of the study's reference framework, where we address the different ways digitization influences these types of organizations.The propose of the study is to highlight in which ways the accounting profession reacts and chooses to respond to the challenges of digitization and how the strategies differ depending on their attitude towards the development. We have chosen a qualitative method to our study and have conducted semi-structured interviews with seven certified accounting consultants at various accounting agencies in Västra Götaland, Sweden. The result of our study shows that the strategies for managing the digitization differ between agencies and we have been able to distinguish three dominant strategies that we describe in our analysis. We have also observed that certain parts of the accounting agencies shift from being professionally structured to acquire some characteristics from machine bureaucracies in the change processeses towards the digitization.This study will hereafter be in Swedish.

[pt] O trabalho buscou investigar a implementação das políticas da educação inclusiva na rede municipal de Corumbá/MS a partir das percepções dos agentes implementadores. Como objetivos específicos buscamos conhecer como as políticas educacionais voltadas aos alunos com deficiência são implementadas no município e quais as condições de atendimento desses alunos na rede municipal. Focalizamos em particular a interação entre a gestão das escolas com a Secretaria Municipal de Educação e a maneira como ocorrem os atendimentos voltados aos alunos com deficiência, considerando a atuação da gestão e professores das unidades escolares. Como referencial teórico utilizamos os estudos sobre burocracia de médio escalão e de nível de rua, para entendermos como essas relações se estabelecem. Utilizamos também o contexto histórico das políticas da educação especial para entendermos de que maneira elas se consolidam na sociedade brasileira, além dos Estudos sobre a Deficiência (Disability Studies) que nos ofereceram condições de chaves de interpretação dos fenômenos por meio da perspectiva sociológica da deficiência, sobretudo através do conceito de Capacitismo. Inicialmente foi aplicado um survey às equipes de gestão e aos professores de todas as escolas urbanas da rede municipal de Corumbá, totalizando dezesseis unidades escolares. A partir da análise dos dados coletados e dos microdados do Censo Escolar 2016 foram escolhidas três escolas para participar de um movimento posterior de pesquisa qualitativa. Esta fase qualitativa incluiu cerca de um mês de observação do cotidiano em cada escola e entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com oito integrantes das equipes de gestão e dez professores. Esta segunda fase da pesquisa foi completada com a análise de documentos oficiais e seis entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais da Secretaria Municipal de Educação. Os resultados mostraram que os agentes implementadores das políticas da educação inclusiva, apesar de seus esforços para realização do trabalho, encontram dificuldades que interferem diretamente em sua atuação. O funcionamento precário de algumas unidades escolares, a pressão de responsabilização quanto aos resultados sem a oferta de condições adequadas de trabalho, o desmantelamento nos últimos anos da equipe pedagógica responsável pelo atendimento dos alunos com deficiência da rede municipal são fatores que impactam profundamente no trabalho desses profissionais. Atrelado a isso ressaltamos também as percepções desses agentes implementadores a respeito do conceito de deficiência e o fato da maior parte deles considerar os alunos com deficiência como incapazes. Este conjunto de fatores contribui para os resultados encontrados no Censo Escolar, que mostram que esses alunos, embora acessem à escola regular, no marco da política de inclusão educacional em vigor, encontram-se majoritariamente retidos nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, raramente completando as condições para sua efetiva inclusão escolar e social. / [en] The work sought to investigate the implementation of public policies of special education in the municipal system of Corumbá / MS based on the perceptions of the implementing agents. As specific objectives, we wanted to learn how educational policies aimed at students with disabilities are implemented in the municipality and what the conditions of attendance of these students are in the municipal system. We focused particularly on the interaction between the school board with the Municipal Department of Education, and the way the service to the disability students is provided considering the operation of the school management and teachers. As a theoretical framework, we use studies on middle-level and street-level bureaucracy to understand how these relationships are established. We also used the literature on the historical context of special education policies to understand how they were consolidated in Brazilian society, in addition to Disability Studies, which offered us keys to interpret phenomena through the sociological perspective of disability, especially throughout the Ableism concept. Initially a survey was applied to the management teams and teachers of all urban schools of the municipal system of Corumbá, summing sixteen school units. From the analysis of data collected and the microdata of the 2016 Brazilian School Census, three schools were chosen to participate in a following movement of qualitative research. This qualitative phase included about a month of observation of the daily life in each school and semi- structured interviews done with eight members of the management team and ten teachers. This second phase of research was than complemented with official documents analysis and six semi-structured interviews with professionals from the Municipal Education Department. The results showed that the agents implementing the policies of the special education, despite their efforts to carry out the work, find difficulties that interfere directly in their work. The precarious functioning of some school units, the pressure to hold the principals accountable for the school results, without the provision of adequate work conditions, and the dismantling in the last years of the educational team responsible to provide the service to the students with deficiency of the municipal system, are factors that impact the work of the professionals at school level. In addition to that we highlighted the perceptions of the implementing agents to the concept of disability and the fact of the majority of them considers disability students as unable. This set of factors contributes to the results found in the School Census that show that these students, although they attend the regular school, within the framework of the current policy of educational inclusion, are mostly retained in the initial years of Elementary Education, rarely completing the conditions for effective school and social inclusion.

Användandet av innovationsmodeller inom vårdsektorn studerades, med anledning av den innovationsmodell Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting nyligen tagit fram. Offentlig sektor har i litteraturgenomgångar inte tagits upp som positiva exempel på innovativ verksamhet, men det finns mycket litteratur som visar på hur systematiserade och byråkratiska de organisationerna är. Därför är det av intresse att undersöka hur en systematiserad organisation angriper innovationsarbete med hjälp av verktyg och modeller. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer samlades data in från fem representanter inom den offentliga vårdsektorn (från två olika kommuner och landsting), och resultaten visade på att valet och användningssättet av innovationsmodeller skiljde sig mellan respondenterna. Vissa respondenter använde redan existerande modeller, medan andra skapade egna. Vidare visade resultatet att den modell Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting tagit fram ej användes av någon respondent, och endast två kände till att modellen fanns. Studien avslutas med en diskussion gällande innovationsmodellers nivå av generalisering respektive specialisering, samt förslag på en möjlig revidering av modellen Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting tagit fram, för att på så vis sprida vetskapen om den. / The use of models for innovation within the public healthcare sector were studied, due to the fact that the public agency The Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions, SALAR, recently developed and launched a model for innovation. The public sector has not been the focal point in any of the literature about innovative organizations, but there is no shortage of literature regarding that of bureaucracy and the systematization of work processes in the public sector. That is why the authors find it interesting to study how a systemized organization set about working innovatively using instruments and models. Through the use of semi-structured interviews with five representatives from the public healthcare sector, data was collected and the results showed that the choice and use of innovative models differed between the respondents. Some respondents used models that already exist, while others constructed their own. The results also showed that neither one of the respondents used the model created by SALAR, and only two of them had pre-existing knowledge of the model. The study is concluded with a discussion about the degree of generalization/specialization in innovative models, and a suggestion for a possible revision of SALAR’s model in order to create wider knowledge of it.

Insatsen kontaktperson används flitigt inom socialtjänsten, trots det finns det ytterst lite forskning kring insatsen och dess effekter. Detta arbete strävar efter att få en ökad förståelse för socialsekreterares användande av insatsen kontaktperson för ungdomar samt hur socialsekreterares handlingsutrymme har påverkat det användandet. För att nå en ökad förståelse kring detta har en kvalitativ intervjustudie genomförts där socialsekreterare från olika socialkontor fått berätta om sina erfarenheter och upplevelser kring insatsen. Utifrån de uppgifter som framkommit under intervjuerna har olika teman skapats som beskriver skäl att använda insatsen, vilka effekter som ses av insatsen samt skillnader och likheter mellan olika handläggares agerande. Resultatet visar att kontaktperson kan beviljas av många olika anledningar och att de upplevda effekterna varierar. Det blir också tydligt hur fritt det är för varje socialsekreterare att själv utforma insatsen, vilket gör att det går ifrågasätta klienters rättssäkerhet då detta skiljer sig mellan olika kommuner. / In Swedish social services work with youths one of the most common ways to help is to grant the youth a sort of grownup mentor, a contact person. Despite of this, there is very little research about this kind of mentoring and its effects. In this study, we wanted to increase our understanding of the use of contact person for youths and also how the social workers discretion affects the use of contact person. To be able to do that a qualitative interview study was made where social workers from different social service offices shared their knowledge and experiences about contact person. Based on the information that was given during the interviews we were able to identify different themes that describe reasons to use contact person, which effects the social workers can see and also the differences and similarities between the different social workers way to use it. The result shows that social workers can provide youths with a contact person for a variety of reasons, and that the experienced effects differ between the social service offices. The result also makes it clear how the social workers in a free way are allowed to form the setup and implement of the contact person, which makes it possible to question the client’s rights to receive the same help no matter where you live or who you meet with.

This three part dissertation begins by "Examining the Origin of Federal Reserve Independence." This paper explores early Fed history with a particular emphasis on the period between 1947 and 1953 in order to provide a complete political account of Fed Independence. / Government

Should U.S. political decision-makers decide to wage a moral war, it is not as easy a merely saying go do it. To ensure moral targeting decisions, American national political leaders must suffer the costs of monitoring in terms of time and money, and provide not only detailed direction, but also constant oversight to ensure objectives are clear and subordinates carry out directions. Military officers must ensure that their motivations align with those of their principals, and they must ensure that constraining doctrine for planning and executing combat operations is followed. Having satisfied these variables, moral targeting decisions, wherein proportionality of non-combatant casualties is weighed against target necessity, should then be easily attainable. The process of aligning motivations with respect to desired outcomes, and the process of planning strategies according to doctrine together lead to moral targeting decisions. By following the processes of getting war plans approved according to published U.S. doctrine, a deliberate dialogue is followed with direction and feedback through several steps of planning and approval that result in multiple people working on a product that results in a sort of corporate buy- in. I posit that it is difficult to follow this process and end up with targeting decisions that do not weigh harm to non-combatants against the necessity of individual targets, especially when principals and agents come together to deliberately ensure they align their motivations with respect to objectives. This theory is applicable to U.S. involvement in war, but is not necessarily generalizable to other countries. Through case studies of American involvement in Desert Storm (the first Gulf War), Operation Allied Force (NATOs air war over Serbia), and the U.S. War on Terror (campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq), I find that only in the War on Terror were moral targeting decisions consistently made by US national leaders. Furthermore, that was the only case study wherein both constraining doctrine was present and principal-agent motivations were aligned with respect to objectives. The other two cases showed that the variables were not followed and proportionality- necessity decisions were not made.

No description available.

The manner in which public servants are held to account and the purposes of accountability at the bureaucratic level is a relatively unexplored field. This dissertation is comprised of three separate studies investigating hierarchical accountability, the accounting officer system in Canada, and accountability among public servants. Together, they address critical questions: i) how can existing theory on accountability be reconciled with hierarchy and the delegation of authority; ii) the principles and practices of the accounting officer system; and iii) internal public service accountability mechanisms. This dissertation explores whether we can develop — and implement — a systematic approach to empirically investigating how accountability is practiced, as a means of advancing our theoretical and practical understanding of accountability. The three studies draw on evidence collected over a four-year period, including interviews with public servants conducted in Australia, Canada, and the Netherlands. Some of the key theoretical perspectives evaluated include an adapted version of Aucoin and Heintzman’s (2000) framework on accountability and performance management and, Bovens, Schillemans and ’t Hart’s (2008) practices and purposes of accountability framework. The conclusions of the dissertation are threefold: first, that while overall the normative purposes of accountability as described in the frameworks (democratic control, assurance, learning and results) are, to a substantial degree, observed in practice, there are nonetheless some serious deficiencies in our understanding of the purposes of accountability; second, there is considerable variation in practices from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and, within each specific jurisdiction, specific practices are shaped to a considerable degree by the institutionalized context in which these practices are carried out; and third, an empirical approach to studying accountability practices offers a promising way to address the lack of empirical knowledge, and a way to bolster both our theoretical and practical understanding of actual accountability practices. / Graduate / 0617 / 0615