Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-10T21:42:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolline_Vargas_2018.pdf: 2294153 bytes, checksum: ea56c6e9bf3730687b74f53d29ec9ae9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T21:42:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolline_Vargas_2018.pdf: 2294153 bytes, checksum: ea56c6e9bf3730687b74f53d29ec9ae9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The civil construction sector generates an expressive volume of solid waste, in general, such waste does not always have adequate management, being deposited in improper places, and consequently compromising the quality of the environment. In this sense, it is important to know the local, regional and national reality, for analysis of the management of the Waste of Civil Construction (RCC), checking the positive and negative aspects, allowing to contribute to the formulation of public policies, which to assess these aspects. In this sense, this research is justified, which has as central objectives, to analyze the state of the art of the management of the waste of civil construction in the state of Paraná and in the municipality of Cascavel-PR, in order to contribute with the scientific community to knowledge of the current reality, in addition to identifying the relevant legislation and the management processes, with the future aim of subsidizing actions and strategic planning, which aims at the sustainability of the civil construction sector, with regard to the aspects social, environmental and economic. For the scope of the proposed objectives, descriptive methodology was used, through bibliographical research and data collection, in addition to the mixed method, which consists in the collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data, the results evaluated in a way Integrated. The results showed that within the state of Paraná, 60% of municipalities present specific legislation for the implementation of the Waste Management Plans of Civil Construction (PGRCC), and that 92.6% of the localities still earmarked the RCC to landfills With the rest of the municipal waste, or disposal in improper locations. In the municipality of Cascavel-PR, the surveys in the construction sites pointed out some negative aspects in the management of the RCC, such as the lack of training of the employees responsible for the works, irregular disposal of the RCC, as well as absence of supervision of the competent bodies for further final approval of the PGRCC. The analysis of the results obtained made it possible to conclude the difficulty of obtaining precise data and that in this sense new studies and diagnostics are fundamental to the knowledge of the reality in its entirety, moreover, in the municipality of Cascavel-PR, it is made the improvement of the management tools of the existing RCD. / O setor da construção civil gera um volume expressivo de resíduos sólidos, de modo geral, tais resíduos nem sempre possuem uma gestão adequada, sendo depositados em locais indevidos, e consequentemente comprometendo a qualidade do ambiente. Nesse sentido, é importante o conhecimento da realidade local, regional e nacional, para análise da gestão dos Resíduos da Construção Civil (RCC), verificando os aspectos positivos e negativos, permitindo contribuir para a formulação de políticas públicas, que visem avaliar tais aspectos. Nesse sentido, justifica-se a presente pesquisa, que tem como objetivos centrais, analisar o estado da arte da Gestão dos Resíduos da Construção Civil no Estado do Paraná e no município de Cascavel-PR, a fim de contribuir com a comunidade científica para conhecimento da realidade atual, além de identificar a legislação pertinente e os processos de gestão, com o intuito futuro de subsidiar ações e um planejamento estratégico, que vise à sustentabilidade do setor da construção civil, no que se refere aos aspectos sociais, ambientais e econômicos. Para o alcance dos objetivos propostos utilizou-se a metodologia descritiva, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e coleta de dados, além do método misto, que consiste na coleta e análise de dados qualitativos e quantitativos, sendo os resultados avaliados de forma integrada. Os resultados mostraram que no âmbito do Estado do Paraná, 60% dos municípios apresentam legislação específica à implantação dos Planos de Gerenciamento dos Resíduos da Construção Civil (PGRCC), e que 92,6% das localidades ainda destinam os RCC aos aterros sanitários, juntamente com os demais resíduos urbanos, ou realizam o descarte em locais impróprios. No município de Cascavel-PR, as vistorias nos canteiros de obras apontaram alguns aspectos negativos na gestão dos RCC, como por exemplo, falta de treinamento dos funcionários responsáveis pelas obras, descarte irregular dos RCC, bem como ausência de fiscalização dos órgãos competentes para posterior aprovação final do PGRCC. A análise dos resultados obtidos permitiu concluir a dificuldade de obtenção de dados precisos e que nesse sentido novos estudos e diagnósticos são fundamentais para conhecimento da realidade em sua totalidade, além disso, no município de Cascavel-PR, faz-se necessário o aperfeiçoamento dos instrumentos de gestão dos RCD vigentes.

The construction industry is considered the world over as a major contributor to the high rates of waste generation in developed countries. The negative influence of waste generation on the environment, natural resources, and the profitability of firms puts increasing pressure on the industry to reduce the waste it generates. The pressures to reduce waste are heightened by current trends demanding sustainable management of waste for the purposes of economic, social, and environmental gains. Literature on factors influencing waste management (WM) suggests government legislation is the most critical success factor for ensuring waste is sustainably managed. A review of the literature however indicated that researches holistically investigating the practices of construction firms and the extent to which these practices meet the intended outcomes of government legislation on waste are not present. Thus this research was undertaken to holistically investigate WM practices in the UK construction industry, to identify best practices and the extent to which they meet the intended outcomes of government WM legislation ad policy. The study adopted a multiple case study design to examine WM approaches, strategies and practices at both the corporate and project level within construction companies. Four construction companies who had won awards for their sustainability and environmental performance were purposefully selected to investigate best practice WM. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, passive observations, and documentary analysis. Analysis of the data revealed that the drivers for WM in the construction industry are: economic considerations; company sustainability agenda; company image; client requirements; environmental concerns; government legislation; moral and social demands; industrial benchmarking; environmental concerns; and the requirements of standards. Regarding the influence of legislation, the results revealed that government legislation plays a secondary role in influencing WM as clients are interested in using only compliant firms. Best practices targeting design to reduce waste through standardisation and prefabrication; on-site segregation through multi-skip provision; supply take back schemes; intensified site education; and the use of incentives were identified to lead to improved WM. The results also indicated that company sustainability agenda is the most influential driver for achieving sustainable construction, demolition and excavation (CD&E) WM. The findings highlighted the importance of having a clear vision and structure for WM at the corporate level alongside strategies to be implemented on projects to ensure sustainable WM is achieved. To help construction firms in achieving sustainable WM, which is the ultimate goal of government legislation, a best practice framework has been developed based on the findings from the study and evaluated using semi-structured interviews with selected target participants. The framework presents a coherent and systematic approach for achieving sustainable WM in construction companies by providing a roadmap for instituting measures at both corporate and project levels, taking into account factors that are likely to promote or inhibit the achievement of sustainable WM.

Problem background: During a construction project, the environment is negatively affected due to all construction waste that occurs. Even during the manufacture of building materials, the environment is affected. Construction waste in Sweden is about 31 percent, it is quite high, but they are constantly trying to reduce construction waste and the environmental impact that the construction sector is responsible for. The construction waste that takes place has a direct connection to building materials, which also has a direct connection to the carbon dioxide emission in the production of these building materials. Therefore, in this work we have addressed these three points that focus on the environmental impact that the construction industry has in a construction project. The purpose of the work is to investigate how the construction industry affects the environment. Because it is a complicated industry where a lot happens. For example, there are several different types of transport both from and to the construction site that leads to increased carbon dioxide emissions. To reduce construction waste, you must have the knowledge as to know why construction waste occurs and be able to apply the waste hierarchy during a construction project for reduced environmental impact. The methodology for completing this work was due to various scientific articles and literature studies used, via Mälardalens University's library database. In addition, some interviews were conducted that helped strengthen and complete the work. The interviews provided different views and perspectives and explained in detail how construction waste is handled during a construction project. The survey provided a better insight into how this is done, handled and what solutions are available to reduce the construction sector's environmental impact during a construction project. The end results of the work showed that there are some methods you can use to reduce the environmental impact that the construction industry has today. With these methods, it is not only the environment that has a positive effect but also the construction company because it leads to lower costs and more efficient construction methods. The results also showed that the construction industry is a complicated industry where a lot affects each other and that they always try to reduce their environmental impact by constantly striving for their environmental goals. The Conclusions of the work is that the environment affects the construction industry in different ways. Everyone involved is trying to reduce their influence, but there are some challenges that exists and should be addressed. The work highlights the problem and alternative solutions that the construction industry can use to reduce their environmental impact.

Dagens linjära materialflöde leder till att nyttjandegraden av råvaror är låg, vilket tömmer ut världens resurser och mängden avfall ökar. Samtidigt skapar den ökande världsbefolkningen och världsekonomin ett större tryck på dagens resurser vilket inte är hållbart i längden. Genom att övergå till cirkulär ekonomi betraktas genererat avfall som en resurs, vilket ökar resursutnyttjandet i samhället. Byggbranschen är den verksamhet som genererar mest avfall i Sverige och stor del av den genererade mängden är träavfall. Idag energiutvinns i stort allt trä som kasseras och samtidigt sker ett ökat intresse för användning av materialet. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur och i vilken mängd träavfall från bygg- och rivningsarbete kan materialåtervinnas före energiutvinning.  Denna studie har kartlagt innehållet av tre containrar med träavfall från olika byggskeden; stomme, inredning och rivning. Kartläggningen utfördes med en sorteringsmetod som togs fram med hjälp av litteraturstudie och samtal med företag. De fyra möjliga sorteringsalternativ som togs fram under studien var Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning, Korslimmat trä, Lamellträ och Spånplattor.  Kartläggningen visar att fördelningen av träavfall varierar stort beroende på byggskede. Vid inredning är det mycket lastpallar, träskivor och reglar, detsamma gäller för stomme dock med en färre andel skivmaterial.   Vid maximal utdelning för stomme kan 19 % av träavfallet gå till Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning, Korslimmat trä  2 %,  Lamellträ 35 % och Spånplattor 100 %. Vid rivning fanns endast treetex och råspont vilket endast kan användas till Spånplattor. För inredning kan 12 % av träavfallet gå till Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning, Korslimmat trä 3 %, Lamellträ 10 % och Spånplattor 100 %. För stomme och inredning är resultatet baserat på en accepterad sortering för grånat och smutsigt virke för de två förstnämnda alternativen. Slutsatsen blir att allt träavfall kan användas till bättre alternativ än energiutvinning. Tills problemen med Korslimmat trä och Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning har lösts bör sortering ske utefter Lamellträ och Spånplattor. / Today's linear material flows leads to a low utilization of raw materials, which depletes the world's resources and the amount of waste increases. At the same time, the growing world population and world economy are creating more pressure on today's resources which is not sustainable in the long run. By converting to a circular economy, generated waste is regarded as a resource, which increases the utilization of resources in society. When it comes to generated waste, the construction industry is the biggest sector in Sweden and wood waste is a large part of the generated amount. Almost all wood waste today is combusted for energy recovery, and at the same time, there is an increased interest in using the material. The purpose of the study is to find out how, and in what amount, wood waste from construction and demolition work can be recycled before energy recovery.  This study has made a survey of the contents of three containers with wood waste from different construction stages; frame, fixing and demolition. The survey was carried out using a sorting method that was developed by studying literature and speaking with companies. The four possible sorting options that were found during the study were Finger jointed / Reuse, Cross-laminated timber, Laminated wood and Particleboard.  The survey shows that the distribution of wood waste varies greatly depending on the stage of construction. In the fixing stage, there are a lot of pallets, wooden boards and studs. The same goes for the frame stage, however, with a smaller proportion of board material. The maximum percentages for each of the sorting options for the frame stage are        19 % to Finger jointed / Reuse, Cross-laminated timber 2 %, Laminated wood 35 % and Particleboard 100 %. During demolition, there were only treetex and tongued and grooved board that can only be used for Particleboard. For the fixing stage, 12 % of the wood waste can go to Finger jointed / Reuse, Cross-laminated timber 3 %, Laminated wood 10 % and Particleboard 100 %. For the frame and fixing stage the results are based on an accepted sorting of gray and dirty wood for the two first mentioned sorting options.  The conclusion is that all wood waste can be used for better alternatives than energy recovery. Until problems with Cross-laminated timber and Finger jointed / Reuse have been solved, sorting should be based on Laminated wood and Particleboard.

The construction and demolition (C&D) waste produced by the Canadian construction industry accounts for 27% of the total municipal solid waste disposed in landfills. However, more than 75% of C&D waste has residual value and, consequently, could be salvaged, recycled, and/or reused. The need for comprehensive and integrated waste management mechanisms, technologies, rating systems, and policies is widely recognized. A waste management hierarchy tool exists for reducing and managing waste that follows this order: preventing, minimizing, reusing, recycling, energy recovering, and finally, disposing of the waste. It appears that the highest level attained by the concrete industry in Canada is recycling (e.g., crushing concrete and using it as base aggregate). This study aims to explore the opportunities and barriers to advance to the next level in the waste management hierarchy by reclaiming concrete from decommissioned structures for reuse with minimal reprocessing. A survey was distributed to members of the Canadian concrete industry to answer two main sets of questions: 1) to what degree, if any, is the Canadian construction industry currently reclaiming waste concrete by recycling and/or reusing it? and 2) what is the perception of industry professionals on concrete reuse? What are the perceived benefits and challenges of such a practice? A total of 125 participants responded to the survey. Although the environmental advantages of concrete reuse were clear to all, views on the financial benefits were mixed. Many participants highlighted that a successful approach to concrete reuse should involve all parties and stakeholders. Overall, there is positive interest in the concept of concrete reuse; however, there is apparent uncertainty on how to approach it and, thus, there is a need for practical guidance to address various technical, logistical, and liability concerns in a comprehensive and holistic manner. Two cases studies – one for a bridge and one for a building – were developed to address some of the technical challenges associated with reusing concrete in structural applications. The case studies were based on local existing structures that were hypothetically disassembled then repurposed in conceptual redesigns. The design of connections to effectively recouple the deconstructed structural components was a focal, and challenging, aspect of the case studies; in support of shifting towards a circular economy, the connection designs were engineered to be reversible to facilitate future adaptation and/or further dismantlement. It is important to highlight that a desirable reuse project starts in the initial design phase, where the ultimate disassembly and repurposing of the structure is considered from the start (i.e., cradle to cradle design). However, since this is presently not mainstream practice, these case studies focus on the more complex task of deconstructing existing structures that were not designed with the intention of reuse. Although several challenges were encountered, this approach is an essential first step in the present framework to move the discussion forward in the context of reuse of structural concrete members.

Global use of natural resources has accelerated during the past decade and emissions and waste have increased as a consequence. The construction sector is a major contributor to global carbon emissions and is responsible for as much as one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions. The negative impact that industries across the world are having on the environment is getting recognized as a serious problem and the environmental awareness is growing. A significant amount of this impact could be reduced with increased resource efficiency. Our economic system needs to undergo an unprecedented transformation, to stop environmental degradation but also to assure sustainable access to natural resources in the future. To tackle this issue, institutions are pressuring to move away from our current linear economy with its “take-make-dispose” characteristics and move towards a circular economy that is waste-free by design. The concept of Industrial Symbiosis is seen as a means to do that. In these industrial networks that resemble biological symbioses, waste or by-products of one company become a resource for another. By engaging traditionally separate industries in a collective approach involving physical exchange of materials, energy and by-products, it is possible to divert waste from landfill and reduce the negative impact on the environment. From a company perspective, Industrial Symbiosis can reduce the need for raw materials as well as waste disposal costs while allowing companies to create new revenue from residue and by products. The aim of this report was to investigate the perspectives that stakeholders have on a potential participation in an Industrial Symbiosis network and the complex interplay of drivers, facilitators and barriers to the implementation, as well as how the responsibilities among the stakeholders could be divided in order to implement this concept in the most effective way. This was done by interviewing key stakeholders within the construction industry to get an overall perspective on their views. The results indicated a generally positive outlook on the concept of Industrial Symbiosis among the stakeholders. Key drivers and barriers were identified as economic – companies are only willing to invest if it is profitable, regulatory – regulations are an important enabling factor as they create the right incentives for companies to participate, organizational – A transformation of the business model is necessary in order to implement circular economy and technological – Technological developments and innovations will aid the implementation as it can increase efficiency and transparency among the network participants. A tentative model has been generated where the responsibility distribution among the stakeholders have been mapped in order to give a greater understanding of the dynamics of a potential network. / Den globala användningen av naturresurser har ökat under det senaste decenniet och utsläpp och avfall har vuxit som en följd. Byggsektorn är en stor bidragande faktor till globala koldioxidutsläpp och ansvarar för så mycket som en tredjedel av de globala utsläppen av växthusgaser. Den negativa påverkan som industrier över hela världen har på miljön erkänns som ett allvarligt problem samtidigt som miljömedvetenheten växer. En betydande mängd av denna påverkan kan minskas med ökad resurseffektivitet. Vårt ekonomiska system måste genomgå en enastående omvandling, för att stoppa miljöförstöring men också för att säkerställa hållbar tillgång till naturresurser i framtiden. För att ta itu med denna fråga pressar institutionerna att flytta sig bort från vår nuvarande linjära ekonomi och gå mot en cirkulär ekonomi som är avfallsfri genom design. Begreppet Industriell Symbios ses som ett sätt att göra det. I dessa industriella nätverk som liknar biologiska symboler blir avfall eller biprodukter från ett företag en resurs för ett annat. Genom att engagera traditionellt separata industrier i en kollektiv strategi som involverar fysiskt utbyte av material, energi och biprodukter, är det möjligt att avleda avfall från deponering och minska den negativa miljöpåverkan. Ur ett företagsperspektiv kan Industriell Symbios minska behovet av råmaterial samt avfallskostnader samtidigt som företag kan skapa nya intäkter från rester och av produkter. Syftet var att undersöka de synpunkter som intressenter har på ett potentiellt deltagande i ett Industriellt Symbios-nätverk och det komplexa samspelet mellan aktörer för genomförandet, samt hur ansvaret mellan aktörerna ska delas upp för att implementera detta koncept på det mest effektiva sättet. Detta gjordes genom att intervjua viktiga aktörer inom byggbranschen för att få ett övergripande perspektiv på deras åsikter. Resultaten indikerade en generellt positiv syn på konceptet industriell symbios bland intressenterna. Viktiga drivkrafter och hinder identifierades som ekonomiska - företag är bara villiga att investera om det är lönsamt, regelverk - förordningar är en viktig möjliggörande faktor eftersom de skapar rätt incitament för företag att delta, organisatoriska - En omvandling av affärsmodellen är nödvändig i för att genomföra cirkulär ekonomi och teknik - Teknologisk utveckling och innovationer hjälper implementeringen eftersom det kan öka effektiviteten och öppenheten bland nätverksdeltagarna. En modell har genererats där ansvarsfördelningen bland intressenterna har kartlagts för att ge en större förståelse för dynamiken i ett potentiellt nätverk.

Introduction: In many construction projects, significant amounts of construction waste are generated, requiring efficient management. Construction waste is an important aspect of the construction industry, and it is common for Swedish projects to strive for what is known as material recycling. This means attempting to recycle materials to reuse them instead of buying new ones. Managing construction waste with a circular mindset involves considering waste as a resource and aiming to maximize reuse and material recycling. An important aspect of implementing a circular approach is to carefully plan and execute effective sorting of construction waste on the construction site. The aim of this report is to highlight the importance of managing construction waste using a circular mindset, which can, in turn, contribute to a more sustainable society in the future.  Method: The study has been conducted using a qualitative methodology and has primarily relied on semi-structured interviews and literature reviews from various databases. To achieve the desired results, different stakeholders within the construction industry, who possess knowledge on the subject of circular management of construction waste, were invited to participate in the interviews. The interviews served as primary data in this study, as it is based on the experiences and perspectives of the participants. The literature review was used as secondary data to examine similarities with previous studies. Results and analysis: According to the results, it was revealed that actors within the construction industry share an overarching perspective on the circular management of construction waste. For most, this entails striving to reuse and recycle materials to the greatest extent possible. The findings also demonstrated positive effects of circular management of construction waste, such as reduced carbon dioxide emissions and potential future economic profitability. Furthermore, it was also evident that there are challenges, such as a lack of knowledge in the field and difficulties with collaboration. Discussion: The study has confirmed the problem formulation by interviewing entrepreneurs within the industry. The study's achieved results consist of several proposals to promote circular construction waste. By utilizing impressions, opinions, and feedback from the entrepreneurs, the study has been able to address its research questions.  Keywords: Waste, Waste Hierarchy, Construction Waste, Circular Construction, Circular Economy, Sustainable Future, Environmental Goals. / Introduktion: I många byggprojekt uppstår betydande mängder byggavfall som kräver effektiv hantering. Byggavfall utgör en viktig aspekt inom byggbranschen, och det är vanligt att svenska projekt strävar efter att uppnå så kallad materialåtervinning. Detta innebär att man försöker återvinna material för att kunna återanvända det i stället för att köpa nytt. Att hantera byggavfall med ett cirkulärt tankesätt innebär att man betraktar avfallet som en resurs och strävar efter att maximera återanvändning och materialåtervinning. En viktig aspekt vid implementeringen av ett cirkulärt tankesätt är att noggrant planera och genomföra en effektiv sortering av byggavfallet på byggarbetsplatsen. Målet med rapporten är att belysa vikten om hur man hanterar byggavfall med hjälp av ett cirkulärt tankesätt som i sin tur kan leda till ett mer hållbart samhälle i framtiden Metod:  Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metodologi och har huvudsakligen baserats på semistrukturerade intervjuer samt litteraturstudier från olika databaser. För att uppnå resultatet tillfrågades olika aktörer inom byggbranschen, som har kunskap inom ämnet cirkulär hantering av byggavfall att delta i intervju. Intervjuerna användes som primärdata i denna studie eftersom det är aktörernas erfarenheter och uppfattningar som studien grundar sig på. Litteraturstudien användes som sekundärdata för att undersöka om det fanns likheter med tidigare studier eller inte. Resultat och analys: Enligt resultaten framkom det att aktörerna inom byggbranschen delar en övergripande syn på cirkulär hantering av byggavfall. För de flesta innebär det att man strävar efter att återbruka och återanvända material i så stor utsträckning som möjligt. Resultaten visade även positiva effekter av cirkulär hantering av byggavfall, såsom minskade koldioxidutsläpp och att det kan vara mer ekonomiskt lönsamt i framtiden. Vidare framkom det också att det finns utmaningar, exempelvis brist på kunskap inom ämnet och svårigheter med samarbete. Diskussion: Studien har bekräftat problemformuleringen genom att intervjua entreprenörer inom brunchen. Studiens resultat som har åstadkommit består av flera förslag till att främja cirkulärt byggavfall. Genom att använda intryck, åsikter och synpunkter från entreprenörerna har studien kunnat besvara dess frågeställningar. Nyckelord: Avfall, Avfallstrappa, Byggavfall, Cirkulär byggande, Cirkulär ekonomi, Hållbart framtid, Miljömål.

Den linjära metodiken för användning av produkter i byggsektorn är huvudorsaken till uttömning av naturresurser och uppkomsten av avfall. Inom byggindustrin är förbränning det vanligaste sättet att göra sig av med avfall. Genom att integrera cirkulära flöden kan den linjära metodiken motverkas vilket leder till att livcykeln för produkterna förlängs. Standardiseringen som industriellt byggande kräver är en förutsättning för att cirkulära flöden ska kunna nyttjas. Detta då avfallet uppstår i större volymer och i renare fraktioner. Det kan dock konstateras att det inte är nog studerat vilka cirkulära flöden som finns och som är användbara för industriella byggföretag. Det finns således en motivering till syftet i studien som är att undersöka vilka cirkulära flöden industriella byggföretag kan använda sig av för att minska avfall som går till förbränning och deponi. Målet med examensarbetet är således att först och främst kartlägga det industriella byggföretagets avfall för trävirke, plywood, gips, glasroc och fermacell. Vartefter olika cirkulära flöden för dessa material ska hittas och presenteras utifrån hur väl de presterar i parametrarna ekonomi, utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter, logistikkomplexitet och avfallstrappan. För att stödja detta arbete har följande två forskningsfrågor tagits fram; Vilka är orsakerna till uppkomsten av avfall av trävirke, plywood, gips, glasroc och fermacell hos industriella byggföretag och hur kan detta avfall klassificeras i olika kategorier? Vilka cirkulära flöden kan industriella byggföretag implementera baserat på sitt avfall? För att svara på den första forskningsfrågan har en kartläggning genom mätningar i det industriella byggföretagets fabrik utförts. Sedan har datan från dessa mätningar kategoriserats och katalogiserats för att kunna dra slutsatser om orsakerna till uppkomsten av avfallet samt inom vilka kategorier det kan klassificeras. Från resultatet för kartläggningen kunde det konstateras att den största orsaken till uppkomsten av avfall var kapspill, detta för samtliga studerade material. För trävirket kunde slutsatsen dras att den största andelen materialspill hamnade inom längdintervallet 0–149 mm. För skivmaterialen gips och plywood uppstod avfallet i areor mindre än 0,5 m2, där det enbart för glasroc och fermacell fanns avfall i areor över 0,5 m2. Genom mätningarna kunde det konstateras att fermacell och glasroc stod för störst mängd avfall. För att svara på forskningsfråga två har först och främst en litteraturstudie kring vilka cirkulära flöden som finns gjorts. För de cirkulära flöden som är genomförbara för det industriella byggföretaget har resultatet för parametrarna ekonomi, utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter, logistikkomplexitet och avfallstrappan presenterats för de cirkulära flödena. I analysen har sedan resultaten för de olika cirkulära flödena rangordnats inom varje parameter. De cirkulära flöden som har hittats för träprodukterna är intern och extern fingerskarvning, intern och extern biokolstillverkning, internt ekologipaket samt extern spånskivstillverkning. För skivmaterialen var det endast materialåtervinning för att göra nya skivmaterial som hittades. För ekonomiparametern var det extern fingerskarvning som visade sig vara mest fördelaktig. För parametern för utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter så var det intern biokolstillverkning som var mest fördelaktig och för logistikparametern var det extern biokolstillverkning som var mest fördelaktig. För den sista parametern, avfallstrappan, var det de tre flödena intern och extern fingerskarvning samt det interna ekologipaketet som hade de bästa resultaten. Extern biokolstillverkning visade sig även vara det enda cirkulära flöde som placerades i övre halvan av rangordningen för samtliga parametrar. / The linear methodology of using products in the construction sector is the main reason for the depletion of natural resources and the production of waste. In the construction industry energy recovery is the most common way of disposing of waste. By integrating circular flows the linear methodology can be counteracted, which leads to an extended life cycle for products. The standardization that industrialized construction requires is a prerequisite for circular flows to be utilized, since the waste occurs in larger volumes and in cleaner fractions. However, it has been established that there in not enough research about which circular flows that exist and can be used by industrialized construction companies. There is thus a justification for the purpose of this study, which is to investigate which circular flows industrialized construction companies can use to reduce waste that goes to energy recovery and landfill. The goal of the thesis is thus first and foremost to map the industrialized construction company’s waste for timber, gypsum, glasroc and fermacell. Where different circular flows for these materials are to be found and then presented based on how well they perform in the parameters of economy, emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents, logistics complexity and the waste hierarchy. To support this work, two research questions have been developed; What are the causes of production of timber, gypsum, glasroc and fermacell waste in industrialized construction companies and how can this waste be classified into different categories? Which circular flows can industrialized construction companies implement based on their waste? To answer the first research question, a mapping through measurements in the industrial construction company’s factory has been carried out. Where the data from these measurements then has been categorized and cataloged to be able to come to conclusions about the causes of the origin of the waste and into which categories it can be classified. From the results of the mapping, it could be stated that the biggest cause for waste was spillage. For the timber, it could also be determined that the largest proportion of waste ended up within the length range 0-149 mm. For the board materials gypsum and plywood, the waste occurred in areas smaller than 0.5 m2. Only glasroc and fermacell occurred in areas over 0.5 m2. Through the mapping, it could also be established that fermacell and glasroc accounted for the largest proportions of waste. To answer the second research question, a literature study has been conducted to find which circular flows that exist. For the circular flows that were feasible for the industrial construction company, their results for the parameters economy, emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents, logistics complexity and the waste hierarchy have been presented. In the analysis, the results for the different circular flows have been ranked within each parameter. The circular flows that have been found for the timber products are internal and external finger jointing, internal and external biochar production, internal ecology package and external particle board production. For the board materials, only material recycling to make new board materials were found. For the economy parameter, external finger jointing was the most beneficial. For the parameter for emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents, it was internal biochar production that was most beneficial. For the logistics parameter, external biochar production was the most beneficial. For the last parameter, the waste hierarchy, it was the three flows internal and external finger jointing and internal ecology package that had the best results. External biochar production was also the only circular flow placed in the top half of the ranking for all parameters.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T13:10:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 R?GIA MARIA PETITTO.pdf: 3577833 bytes, checksum: 125f036f5ae5942ebbd9906d675670d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T13:10:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 R?GIA MARIA PETITTO.pdf: 3577833 bytes, checksum: 125f036f5ae5942ebbd9906d675670d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-21 / The objective of this work was to characterize the recycled aggregates generated in the metropolitan region of Campinas and to test its application in the production of mortars for general use. From a qualitative approach, with an exploratory objective, the surveys of the current legislation and legal requirements imposed to solid waste management and the panorama of this management in the metropolitan region of Campinas were carried out. The six recycling plants for the disposal of construction waste (RCC) generated in the implanted municipalities were identified and, based on the data collected, a map with the geographic location of these plants was elaborated. After the sample collection, with a quantitative approach of applied nature and exploratory objective, analyzes of the physical characteristics were made (grain size composition, 75 ?m sieve material, water absorption, clay cladding content and friable materials, Specific mass and organic impurity) and chemical (soluble salts and organic matter content by fire loss) of these materials. All the analyzed aggregates presented satisfactory results in the granulometric composition and water absorption tests. Regarding the content of fine material (less than 75 ?m), clay content and friable materials and organic impurities, few samples could be accepted for use recommended by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT). The analysis of the soluble salts content would also make it impossible to accept the aggregate of some suppliers. With the replacement of natural aggregate by the recycled aggregates, mortars with a 1: 3 dash (cement: aggregate) were prepared, and 20 and 40% of the natural aggregate were replaced. The characteristics of the mortars in the fresh state (water retention, incorporated air content, mass density) and hardened (water absorption by capillarity, capillary coefficient, compressive strength, flexural tensile strength and apparent specific mass in the Hardened state). From the results obtained, the analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology showed the content of incorporation of the recycled aggregate in the production of general purpose mortars composed of cement and sand. For the application of this method, weights were assigned to punctuated criteria related to the physical and mechanical performance of mortars and environmental criteria related to the exhaustion of natural resources and transport distance. The best result was found in mortar with a 20% substitute content of mixed recycled aggregate by municipal unit from Campinas, but it is not possible to observe a tendency to obtain better results in mortars with lower substitution content, nor exclusively by mortars with mixed recycled aggregates. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar os agregados reciclados gerados na regi?o metropolitana de Campinas e testar sua aplica??o na produ??o de argamassas para uso geral. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, com objetivo explorat?rio, foram realizados os levantamentos da legisla??o vigente e exig?ncias legais impostas ? gest?o dos res?duos s?lidos e do panorama desta gest?o na regi?o metropolitana de Campinas. As seis usinas recicladoras para destina??o dos res?duos de constru??o civil (RCC) gerados nos munic?pios implantadas foram identificadas e, a partir dos dados coletados, elaborou-se um mapa com a localiza??o geogr?fica destas usinas. Ap?s a coleta de amostras, com abordagem quantitativa de natureza aplicada e objetivo explorat?rio, foram realizadas an?lises das caracter?sticas f?sicas (composi??o granulom?trica, teor de material passante na peneira de 75 ?m, absor??o de ?gua, teor de torr?es de argila e materiais fri?veis, massa espec?fica e impureza org?nica) e qu?micas (sais sol?veis e teor de mat?ria org?nica por perda ao fogo) destes materiais. Todos os agregados analisados apresentaram resultados satisfat?rios nos ensaios de composi??o granulom?trica e absor??o de ?gua. J? quanto ao teor de material fino (menor que 75 ?m), teor de torr?es de argila e materiais fri?veis e impurezas org?nicas, foram poucas as amostras que poderiam ser aceitas para o emprego recomendado pela Associa??o Brasileira de Normas T?cnicas (ABNT). A an?lise do teor de sais sol?veis tamb?m inviabilizaria a aceita??o do agregado de alguns fornecedores. Com a substitui??o de agregado natural pelos agregados reciclados foram preparadas argamassas com tra?o de 1:3 (cimento:agregado), e substitui??o de 20 e 40% do agregado natural. Foram determinadas as caracter?sticas das argamassas no estado fresco (reten??o de ?gua, teor de ar incorporado, densidade de massa) e endurecido (absor??o de ?gua por capilaridade, coeficiente de capilaridade, resist?ncia ? compress?o, resist?ncia ? tra??o na flex?o e massa especifica aparente no estado endurecido). A partir dos resultados obtidos verificou-se, por aplica??o do m?todo de avalia??o multicrit?rios, com a metodologia Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), o teor de incorpora??o do agregado reciclado na produ??o de argamassas de uso geral compostas por cimento e areia. Para a aplica??o deste m?todo foram atribu?dos pesos a crit?rios pontuados ligados ao desempenho f?sico e mec?nico das argamassas e crit?rios ambientais ligados ao esgotamento dos recursos naturais e dist?ncia de transporte. O melhor resultado foi encontrado na argamassa com teor de substitui??o de 20% de agregado reciclado misto da unidade municipal de Campinas, mas n?o ? poss?vel observar tend?ncia de obter melhores resultados em argamassas com menor teor de substitui??o, nem t?o pouco exclusivamente por argamassas com agregados reciclados mistos.

O cenário positivo pelo qual a construção civil atravessou nas últimas duas décadas trouxe incontáveis benefícios ao país, porém alguns aspectos relevantes devem ser avaliados neste panorama de crescimento, principalmente os relacionados aos impactos ambientais ocasionados pelo setor. Uma destas preocupações é a quantidade de resíduos sólidos produzidos e sua respectiva disposição final. O equipamento, objeto deste estudo, propõe que os resíduos produzidos sejam processados, transformados novamente em materiais, e reutilizados dentro do próprio processo construtivo, sem que haja necessidade de transportá-los às áreas de processamento e disposição. Para tanto, foram analisadas amostras de material Classe A, inertes, passiveis de serem reincorporados ao processo construtivo, substituindo o agregado (pedra britada) em determinadas situações. Foram avaliadas ainda as condições conceituais, materiais e mecânicas do equipamento britador, para melhor aproveitamento dos materiais que serão produzidos e reincorporados ao ciclo construtivo da Construção Civil. Os estudos resultaram no projeto de uma máquina britadora de resíduos, de pequeno porte, porém capaz de transformar resíduos sólidos Classe A, em materiais passiveis de serem reutilizados em forma de agregados, sem que haja necessidade de retirá-los da obra para processamento. / The positive scenario which construction has gone through in the last two decades in Brazil brought countless benefits to the country, however, some important aspects must be evaluated in this growth panorama, especially those related to environmental impacts caused by the activity. One of these concerns is the solid waste amount production and its respective final disposal. The device, object of this study, proposes that the produced waste is processed, transformed back into materials and reused in the construction process itself, discarding transportation to processing sites and deposition. For this purpose, inert Class A waste samples were analyzed under certain situations aiming to be able to reincorporation in the construction process, replacing the aggregate (crushed stone). The crusher equipments conceptual, material and mechanical conditions were also evaluated to achieve better results on the use and reincorporation of the processed materials in the construction cycle. The studies resulted in the design of a crusher waste machine, small, but able to turn Class A solid waste, insusceptible materials to be reused in the form of aggregates, with no need to remove them from workplace for processing.