Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-16T14:47:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 laraenealvestolentinosilva.pdf: 902484 bytes, checksum: 2c58e7db8c52e3eeeeec4030c3fef33e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T14:17:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 laraenealvestolentinosilva.pdf: 902484 bytes, checksum: 2c58e7db8c52e3eeeeec4030c3fef33e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T14:24:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 laraenealvestolentinosilva.pdf: 902484 bytes, checksum: 2c58e7db8c52e3eeeeec4030c3fef33e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T14:24:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 laraenealvestolentinosilva.pdf: 902484 bytes, checksum: 2c58e7db8c52e3eeeeec4030c3fef33e (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999-12-20 / Estudo sobre as formas imperativas da Linguagem racionalizadas pelo reino do discurso do poder, matéria fônica que ora se assenta no álibi das necessidades recortada pela ideologia, ora recorre à fundação simbólica da língua enquanto dádiva que tenciona dois mundos antagônicos sob a orientação de uma lógica das equivalências de transmissão de valores alheios. Este estudo busca verificar o resgate do mito da língua como legado na peça A tempestade, de Shakespeare, para explicitar o engendramento das relações econômicas que perpassam essa ou aquela fronteira da língua expressada na obra, bem como as transposições de linguagem operada. Condicionantes de mudanças anunciadas pelos mecanismos que caracterizam a modernidade dos tempos das navegações marítimas, que perpassam passado e presente até a atualidade dos modos de produção e acumulação econômica. / Study on imperative forms of language rationalized by the realm of speech of power, phonemic matter that stands on an alibi of necessities shaped by ideology. Sometimes it goes further to a symbolic foundation of language as a gift, which establishes a tension between two opposites worlds under an orientation of the logic of equivalencies of transmission of someone else’s values. This study intends to verify the rescue of the myth of language as a heritage in the play The Tempest of Shakespeare, to make explicit the relationship within economic matters, which goes trough it, or even that frontier of language expressed in the play, as well as the transpositions of the language worked out. Conditions of changes announced by the mechanisms that characterize the modern times of maritime navigations, that pervade past and present to the present modes of economic production and accumulation.

The modeling of trees is challenging due to their complex branching structures. Three different ways to generate trees are using real world data for reconstruction, interactive modeling methods and modeling with procedural or rule-based systems. Procedural content generation is the idea of using algorithms to automate content creation processes, and it is useful in plant modeling since it can generate a wide variety of plants that can adapt and react to the environment and changing conditions. This thesis focuses on and extends a procedural tree generation technique that uses a space colonization algorithm to model the tree branches' competition for space, and shifts the previous works' focus from realism to fantasy. The technique satisfied the idea of using interaction between the tree's internal and external factors to determine its final shape, by letting the designer control the where and the how of the tree's growth process. The implementation resulted in a tree generation application where the user's imagination decides the limit of what can be produced, and if that limit is reached can the application be used to randomly generate a wide variety of trees and tree-like structures. A motivation for many researchers in the procedural content generation area is how it can be used to augment human imagination. The result of this thesis can be used for that, by stepping away from the restrictions of realism, and with ease let the user generate widely diverse trees, that are not necessarily realistic but, in most cases, adapts to the idea of a tree.

Notre travail de thèse se propose d’interroger la production littéraire des écrivains d’origine judéo-maghrébine en France en tant que littérature d’exil, dans la période de la décolonisation. La démarche, se basant sur une étude prosopographique, porte dans un premier temps sur les contextes favorables et pertinents à l’action d’une série d’individus, autrement dit sur l’état des conditions de la production d’une littérature née d’un déplacement. S’en suit une classification d’écrivains rendue possible par la mise en relation des caractéristiques sociologiques et des dispositions propres à cette génération d’auteurs avec les cadres culturels, historiques et cognitifs qui sont les leurs. En s’appuyant sur des entretiens semi-directifs avec des écrivains sélectionnés selon la typologie dégagée de l’étude précédente ainsi que sur l’étude de leurs œuvres littéraires, la recherche s’attache, dans un second temps, à vérifier si cette écriture « minoritaire » peut nous renseigner, et jusqu’à quel point, sur les relations qu’entretiennent entre elles histoire, mémoire, littérature et identité dans le contexte migratoire. Enfin, dans cette perspective, ses usages sociaux et ses fonctions sont étudiés à travers l’analyse des mécanismes et des thèmes récurrents de cette production littéraire, qui se construit comme le témoignage singulier d’un moment de vécu historique et ce faisant, nourrit notre compréhension des processus d’ajustements littéraires. / My dissertation research is focused on the literary production written by authors of North-African Jewish origin. Meaning a literature in exile, in the post-colonial era. My approach includes a prosopographical study, exploring the conditions and the social context that favorized this literature’s creation. The study proposes a classification of a number of authors, linking the sociological characteristics and particular attributes of this generation of writers with their cultural, historical, and cognitive backgrounds. The method uses semi-directive interviews with these subjects, as well as the study of their works, to see whether this “minority” literature can enlighten, and if so to what extent, about the interaction between history, memory, literature, and identity. In this perspective, the social usages and functions of this literature are examined, driving to the analysis of mechanisms and recurring themes that appear as the singular testimony of a moment of lived history. In doing so, it helps us to understand adjustment through literature.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur les descriptions du corps des Africain(e)s dans la littérature médicale française de la fin du XVIIIe siècle jusqu'au milieu du XXe siècle. Si la "race noire" est perçue comme un ensemble monolithique dans les écrits médicaux du début de la période, la pluralité africaine apparaît peu à peu sous la plume des médecins coloniaux dans le dernier tiers du XIXe siècle. Au-delà de la classification des principales races humaines, une taxinomie ethnique apparaît dans leurs écrits, distinguant les peuples noirs d'Afrique subsaharienne, depuis le Cap de Bonne-Espérance jusqu'à la Sénégambie. La description sexuée des populations se développe afin de préciser les catégorisations ethniques ainsi que le savoir sur les Africain(e)s. Si la diversité africaine est progressivement mise en lumière, certains stéréotypes raciaux demeurent prégnants comme l'hypersexualité des Noir(e)s ou l'inversion sexuelle en Afrique. Notre travail, qui s'appuie sur des dictionnaires médicaux, des monographies sur les races humaines ou encore sur des ouvrages de médecine coloniale, démontre l'imbrication des théories sur la race, le sexe et le genre au sein de ces discours ainsi que la similarité des procédés rhétoriques utilisés pour définir l'Autre, qu'il soit de sexe féminin et/ou de race noire. Cette recherche éclaire également la façon dont ces représentations se sont nourries des controverses scientifiques et des préoccupations politiques de la période. Si les discours médicaux stigmatisent l'infériorité raciale des Africain(e), ce travail montre aussi les voix dissonantes et les oppositions de certains médecins à ces schémas consensuels. / This research focuses on the descriptions of African people's body according to French medical literature from the end of the 18th century to mid-20th century. Though the « black race » is seen as monolithic group in the medical writings at the beginning of the period, the african multiplicity slightly came up under the colonial doctors' pens, in the last third of the 19th century. Beyond the principal human races classification, the french doctors established a hierarchy between the black peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa, from The Cape of Good Hope to Senegambia. A sexual description of the peoples is added to raciological studies in order to clarify the racial classifications, ethnic hierarchies and to develop knowledge on African people. The african diversity is being highlighted all along the studied period, despite the permanency of numerous racial stereotypes as the hypersexuality of black people or the inversion of gender in Africa. Based on medical dictionaries, work about human races or even on colonial medecine work, our work displays, within the descriptions of the black bodies, the overlapping of the theories about race, gender and sex, and also explains the similarity of the rhetorical methods used to define and describe the Other, should they be female and/or black. Moreover, this research highlights how these representations were influenced by the scientific controversies and the political issues of the period, what they influenced in turn. Though the medical speeches stigmatize racial inferiority of the African people, this work also underlines the antithetical opinions and the conflicts between some doctors about these consensual patterns.

This study is about how the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter writes about apartheid in South Africa in the years of 1948 to 1994. The newspaper's digital archive has been investigated to achieve this purpose. Sweden has become known for its commitment to abolishing apartheid, and this paper finds out if this is in line with how the Swedish press writes about apartheid. The result shows that Dagens Nyheter was consistently opposed to apartheid, and reporting largely depends on the system being unacceptable in a civilized world. Commitment extends across many levels of society, and the workforce on Dagens Nyheter takes a stand despite the fact that the newspaper is called independent liberal. It turns out that many players get space in the newspaper   This civilized world like Sweden and other parts of the western world wants South Africa to be included seems to be determined in advance. This is explained by postcolonial theory.

Les consuls de France constituent un corps de professionnels aux liens étroits. Ils ont pour mission de défendre les intérêts de la France et d’informer le ministère des Affaires étrangères de tout ce qu’ils observent. Leur mission n’est pas uniquement économique et politique. Ils doivent veiller à l’image de la France, image qu’ils contribuent à former. Dans les années 1820, face à l’insurrection grecque, ils promeuvent l’image d’une France dont la principale préoccupation serait l’humanité. Grâce à sa neutralité, elle se situerait au-dessus de la mêlée, ne travaillant qu’au bien et au bonheur de tous. Les consuls s’appuient sur cette image de la France pour défendre l’idée que leur pays se doit d’exercer une « domination morale » dans l’intérêt de tous et au nom de la civilisation européenne qu’elle incarne. En s’appuyant sur leurs représentations de l’altérité, ils en viennent à justifier l’ingérence de la France dans la crise opposant les insurgés grecs et les Ottomans, puis au sein de l’Empire ottoman et du Royaume de Grèce, à partir des années 1830. Influencés par les idées de fraternité et de responsabilité collective issues du philhellénisme et influencés par le saint-simonisme, les consuls de France contribuent à la création de la notion de mission civilisatrice dont les États européens seraient investis. À partir des années 1820, persuadés de la supériorité de la France, ils en viennent à soutenir de nombreux projets de colonisation dans tous les territoires de l’Orient grec. / The consuls of France are professionals' corps. They have for mission to defend the interests of France and to inform the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of all that they observe. Their mission is not only economic and political. They care for France’s image, image which they contribute to form. In 1820s, facing Greek insurrection, they promote the image of France which main concern would be humanity. Thanks to its neutrality, France would be above the conflict, working only for the happiness of all. The consuls lean on this image of France to promote the idea that their country has to exercise a "moral domination" in the interest of all and in the name of the European civilisation which she represents. By leaning on their representations of the Alterity, they justify the interference of France in the crisis among the Greek insurgents and the Ottoman, then within Ottoman Empire and Kingdom of Greece, from 1830s. Influenced by the ideas of fraternity and of collective liability inherited French revolution and Philhellenism and influenced by Saint-Simonianism, the consuls of France contribute to the creation of the notion of civilizing mission, which the European State would be invested. From 1820s, persuaded of the superiority of France, they start supporting numerous projects of colonization in all territories of the Greek East.

Créée en 1893 pour mettre en valeur le Haut-Ogooué, la Société Commerciale, Industrielle et Agricole du Haut-Ogooué (SHO) s’est imposée parmi les plus importantes entreprises coloniales au Gabon. En 1963, à l’orée de son absorption par la multinationale OPTORG, son emprise était totale sur l’ensemble de l’activité économique gabonaise. Les circonstances de la mobilisation des travailleurs africains et le regard qu’ils ont porté sur l’entreprise sont au centre de cette étude : comment les Africains ont-ils envisagé les conditions de leur mobilisation par la SHO et quelles réponses y ont-ils apportés ? Au terme de cette étude, il ressort que les méthodes d’exploitation de la SHO dans le Haut-Ogooué et au Gabon ont profondément transformé le mode de vie des Africains et leur regard sur la colonisation. / Founded in 1893 to stand in for the Administration in the region of Haut-Ogooué, the Société Commerciale, Industrielle et Agricole du Haut-Ogooué (SHO) made its mark among the most important colonial companies in Gabon. In 1963, on the cusp of its absorption by the multinational company OPTORG, its influence was total on the whole Gabonese economic activity. The circumstances of the African workers and the opinion they had of the company exploitation are at the core of this study: how did the Africans envisaged the conditions of their mobilization by the SHO and what answers did they bring? The result of this study is that the SHO exploitation methods in the region of Haut- Ogooué in Gabon have dramatically transformed the African way of life opinion on colonization.

In the 1850s, the government of Canada West initiated a project to colonize a vast region of the Canadian Shield known as the Ottawa-Huron Tract. Later, in his influential interpretation, Arthur Lower argued the myth of the inexorable forward movement of the settlement frontier was here shattered by a reality of lakes, rocks, and forest inherently unsuitable for farming. This refrain continues to be repeated by proponents of what I call the failed-settlement narrative. A contrasting narrative emphasizes the perseverance of settlers and their descendants. This dissertation was born of an interest in the tension between these competing narratives. On the one hand, the failed-settlement narrative ignores the fact many people succeeded in farming on the Shield. On the other hand, the romanticized image of the pioneer is disconnected from the larger historical contexts which shaped the settlement process and informed those notions of success and failure by which we judge the actions of people in the past. If the colonization project was an unmitigated failure, how do we account for the persistence of settlers and their descendants? If the landscape and soils of the Shield were unsuited to cultivation, why did people continue to cultivate the land for decades after the settlement project was condemned? What follows is an exploration of these questions, focusing on the township of Brudenell, Ontario as a site of Canadian colonial experimentation. Failure and desertion were certainly important parts of the settlement experience in the Ottawa-Huron Tract, but these themes have been overemphasized by historians. Early on, many settlers realized the variability of the landscape in places like Brudenell and found small parcels of land which they turned to a variety of purposes. Settlers took advantage of government policies that made landowning a realistic goal even for those of modest means and diverse backgrounds. By embracing new and emerging forms of local authority settlers were also able to tune the structures of the colonial state to further their own interests. They profited from the proximate shanty market for agricultural produce wherever practicable, while also pursuing economic activities oriented toward local, regional, and national markets. Economic opportunities and the accessibility of land in Brudenell allowed cultural groups to develop spatially-distinct communities, which expanded to fill much of the available land in the township. This revision of the failed-settlement narrative stands out in the historiography of the Ottawa-Huron Tract, but dovetails with histories of settlement in other agriculturally-marginal regions of nineteenth-century Canada. / Graduate / 2019-03-01

Variability of phosphorus maps is a problem found in the majority of cultivated areas in southern Brazil region. For better understanding of the variability of this element is the further study of the phosphor's relations with other factors in the soil is necessary. Because of this the objective of this study was to diagnose the variability of the phosphorus content in the soil and its relations with the percentage of mycorrhizal infection in maize roots (Zea mays), and account if these relations impact the productive potential of culture. The analysis of mycorrhizal infection and availability of phosphorus were collected at the time of full anthesis culture due to greater symbiosis between fungus and plant is at this time, productivity was assessed from manual harvesting. The grid size was 0.33 hectare at 24 sampling points. After the acquisition of the data was used descriptive statistics to analyze cos data and Pearson correlation was used to diagnose the reactions between the variables. It was found great similarity between phosphorus variability in soil and the variability of mycorrhizal infection consequently productivity of maize. Although deserves more study, there is possibility that indirectly estimate the variation of phosphorus maps with the percentage of mycorrhizal present funds. The mycorrhizal infection , along with the availability of phosphorus in the soil indirectly influence the productivity of maize (Zea mays) / A variabilidade de mapas de fósforo é um problema encontrado na maiorias das áreas cultivadas na região sul do brasil. Para melhor conhecimento da variabilidade deste elemento se faz necessário o mais estudos das relações do fósforo com outros fatores presentes no solo. Devido a isso o objetivo deste trabalho foi diagnosticar a variabilidade dos teores de fósforo no solo e a suas relações com a porcentagem de infecção Micorrizica em raízes de milho (Zea mays), e contabilizar se estas relações impactam no potencial produtivo da cultura. As análises de infecção micorrizica e disponibilidade de fosforo foram coletadas no momento de plena antese da cultura devido a maior simbiose entre fungo e planta ser neste momento, a produtividade foi avaliada através de colheita manual. O tamanho do grade foi de 0,33 hectare com 24 pontos amostrais. Após a aquisição dos dados utilizou-se a estatística descritiva para analisa cos dados e foi utilizada a correlação de Pearson para diagnosticar as reações entre as variáveis. Foi verificada grande similaridade entre a variabilidade de fósforo no solo e a variabilidade de infecção micorrizica, consequentemente, na produtividade da cultura do milho. Embora mereça mais estudos, há possibilidade de que indiretamente se estime a variação de mapas de fosforo com a porcentagem de fundos micorrizicos presentes. A infecção micorrizica, juntamente com a disponibilidade de fosforo no solo influenciam indiretamente na produtividade da cultura do milho (Zea mays).

Mesobenthic amphipods (2-15 mm) constitute an important faunal component of coastal ecosystems, and often represent a major trophic link between primary producers and fishes. However, obtaining basic demographic data on these taxa is often hindered by a lack of suitable non-destructive, quantitative, collection techniques. Although artificial substrates have been advocated for collecting data at these lower trophic levels, recent studies suggest that they may not accurately represent the natural benthic assemblage. This study evaluated how a structurally-complex artificial substrate (3-dimensional) simulated the natural substrate of a shallow Acropora reef environment. Assemblage development was followed on a series of artificial substrate units (ASUs) at 2-week intervals over a 14-week period; adjacent natural substrate was sampled monthly. Multivariate analyses were applied to determine the (dis)similarity of assemblages between the two substrate types. Statistical analyses showed significant differences in assemblage structure between artificial and natural substrates. However, no significant differences were found between sites or habitats within substrate type. Samples from the ASUs were dominated by Elasmopus balkomanus, Bemlos kunkelae, Neomegamphopus kalanii, and Ericthonius punctatus. Taxa abundant on the natural substrate, but numerically poor on the ASUs, included Chevalia carpenteri, Apolochus sp., Gammaropsis atlantica, and Globosolembos smithi. Assemblage dissimilarities depended chiefly on differences in species composition and relative abundance largely contributed to the dissimilarity between the two substrates.