Conservation managers worldwide are increasingly faced with the challenges of managing and protecting fragmented landscapes, largely as a consequence of human activities. Over recent decades, ecological theory has made a significant contribution to the development of landscape-scale conservation and practice. However, recommendations accounting for what is practically achievable in the modern-day landscape are currently lacking, while criteria for conservation planning and prioritisation continue to neglect the role of habitat networks at the required spatial scale for the long-term persistence of biodiversity. In this thesis, I test and apply ideas surrounding the complexities of managing and conserving species in a landscape context, using a suite of bird species endemic to papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) swamps in East and Central Africa as a model system. In the face of large-scale habitat loss and degradation, practical measures that account for the fragmented nature of this system, the needs of multiple specialist species, and the reliance on this habitat by local people, are urgently required. I first review the concepts originating from reserve design theory to provide a decision-making framework for those involved in landscape-scale conservation amid 21st century challenges to biodiversity, highlighting the key principles to be considered for informed choices to be made. Second, I show that the needs of local people can be compatible with conservation planning in the tropics, and may play an important part in maintaining habitat quality for species residing in historically disturbed landscapes. Third, I develop a novel framework to make an explicit link between metapopulation dynamics and conservation planning. Despite differences in the patch-level dynamics of individual species, areas of habitat where populations of multiple species are resistant to extinction, and resilient because of high chances of (re)colonization can be identified, highlighting where resources could be invested to ensure species have the capacity to respond to future change. Finally, I simulate the metapopulation dynamics of the papyrus-endemic birds to demonstrate that the optimal conservation strategy for the long-term persistence of all species residing in a network depends on the characteristics of individual species, and the total area that can be protected. Overall, this thesis develops and tests the ecological theory used in spatial conservation planning, emphasising the importance of habitat disturbance and interspecific ecological differences for the effective management of habitat networks. The results increase the evidence base for the conservation of wetland birds in Africa, as well as for species residing in fragmented landscapes more generally.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:32:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberta Fernandes dos Santos.pdf: 1292165 bytes, checksum: 116543288fc86516f2b3b63656609565 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-20 / The Missions of Maynas in Amazônia had been established by the Jesuits in 1638 with the intention of serving to the colonial interests of the Spanish monarchy wich needed to tame territories, to accomplish the occupation of the tamed areas and to prepare the indians for its integration in the colonial system. However, we cannot omit the fact that the performance of the priests in the region not always followed the objectives of the European economic politics, another concern of the missionaries was with the saint Jesuitical mission of conversion of the indians in the New World. The permanence of the Jesuits in the region extended up to 1768 and counted on the establishment of 152 villages, detaches in this work, the reductions established in the river Ucayali that had been under incumbency of the priest Enrique Rickter of 1685 up to 1695 when the Indians rebellion culminated with the murder of the priest. From bibliographical and documental inquiry we intend to analyze the performance of P. Rickter understanding that the contact, the foundation of the villages and their permanence with the Indians of the Ucayali resulted of a negotiation process in which the conditions for the establishment of friendship were imposed by both parts. The unhappiness of the Indian groups demonstrates that in this relation their conditions had not been fulfilled, fact that generated the reasons of the 1695 rebellion and marked the imposition of the indians wishes in cutting the bonds of friendship with the Spanish conquerors / As Missões de Maynas na Amazônia foram fundadas pelos jesuítas em 1638 com o propósito de servir aos interesses coloniais da monarquia espanhola que precisava desbravar territórios, efetivar a ocupação das áreas desbravadas e preparar os indígenas para sua integração no sistema colonial. Entretanto, não podemos omitir o fato de que a atuação dos padres na região nem sempre seguiu à risca os objetivos da política mercantilista européia, uma outra preocupação dos missionários era com a santa missão jesuítica de conversão dos gentios no Novo Mundo. A permanência dos inacianos na região se estendeu até 1768 e contou com o estabelecimento de 152 povoados, destacamos neste trabalho as reduções fundadas no rio Ucayali que ficaram sob encargo do padre Enrique Rickter de 1685 até 1695 quando se deu a rebelião indígena que culminou com o assassinato do padre. A partir da investigação documental e bibliográfica pretendemos analisar a atuação do padre Rickter entendendo que o contato, a fundação dos povoados e a permanência dele entre os índios do Ucayali resultavam de um processo de negociação em que as condições para o estabelecimento de relações de amizade eram impostas por ambas as partes. A insatisfação dos grupos indígenas demonstra que nessa relação suas condições não foram cumpridas, fato que gerou os motivos da rebelião de 1695 e marcou a imposição da vontade dos índios em cortar os vínculos de amizade com os conquistadores espanhóis

Les cours d’eau sont des vecteurs de dispersion efficaces pour les espèces végétales colonisant les berges, y compris pour celles qui ne sont pas a priori adaptées à ce mode de dispersion. Dans le cas d’espèces invasives, l’étude des traits de dispersion et de colonisation, et leur variabilité, permet la compréhension du potentiel de propagation d’une espèce dans son aire d’invasion et du potentiel d’adaptation à de nouveaux environnements. Le complexe invasif Fallopia est un taxon génotypiquement diverse qui colonise les berges. Son succès reposerait en partie sur la dispersion des propagules végétatives et sexuées. L'objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier les stratégies de dispersion par les cours d’eau, de ce taxon terrestre. Ce travail a permis de quantifier le potentiel de dispersion et de colonisation de Fallopia par l’étude de la flottaison et la viabilité en fonction de la durée d’immersion des propagules. Ce travail a montré que les rhizomes ne flottent pas contrairement aux tiges et aux akènes. La durée de flottaison est liée aux traits morphologiques. La germination des akènes dans l’eau peut allonger cette durée de flottaison. La durée d’immersion ne réduit la viabilité des propagules qu’à partir de 3 semaines. La variabilité observée des traits a permis d’identifier différentes stratégies de propagation du taxon en milieu aquatique. La régénération dans l’eau des tiges et akènes permet leur installation rapide sur le site du dépôt tandis que les rhizomes régénèrent qu’une fois sur le site de dépôt si les conditions sont favorables. Bien que la variation des traits des propagules soit continue entre les taches, il est possible d’identifier, en particulier sur les akènes, des individus ayant des aptitudes à la dispersion sur des longues distances, pouvant participer à la progression du front d’invasion du taxon. Ces résultats montrent que les capacités de dispersion et colonisation des propagules peuvent participer au succès de propagation du taxon par les cours d'eau / Watercourses are efficient dispersal vectors for plant species colonising riverbanks, including those that are not primarily adapted to this dispersal mode. In the case of invasive species, the study of plant traits participating to dispersal and colonization, and their variability, is important to understand the spread potential of one species in the invasive area, as well as its adaptive potential to new environments. The invasive complex Fallopia displays a high genotypic diversity and highly colonises riverbanks. Dispersal of sexual and vegetative propagules could explain their colonization success. The aim of this work is to study the dispersal strategies by watercourses displayed by this terrestrial taxon.This work has quantified the dispersal and colonization potential of Fallopia propagules through the study of their floatation ability and their viability after water exposure. This work demonstrated that rhizomes do not float unlike stem fragments and achenes. Floatability is related to morphological traits. Achene germination in water may increase the floatation time. Il was also demonstrated that viability was only reduced after 3 weeks of water exposure. The variability observed for the traits allows to identify different spread strategies in this taxon. Stem and achene regeneration in water enables a rapid installation in the riverbanks, while rhizomes regenerate after deposition in the riverbank, if environmental conditions are favourable to the development and the survival of the plant. Even if variability of propagule traits is continuous, it is possible to identify, in particular for achenes, individuals that have the capacity to disperse over long distances, and that could participate to the progression of the invasive front of the taxon. These results demonstrated that dispersal and colonization abilities of Fallopia propagules might participate to the spread potential of the species through watercourses

Introdução: Staphylococcus aureus é um patógeno que frequentemente coloniza pacientes cirróticos e transplantados de fígado. A colonização por S. aureus aumenta o risco de infecções invasivas por MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) o que aumenta a duração da hospitalização, os custos, a morbidade e a mortalidade. Com isso, é de grande importância o desenvolvimento de estratégias para identificação rápida, prevenção e controle de MRSA nesta população de pacientes. Objetivos: detectar MRSA em pacientes hepatopatas e descrever as características fenotípicas e moleculares de isolados MRSA neste grupo de pacientes. Metodologia: swabs nasais e inguinais foram coletados de 126 pacientes pré-transplante e 64 pacientes transplantados de fígado. Os swabs foram destinados para cultura microbiológica e também para extração direta de DNA. Foi determinada a Concentração Inibitória Mínima de 10 antimicrobianos de todos os isolados MRSA os quais também foram submetidos à caracterização de SCCmec, PFGE e spa typing. Amostras de DNA também foram submetidas à PCR 16S, MPCR coA/mecA e caracterização de SCCmec. Resultados: de acordo com a cultura microbiológica 12% dos swabs cultivados apresentaram crescimento de MRSA, resultando em 44 isolados MRSA. Todos os isolados foram resistentes à oxacilina, penicilina e sensíveis à vancomicina; todos amplificaram os genes coA e mecA; SCCmec tipo II e spa t002 predominaram nos dois grupos de estudo; além disso houve um cluster entre os isolados, o qual foi relacionado ao clone New York/Japan. O Clone Endêmico Brasileiro (BEC) foi relacionado somente à 4 isolados póstransplante. 98% das amostras de DNA amplificaram o gene 16S; a M-PCR identificou a presença de MRSA em 71% amostras de DNA e 61% das amostras tiveram a caracterização de SCCmec. O SCCmec tipo II predominou nos dois grupos de estudo. Conclusão: uma alta proporção de pacientes hepatopatas está colonizada com MRSA. Pacientes transplantados de fígado foram mais colonizados que pacientes cirróticos pela cultura microbiológica. A M-PCR coA/mecA diretamente de swabs foi mais sensível que a cultura microbiológica para identificar MRSA. Além disso, o PFGE demonstrou ter maior poder discriminatório que spa typing e não houve uma boa concordância entre os padrões de PFGE e spa types. Este estudo também demonstrou que está havendo uma mudança de clones MRSA em nosso hospital, devido à substituição do clone BEC pelo clone NY/Japan na última década / Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that frequently colonizes cirrhotic and also liver transplanted patients. The S. aureus colonization increases the risk of invasive infections by MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) that increases the duration of hospitalization, costs, morbidity and mortality. Thus, it is of great importance to develop strategies for early identification, prevention and control of MRSA in this population of patients. Objectives: to detect MRSA in patients with liver diseases, in addition to observe the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of MRSA isolates in this group of patients. Methods: nasal and groin swabs were collected from 126 patients pre-transplant and 64 liver transplanted patients. The swabs were designed to microbiological culture and also to direct extraction of DNA. Determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 10 antimicrobials of all MRSA isolates which were also submitted to M-PCR of coA/mecA, characterization of SCCmec, PFGE and spa typing. DNA samples were also submitted to PCR of 16S, M-PCR of coA/mecA and characterization of SCCmec. Results: according to microbiological culture, 12% of swabs showed growth of MRSA, resulting in 44 MRSA isolates. All isolates were resistant to oxacillin, penicillin and vancomycin susceptible; all amplified the coA and mecA genes; SCCmec type II and spa t002 predominated in both groups; in addition there was a cluster among isolates, which was related to clone New York / Japan. Furthermore Brazilian Endemic Clone (BEC) was also related to 4 post transplantation isolates. 98% of DNA samples amplified 16S gene; M-PCR identified the presence of MRSA in 71% of DNA samples and 61% of the samples had the characterization of SCCmec. SCCmec type II was predominant in the two study groups. Conclusion: a high proportion of patients with liver disease are colonized with MRSA. Liver transplant patients are more colonized that cirrhotic patients by culture method. M-PCR CoA / mecA directly from swabs was more sensitive than microbiological culture to identify MRSA. Moreover, the PFGE shown to have a higher discriminatory power than spa typing and there was no good concordance between PFGE patterns and spa types. This study also demonstrated that there is a change of MRSA clones in our hospital, due to the replacement of the clone BEC by NY/Japan clone in the last decade

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-08-06T15:45:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DISSERTACAO DE MESTRADO TELMA SOUSA.pdf: 2411234 bytes, checksum: 4b7671237d9a10f6795b86433fc36a82 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-06T15:45:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DISSERTACAO DE MESTRADO TELMA SOUSA.pdf: 2411234 bytes, checksum: 4b7671237d9a10f6795b86433fc36a82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / To estimate the prevalence, to asses risk factors for Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization and to describe phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of isolated strains from pregnant women in Goiânia, Goiás. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 198 pregnant women, at least at the 32o weeks´ gestation, attending a reference health unit, from March to June 2009. Socio, demographic and obstetric profiles were investigated using a standard questionnaire. Samples of vaginal and rectal secretion were collected and placed into selective enrichment broth Todd-Hewitt. Tests for GBS identification (gram, catalase and CAMP) followed by susceptibility test using antibiotic disk diffusion technique were performed. Genetic diversity was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Descriptive and analytic statistical tests were applied (Epi Info e SPSS 13.0). Analyses were performed at the Instituto de Patologia Tropical Saúde Pública/UFG. Results: Thirty pregnant women were colonized by GBS yielding a prevalence of 15.2% (IC95% 10.5 ?? 20.9). Pregnant women younger than 20 years and with low income had higher risk of GBS colonization, in univariate analysis (p<0.05). GBS was isolated from 28 vaginal and 14 rectal specimens. Twelve pregnant were vaginal and rectal colonized. All 42 strains were susceptible to penicillin, vancomycin, ceftriaxone and levofloxacin. Three strains (7.1%) were resistant to erythromycin and two (4.7%) to clindamycin. 19 pulsotypes and four clusters were identified. Nine out 12 pars of positive strains (vaginal and rectal) were genetically identical, two were stricted related and one par was colonized by different strains. The same genetic profile was observed in more than one pregnant. Conclusions: Socioeconomic and obstetrics variables had low predictive value for GBE colonization among pregnant women, reinforcing the need for universal microbiology screening strategy in this population, in order to prevent neonatal sepsis. A high genetic diversity of GBS was found among pregnant women in Goiania. / Estimar a prevalência, identificar fatores associados à colonização pelo Streptococcus do grupo B (EGB), descrever o perfil fenotípico e genotípico das cepas isoladas em gestantes, em Goiânia, Goiás. Metodologia: Estudo transversal envolvendo 198 gestantes a partir da 32ª semana, atendidas entre março e junho de 2009, em um serviço de referência materno-infantil, em Goiás. Características sócio-demográficas e obstétricas foram investigadas utilizando um questionário padronizado. Foram coletadas amostras de sítio vaginal e anal e inoculadas no meio seletivo caldo Todd-Hewitt, posteriormente, foram realizados teste de identificação do agente (gram, catalase, CAMP) e de suscetibilidade pela técnica de disco difusão. A diversidade genética foi avaliada por eletroforese em gel em campo pulsado (PFGE). As análises foram realizadas no Instituto de Patologia Tropical Saúde Pública /UFG. Foram utilizados testes de estatística descrita e analítica (Epi Info e SPSS 13.0). Resultados: Trinta gestantes estavam colonizadas pelo EGB resultando a prevalência de 15,2% (IC95% 10,5 ?? 20,9). Em análise univariada, baixa renda e idade ? 19 anos foram associadas à presença de EGB (p<0,05). O EGB foi isolado em 28 amostras de secreção vaginal e em 14 anal. Doze gestantes apresentavam colonização vaginal e anal. Todos os 42 isolados eram sensíveis à penicilina, vancomicina, ceftriaxona e levofloxacina. Três (7,1%) apresentaram resistência à eritromicina e dois (4,7%) à clindamicina. Foram identificados 19 pulsotipos e quatro clusters. Nove entre 12 pares de cepas positivas (anal e vaginal) eram geneticamente idênticas, dois eram estritamente relacionadas e um par apresentou cepas diferentes. O mesmo perfil genético foi observado em pacientes diferentes. Conclusões: Fatores de risco sócio-demográficos e obstétricos apresentaram baixo poder preditivo para colonização, pelo EGB, reforçando a estratégia rastreamento universal por cultura de secreção anorretal das gestantes no terceiro trimestre. Uma grande variabilidade genética entre as cepas de EGB foi evidenciada nas gestantes colonizadas, em Goiânia.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-08-23T13:05:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Clovis Donizeth Garcia Riesco.pdf: 3294066 bytes, checksum: 31f152064ebb30dbce4f1ea63743a02b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T13:05:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clovis Donizeth Garcia Riesco.pdf: 3294066 bytes, checksum: 31f152064ebb30dbce4f1ea63743a02b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-05 / The Combined Agro-urban of Arraias-Goiás, agrarian reform project, and colonization were implanted in Arraias city, currently in Tocantins state, in the 1962-1964 period, by those days governor Mauro Borges Teixeira, that was an innovative proposal which intended to conciliate city life and country life. It was inspired in Israel rural co-operative societies: Kibutz, Moshav Shitufi and Moshav the analytical method of Goiás Economic Development Plan and by Mauro Borges Teixeira autobiography works and related works to the project that was possible to find out the causes that led to the unsuccessfulness: the distance from consumer markets, the economic barriers for implementation of the Combined Agro-urban of Arraias-Goiás Project, the social problems in the Combined Agro-urban of Arraias-Goiás, the capitalist expansion in the countryside, the landowner´s power and the technological breakthroughs in agriculture. This study demonstrates that on that period the capitalist expansion in the countryside was inherent to new technologies applied in agriculture and it was one of the determinant factors for the entrepreneurial failure, which was based on cooperative experiences and Israeli socialists. / O Combinado Agro-Urbano de Arraias-Goiás, projeto de reforma agrária e colonização, implantado na cidade de Arraias, atualmente município do Tocantins, no período de 1962 1964, pelo então governador Mauro Borges Teixeira, era uma proposta inovadora que procurou conciliar cidade e campo. Foi inspirado nas sociedades cooperativas rurais de Israel: Kibutz, Moshav Shitufi e Moshav Ovdim. Contudo, não foi bem-sucedido, sendo totalmente desativado em 1985. Por meio de uma análise do Plano de Desenvolvimento Econômico de Goiás e das obras autobiográficas de Mauro Borges Teixeira e de obras relacionadas ao Projeto foi possível constatar os motivos que levaram ao insucesso: a distância dos mercados consumidores, os entraves econômicos para a implementação do projeto Combinado Agro-Urbano de Arraias-Goiás, a questão social no combinado Agro-Urbano de Arraias Goiás, a expansão capitalista no campo, o poder dos latifundiários e as transformações tecnológicas na agricultura. Este estudo demonstra que naquele período a expansão do capitalismo no campo estava inerente as novas tecnologias voltadas à agricultura e foi um dos fatores determinantes para o insucesso do empreendimento, que se fundamentava em experiências cooperativistas e socialistas israelenses.

[pt] A partir da imagem da Casa de Portugal (um navio-imitação das caravelas portuguesas cravejado de símbolos de exaltação ao colonialismo) atracada em frente ao Porto Maravilha, durante as Olimpíadas de 2016, a dissertação pretende refletir sobre as formas como a violência colonial é pensada, incorporada e ignorada temporal e espacialmente na sociedade contemporânea brasileira. Para isso, a pesquisa parte desta imagem específica para uma análise mais ampla do projeto Porto Maravilha, com atenção a alguns dos espaços erguidos e/ou reformados por ocasião dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, e circuitos a pé feitos na região. Trabalha-se com a contraposição de uma concepção disciplinadora do espaço (Porto Maravilha) e a ideia de espaço-palimpsesto, representado pela própria zona portuária e que se caracteriza como um espaço em que se sobrepõem diferentes camadas de tempo, de modo a afirmar coexistências, encontros, conexões. A hipótese a ser investigada é a de que a condição de possibilidade para pensar um futuro de progresso, no âmbito do Porto Maravilha, seria a noção de uma reconciliação do Rio com seu passado violento e, portanto, o restabelecimento de uma suposta harmonia que é vista como própria à cidade e aos brasileiros em geral. Tal narrativa, por sua vez, envolve diretamente a noção de que o que funda o Brasil é o encontro colonial harmônico entre diferentes raças e culturas. / [en] Through the image of House of Portugal (a copy of Portuguese sailing ships used during colonial navigations) anchored in front of Porto Maravilha, during 2016 Olympic Games, this thesis intends to reflect upon the ways colonial violence is thought of, embraced and ignored temporally and spatially by Brazilian contemporary society. For such, this research departs from this specific image to a broader analysis of Porto Maravilha project, focusing on spaces built and/or renewed for the Olympics and walking tours taken around the port zone. The thesis works with the contrast of a disciplinary conception of space (Porto Maravilha) and the idea of space-palimpsest, represented by the port zone itself and where different histories overlap, find points of connection and continuities and also break into each other. The hypothesis to be investigated is that the condition of possibility to think about a future of progress, in the context of Porto Maravilha, would be the notion of reconciliation between Rio de Janeiro and its violent past, and therefore the reestablishment of a supposed harmony seen as proper to the city and to Brazilians in general. Such narrative, in turn, directly entails the notion that what founds Brazil is a harmonic colonial encounter between different races and cultures.

O objetivo do nosso esforço analítico neste trabalho de pesquisa incide na compreensão do processo de transformação de uma fração do território, iniciando pela análise do território original indígena até chegar ao desvendamento das novas territorialidades camponesas resultantes as da atuação do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra - MST. É esta questão que norteia a presente pesquisa, cujo recorte geográfico é o Noroeste do Paraná, uma fração desse Estado que teve um rápido processo de transformação territorial num curto espaço de tempo. Para compreendermos esta metamorfose partimos do pressuposto de que a lógica da construção do território é uma unidade dialética em que simultaneamente ocorrem a construção, a destruição, a manutenção e, evidentemente, a transformação. Nesse contexto, procuramos desvendar tal processo através da identificação de três momentos históricos: o do território original indígena, o do advento da formação da propriedade privada, com o desenvolvimento da colonização, e por fim, o da construção das novas territorialidades camponesas, objeto da tese. Sendo assim, a análise das evidências para compreendermos o processo de transformação do território está desenvolvida da maneira a seguir descrita. Após a introdução, no primeiro capítulo, expomos os caminhos de construção da investigação, identificando o recorte geográfico em que ela ocorre e apresentando a reflexão teóricometodológica e os conceitos que sustentam esta pesquisa. No segundo capítulo, somando-nos às pesquisas dos estudiosos que tratam da questão indígena no Norte do Paraná, procuramos, da mesma maneira contribuir para a desmistificação do discurso hegemônico do \"vazio demográfico\" implantado nesta região no período em que estava sendo colonizada e mostrar que a região estudada, até um passado recente que coincide com o período da colonização, tinha como seus primeiros habitantes a população autóctone, sendo, portanto, território original dos povos indígenas. No terceiro capítulo, procuramos compreender, utilizando entrevistas com fontes orais, o desenvolvimento do processo de colonização que se inicia nos primórdios da década de 1950. Paralelamente à colonização, destacamos, igualmente os acontecimentos que envolvem os conflitos pela posse da terra na região. Por fim, no quarto capítulo o trabalho demonstra que após a fase de ocupação efetuada através da colonização, a partir de meados da década de 1980, ocorre uma nova forma de ocupação do território, desenvolvida pelo MST, a qual vai influenciar diretamente a construção das novas territorialidades camponesas, através das desapropriações dos grandes latifúndios improdutivos e imissão de posse aos camponeses. / The aim of the analytical effort, in this study, focus on the understanding of the transformation process happening in a determined territory fraction. It started with the investigation of the original indian territory up to revealing the new peasants` territorialities, which resulted from the acting of the Landless Workers Movement (LWM), known in Brazil as MST Movement. That issue directs the present study, whose geographical focus is a fraction of the state - Northeast of Paraná, which in a short period of time has undergone a fast transformation process. In order to understand such a metamorphosis, it was presumed that, the logic of territory construction is a dialectic unit, in which the construction, as well as the destruction, maintenance and transformation occur simultaneously. In such a context, the transformation process was submitted to an investigation, by identifying three historical movements: the original indian territory, the advent of forming private properties, happening with the colonization development, and finally, the construction of new peasants` territorialities in fact the main aim of the present study. Thus, further, the development of the evidence analysis is described, in order to promote the comprehension concerning the process of territory transformation. After introducing the theme, the first chapter focus on the ways used to construct the investigation, thus identifying the geographical area in which it occurs, and presenting the theoretical-methodological reflection, as well as the concepts on which the present study is based. In the second chapter, joining our study to other studies dealing with Indian issues focusing the North of Parana State, there was an attempt to contribute to demystify the hegemonic discourse of \'demographic emptiness\' implanted in that region during the colonization period. The aim was to show that till a recent past, which coincides with the colonization period, the region under investigation had the autochthon population as its first inhabitants, therefore, being a territory originally from indian people. In the third chapter, oral interviews used to understand the development of the colonization process, which started in the 50´s are explored. Simultaneously to the colonization, happenings involving conflicts for possessing the land are pointed out. Finally, in the fourth chapter it is demonstrated that, after the occupation phase through the colonization, a new form of territory occupation happened in the 80´s. Such occupation was developed by the movement of landless people, which has been influencing directly the construction of new peasants` territorialities, through the dispossession or expropriation of some large land areas, considered as non- productive latifundiuns, thus resulting in emitting legal documents of property favoring the peasants.

Le droit du patrimoine culturel congolais est un droit récent en raison du jeune âge de ses outils juridiques. En effet, ce droit s’est largement inspiré du système français à travers l’application, au Congo, de la législation française avant l’indépendance. Instituée dans un contexte historique particulier, la conception congolaise du patrimoine est une émanation des administrateurs coloniaux et missionnaires français. Cette conception est essentiellement basée sur l’adoption des valeurs culturelles françaises car la France en tant que métropole a institué l’application de sa législation dans les colonies. Cependant, cette application n’a pas été suivie d’effet au Congo en raison de l’absence du patrimoine au sens occidental. Avec l’indépendance en 1960, la nouvelle élite congolaise, issue des écoles françaises, a opté pour un mimétisme juridique et institutionnel. Les premiers textes à illustrer ce mimétisme ont été la loi 32/65 du 12 août 1965 donnant à l’Etat la possibilité de créer des organismes tendant au développement de la culture et des arts et le décret 68-45 du 19 février 1968 fixant les modalités d’application de la loi 32/65 du 12 août 1965. Ce mimétisme a révélé des lacunes en raison de la non prise en compte des réalités socio-culturelles congolaises. Dès lors, on a assisté, à la fin des années 1970, à une tentative d’élargissement de la conception du patrimoine avec la prise en compte de la conception traditionnelle à travers notamment l’affirmation de l’identité culturelle congolais. De nos jours, le Congo marque un grand intérêt à la protection du patrimoine par les politiques de développement culturel et par l’adoption deux textes majeurs : la loi n°8-2010 du 26 juillet 2010 portant protection du patrimoine national culturel et naturel et la loi de n°9-2010 du 26 juillet 2010 portant orientation de la politique culturelle au Congo. Une démarche supplémentaire qui illustre la marche vers la protection du patrimoine culturel bien que celle-ci soit encore embryonnaire et présente beaucoup d’insuffisances. Cependant, il convient de noter que la protection du patrimoine culturel connaît beaucoup de difficultés, lesquelles sont liées aux ressources humaines aux ressources financières. C’est pourquoi ce travail propose des mesures et initiatives en faveur d’une protection et d’une gestion efficaces du patrimoine culturel au Congo. / Congolese cultural heritage law is recent due to the young age of legal tools. In fact, this law that is inspired by French law because of cultural assimilation from French colonization. Instituted in a particular historical context, current conception of cultural heritage in Congo has been an emanation of colonial administrators and missionaries. This conception is essentially based in French cultural values. As a metropolis, France instituted the application of its laws in the colonies. An application not followed of actions because of the lack of heritage in the western understanding in Congo. When Congo got its independency in 1960, new Congolese elite graduated in French schools opted for a legal and institutional imitation to rule the State but also to protect cultural heritage. Consequently, first laws that illustrate this imitation are the Law 32/65 of August 12th 1968 providing the state with the possibility to create organs to develop culture and arts and the Decree 68-45 of February 19th 1968 fixing the operation procedures of the Law32/65 of August 12th 1968. This imitation revealed gaps because Congolese social and cultural conditions have not been taken into account. Therefore at the end of the 1970’s, there has been an attempt to come back to the traditional conception of cultural heritage, with for example the affirmation of Congolese cultural heritage. Congo still emphasizes this interest for the protection of cultural heritage by cultural development policies and adoption of two laws: the Law N°8-2010 of July 26th 2010 on the protection of national cultural and natural heritage and the Law N°09-2010 of July 26th 2010on the orientation of cultural policy in Congo. This is an additional walk towards the protection of cultural heritage, although this is still embryonic and very insufficient. However, it must be stressed that protection of cultural heritage encounters many difficulties linked to human and financial resources. This is why this work proposes some measures and initiatives in favor of an effective protection and management of Congolese cultural heritage.

Ant colony optimization (ACO) is an algorithm which simulates ant foraging behavior. When ants search for food they leave pheromone trails to tell other ants which paths to take to find food. ACO has been adapted to many different problems in computer science: mainly variations on shortest path algorithms for graphs and networks. ACO can be adapted to work as a form of communication between separate agents in a video game AI. By controlling the effectiveness of this communication, the difficulty of the game should be able to be controlled. Experimentation has shown that ACO works effectively as a form of communication between agents and supports that ACO is an effective form of difficulty control. However, further experimentation is needed to definitively show that ACO is effective at controlling difficulty and to show that it will also work in a large scale system.