Bakgrund: Ungefär 37 miljoner människor lever med HIV idag. HIV förknippas ofta med starka känslor och påverkar den drabbade personens liv negativt på många sätt. Att vårda en person med HIV är påfrestande för sjuksköterskan och det finns en kunskapsbrist som försvårar arbetet. Den personcentrerade vården är viktig i sjuksköterskans arbete och innebär att alla personer ska vårdas med samma förutsättningar. Syfte: Beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av att vårda personer med HIV. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med tolv kvalitativa artiklar. En induktiv ansats tillämpades. Dataanalysen utgick från Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier och nio subkategorier hittades. Huvudkategorierna var: “Utmaningar i omvårdnadsarbetet”, “Utmaningar i bemötandet” och “Utmaningar i sin egen utsatthet”. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskan upplevde rädsla relaterat till HIV, vilket ofta berodde på okunskap. Sjuksköterskan upplevde också diskriminering på grund av sitt arbete med HIV, då det fanns en stigmatisering gentemot HIV i samhället. Arbetet med HIV innebar både psykisk och fysisk stress för sjuksköterskan. Slutsatser: För att överkomma de hinder som uppstår i vårdandet av personer med HIV krävs det mer kunskap. Det är av vikt att sjuksköterskan redan under utbildning får adekvat kunskap om HIV. / Title: Nurses experience of caring for people with HIV. Background: About 37 million people live with HIV today. HIV is often associated with strong emotions and have a negative affect at the person’s life. Caring for a person with HIV is hard on the nurse and there’s a lack of knowledge that complicates the work. The person-centered care is important in the nurse's work and means that they should care for all persons in the same way. Aim: Describe the nurses’ experience of caring for people with HIV. Method: Literature review with twelve qualitative articles. An inductive approach was applied. The data analysis was based on Fribergs five step model. Results: Three main categories and nine subcategories were found. The main categories were: "Challenges in nursing", "Challenges in the personal treatment "and "Challenges in their own vulnerability". The result shows that the nurse experiences fear related to HIV, which is often due to lack of knowledge. The nurse also experiences discrimination because of her/his work with HIV, as there’s a stigma against HIV in society. The work of HIV involves both mental and physical stress for the nurse. Conclusions: In order to overcome the obstacles that arise in the care of people with HIV, more knowledge is needed. It is important that the nurse receives adequate knowledge of HIV during education.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-06T20:51:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jobsan Sueny de Sousa Santos – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 5161908 bytes, checksum: e975dfcb56689717b5c8ae2d7d2ddb31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T20:51:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jobsan Sueny de Sousa Santos – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 5161908 bytes, checksum: e975dfcb56689717b5c8ae2d7d2ddb31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / A contaminação do solo e das águas subterrâneas é uma preocupação crescente, visto as atividades que a desencadeiam estarem em processo de crescimento acelerado. Como exemplo, pode-se citar o vazamento em lagoas de estabilização. Tal vazamento pode se dar por rachaduras ou fissuras na base da lagoa, as quais podem estar localizadas ou distribuídas. Visando contribuir coma remediação dos locais atingidos pelos contaminantes e utilizando a fluidodinâmica computacional, neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo do transporte de tais contaminantes no solo que fica logo abaixo de uma lagoa de estabilização genérica. Para tal fim, utilizou-se a técnica dos volumes finitos e a modelagem do escoamento em meios porosos usando o pacote computacional ANSYS CFX® 12. Gerou-se uma malha estruturada bidimensional e realizaram-se as simulações considerando regime laminar, meio isotrópico, solo saturado, escoamento monofásico e isotérmico. Apesar da existência de trabalhos experimentais e/ou numéricos que apresentam o comportamento da pluma ou a variação da concentração do contaminante com o tempo, nenhum apresenta ao mesmo tempo as duas possibilidades de resultados e de forma rápida, já que as simulações duraram apenas uma hora, em média. Analisando-se os perfis de concentração dos poluentes considerados (cádmio e cobre) com a distância longitudinal e com a profundidade obteve-se uma boa concordância com o observado na literatura. O mesmo pode ser afirmado com relação ao histórico de concentração do cádmio e do cobre. Assim, além de visualizar o alcance da pluma devido à simulação, pôde-se determinar em quanto tempo ela ocorreria, de forma a fornecer um subsídio maior aos processos de remediação. / Contamination of soil and groundwater is a growing concern, as the activities that trigger are in process of accelerated growth. For example, can cite the leak stabilization ponds. Such leaks can occur for cracks or breaks in the pond base, which may be located or distributed. To contribute to remediation of sites affected by contaminants and using the computational fluid dynamics, this paper carried out a transport study of such contaminants in soil which is just below a general stabilization pond. To this end, we used the technique of finite volume and modeling of flow in porous media using the ANSYS CFX ® 12 computational package. Generated a twodimensional structured network and realized the simulations considering laminar flow, isotropic medium, saturated soil, single-phase flow and isothermal. Despite the existence of experimental and / or numerical studies show that the plume behavior or variation of the contaminant concentration with time, none has simultaneously both possibilities result and quickly, since the simulation lasted one hour on average. Analyzing the concentration profiles of the considered pollutants (cadmium and copper) with the longitudinal distance and the depth we obtained a good agreement with data from the literature. The same can be said regardinghistory of cadmium and copper. So in addition to viewing the scope of plume due to simulation, it was possible to determine how long it would take place in order to provide greater subsidy to remediation processes.

A amplificação in vitro de DNA, utilizando reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), tem sido estudada como uma alternativa aos tradicionais métodos de detecção de micro-organismos contaminantes em tanques de armazenagem de biodiesel. Neste sentido, objetivou-se padronizar um método rápido e eficaz para detecção de Paecilomyces variotii utilizando-se a técnica de PCR e avaliar o desenvolvimento de P. variotii em amostras contendo diesel puro (B0), mistura diesel/biodiesel (B7) e biodiesel puro (B100). Em sistemas contendo meio mínimo mineral e misturas diesel/biodiesel, após 60 dias, verificou-se que o micro-organismo desenvolveu biomassa significativamente superior em B7 e B100 quando comparados a B0. A técnica de PCR foi capaz de detectar um mínimo de 103 esporos/mL de P. variotii em suspensão com água, correspondente a 0,0144 ng de DNA/μL, e demonstrou ausência de reações inespecíficas frente aos fungos Aspergillus fumigatus e Pseudallescheria boydii. Entretanto, o método mostrou-se ineficaz para detecção de P. variotii em amostras contendo diesel, biodiesel ou misturas de diesel/biodiesel. / The in vitro amplification of DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), has been studied as an alternative to traditional methods for detecting microorganisms contaminating biodiesel storage tanks. In this sense, the aim of this study was to standardize a fast and effective method for detection of Paecilomyces variotii using the PCR technique and evaluate the development of P. variotii in samples containing pure diesel (B0), blend diesel/biodiesel (B7) and pure biodiesel (B100). In systems containing mineral minimal medium and diesel/biodiesel blends after 60 days, it was found that the microorganism biomass developed significantly higher in B7 and B100 when compared to B0. The PCR technique was able to detect a minimum of 103 spores/mL of P. variotii in suspension with water, corresponding to 0,0144 ng DNA/μL, and showed no nonspecific reactions against the fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Pseudallescheria boydii. However, this method proved to be ineffective for the detection of P. variotii in samples containing diesel, biodiesel or diesel/biodiesel blends.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-08-30T15:51:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edevaldo da Silva - Dissertação de Mestrado - AVALIAÇÃO DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE METAIS, SELÊNIO E HIDR.pdf: 2884849 bytes, checksum: fa7b35ee716d9dafe11da9dc385d97ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Reis (vanessa.jamile@ufba.br) on 2016-09-02T15:19:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Edevaldo da Silva - Dissertação de Mestrado - AVALIAÇÃO DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE METAIS, SELÊNIO E HIDR.pdf: 2884849 bytes, checksum: fa7b35ee716d9dafe11da9dc385d97ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-02T15:19:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edevaldo da Silva - Dissertação de Mestrado - AVALIAÇÃO DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE METAIS, SELÊNIO E HIDR.pdf: 2884849 bytes, checksum: fa7b35ee716d9dafe11da9dc385d97ef (MD5) / CNPq / O consumo de crustáceos vem crescendo rapidamente, graças à expansão da cultura de camarão. As fazendas de camarão são geralmente localizadas próximas da costa e utilizam a água na criação de camarões, a qual pode estar contaminada por vários tipos de poluentes químicos. Nesse trabalho, foi investigada a concentração e distribuição de metais, selênio e Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPAs) em diferentes tecidos, e em ambos os sexos, da espécie de camarão Litopenaeus vannamei. As amostras foram coletadas entre outubro de 2005 e janeiro de 2006 em carciniculturas ao redor da Baía de Todos os Santos (BTS), em Salvador, e em carcinicultura de águas do Rio São Francisco na cidade de Paulo Afonso, Bahia. Os metais e selênio foram quantificados por Espectroscopia de Emissão Óptica com Plasma indutivamente Acoplado (ICP OES) e os HPAs quantificados por Cromatografia Gasosa com Espectrômetro de Massa (CG MS). Os resultados da maioria dos metais e do selênio indicaram variações significativas entre os tecidos - músculos, vísceras e exoesqueleto – das amostras, assim como variações entre níveis de concentrações entre camarões de localidades diferentes. Não foi verificada variação entre os sexos, com exceção do selênio. Os metais com valores limítrofes estabelecidos pela ANVISA apresentaram níveis abaixo dos limites máximos aceitáveis para consumo. Os HPAs apresentaram níveis baixos de concentração, sendo mais altas em Salinas da Margarida. HPAs de baixa massa molecular se apresentaram em predominância nas amostras analisadas, indicando provável origem petrogênica, com exceção das amostras de Salinas da Margarida, cuja origem provável seja pirolítica. / The consumption of crustaceans has been growing rapidly, thanks to expansion of carciniculture. The farms of shrimps are generally localized near of coast and their water is use in the culture of shrimps, these waters can be contaminated with many kinds of chemical pollutants. In this work was investigated the concentration and distribution of metals, selenium and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in differents tissues, and in both sex, of specie Litopenaeus vannamei. The samples were collected between November/2005 and January/2006 at carcinicultura around of Baía of Todos os Santos (BTS), in Salvador and at carciniculture of São Francisco River water’s in the city of Paulo Afonso, Bahia. The metals and selenium were quantified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) and the PAHs quantified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC MS). The results of major of metals and selenium indicated significatives variations between the tissues – muscle, viscera and exoskeleton – of samples, as well as the variations in the level of concentrations between samples of different localities. There weren’t significatives variations between the males and females, except for selenium. The metals with maximum values determined by ANVISA shown reduced of acceptable limits for consumption. The PAHs shown levels below of concentration, the higher values were found in Salinas da Margarida. PAHs of below molecular weight were majority in the samples, indicating probable petrogênic origin, except for the sample of Salinas da Margarida that be probably of pirolitic sources

Mining is a widespread industrial activity that in many cases, via mining wastes, leads to altered concentrations of metals in close vicinity to the mining activities. Metals in mining waste can have high toxicity and may persist in environments for long time periods. The presence of metals, such as lead (Pb), is known to contaminate and cause damage to nearby organisms and ecosystems. Birds are at risk of metal contamination and, since they are predators high up in the food chain, may face accumulation of metal in tissue over time, via consumption of contaminated prey. Small passerine species, such as the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca), are suitable for studying metal contamination as they are ubiqutious, and high up in the food chain. Pied flycatchers feed exclusively on invertebrates, making the abundance, quality, and potential contamination of invertebrates interesting to study with regard to the health of the birds. Studies have shown that hemoglobin (Hb) levels in young pied flycatchers are reduced by high background levels of Pb.  This may be linked to prey availability and quality, as invertebrates are known to alter their composition, and contain higher Pb concentrations in Pb contaminated areas. Here, I investigated how invertebrate abundance and community composition, and pied flycatcher Hb concentrations (i.e. health), in reference and Pb contaminated areas, were related to each other. Invertebrate traps were set and sampled twice during the summer of 2018 to provide invertebrate data to the study. Bird Hb levels was acquired by taking blood samples from nearly fledged chicks in birdhouses placed in the different areas. I found a potential trend towards higher Hb levels in reference areas (p=0.110), suggesting that bird health is reduced by the presence of Pb, but this could not be explained by differences in invertebrate community composition or abundance (p>0.05). Hence, based on this study, high Pb concentrations in the soil does not directly, or indirectly via potential impacts on the prey community composition, influence the health of pied flycatchers.

Bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates (PCs) represents the highest post-transfusion infectious risk. The skin flora bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis has been reported to be the predominant aerobic contaminant of PCs. The Ramirez' group has shown that S. epidermidis can form surface-attached bacterial aggregates known as biofilms, and can outcompete other coagulase-negative staphylococci, such as Staphylococcus capitis, in PCs. The ability of S. epidermidis to form biofilms has been linked to increased pathogenicity and missed detection during PC screening with an automated culture system (BacT/ALERT). This thesis aimed at investigating the proliferative advantage and resistance mechanisms displayed by S. epidermidis in the PC milieu. Furthermore, in an effort to enhance PC safety for transfusion patients, I studied the anti-biofilm properties of essential oils and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). My studies aimed at improving PC safety by focussing on both the point of introduction of bacterial contaminants (blood collection), and the stage at which bacterial contaminants can form biofilms and proliferate (PC storage). S. epidermidis can be found in the skin of blood donors as biofilms, which are resistant to the blood donor skin disinfectant currently used by Canadian Blood Services, chlorhexidine-gluconate and isopropyl alcohol (CHG-IPA). Here, several plant-extracted essential oils were evaluated for their ability to enhance the anti-biofilm activity of CHG-IPA. Data revealed that the Lavandula multifida oil and its main component (linalool) greatly enhanced the activity of CHG-IPA against S. epidermidis biofilms. Furthermore, the ability of a combination of three synthetic AMPs to inhibit S. epidermidis biofilm formation during PC storage was assessed These results showed that the combination of AMPs could inhibit biofilm formation but was ineffective against pre-formed S. epidermidis biofilms. The accumulation associated protein (Aap) encoded by the aap gene, found in most S. epidermidis strains and absent in S. capitis, plays a role in biofilm formation. When S. epidermidis aap is transformed into S. capitis, this bacterium displayed increased biofilm formation and proliferated to higher concentrations compared to untransformed S. capitis and to a S. epidermidis aap deletion mutant. Based on these results, aap appears to play a role in providing S. epidermidis a proliferative advantage in PCs by enhancing biofilm formation. Lastly, the GraRS system and SepA were studied for their role in S. epidermidis resistance to platelet-derived AMPs using the synthetic AMP PD4 as a model molecule. Results indicate that the GraS mechanism is involved in resistance towards PD4. The work presented in my thesis provides further insights into why S. epidermidis has a proliferative advantage in the PC storage environment and allows for the proposal of alternative methods to enhance PC safety for transfusion patients.

The recycling industry which is efficiently functioning now has technical expertise, contented consumers, and resource availability and capital contributors. The potential inflow of new material into this existing system should be able to fulfill all the needs of the stakeholders involved in it. With most of the polymer wastes received from the polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), they are available in abundant crossing the threshold quantity (Cornell, 2007) needed for the recycling process to be carried for every single polymer starting from the individual source separation till the granulation of pellets with active investment for the potential expectancy of returns in the recycling market targeting suitable consumers. Unlike other polymers like polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene (PP), biopolymers fail to fulfill the necessary criteria of being in threshold quantity to carry out the recycling process. With the very small inflow of biopolymers in the recycling industry, standalone recycling units for the same is not highly performed and appreciated. In addition to this, there are possible means and ways of the biopolymers getting infused into the conventional petrochemical polymers either through the mis-throws in manual sorting or in automated sorting. Though the studies so far don't have any substantial threatening effect over the biopolymer infusion, still it has its adversity affecting the industry by other means. The volumes of biopolymers are presently small and contamination of biopolymer in the plastic waste stream is presently not a problem. However, with increasing volumes of biopolymers, this can be a problem. Contamination could then be a future problem. This study investigates that problem and checks the truth to the claims of biopolymer infusion in the conventional post-consumer recycling systems affecting the quality of the recyclates. In order to investigate this, a biodegradable biopolymer (TPS & PHA) will be mixed into a conventional polymer (PE, PP, PET) at various percentages. The mechanical and thermal properties are then measured as a function of the percentage biopolymer. In a second part of the project, the blend of conventional plastics and bioplastic is conditioned in humidity in order to simulate what will happen to a conventional polymer that has been contaminated with a biopolymer in a humid climate.

abstract: This paper presents a theoretical model for evaluating flashover performance of insulators under contaminated conditions. The model introduces several new features when compared with existing models such as, the formation of dry bands, variations in insulator geometry and surface wettability. The electric field distribution obtained from software for 3-Dimensional models along with form factor are used to determine the dimensions of the dry bands and the onset of arcing. The model draws heavily from experimental measurements of flashover voltage and surface resistance under wet conditions of porcelain and composite insulators. The model illustrates the dominant role played by the insulator shape and housing material on the flashover performance. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2012

abstract: This research presents potential and electric field calculations on medium voltage (MV) epoxy insulated outdoor current transformers (CTs) using a numeri-cal calculation approach. Two designs of MV dry-type epoxy insulated CTs were modeled using 3D field simulation software COULOMB® 9.0. Potential and elec-tric fields were calculated based on boundary element method. Different condi-tions such as dry exterior surface, wet exterior surface and internal voids were considered. The research demonstrates that the presence of internal conductors in CTs results in a less severe surface electric field distribution when compared to outdoor insulators of the same voltage range and type. The high electric field near the exited end triple-point of the CT reduces. This remained true even under wet conditions establishing better outdoor performance of CTs than outdoor insulators which have no internal conductors. The effect of internal conductors on voids within the insulation structure was also established. As a down side, internal voids in CTs experience higher electric field stress than in conductor-less insulators. The work recognizes that internal conducting parts in dry type CTs improves their outdoor performance when compared to electrical equipment without internal conductors. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2012

Submitted by Claudinei Garcia (claudinei.garcia@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-06-25T23:11:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AVALIAÇÃO DO PERIGO À POLUIÇÃO DAS ÁGUAS SUBTERRÂNEAS NO MUNICÍPIO DE PIRACICABA SP.pdf: 6931690 bytes, checksum: ca32dc4d54818c6994582918f1151a35 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-06-26T12:41:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_c_me_bauru.pdf: 6931693 bytes, checksum: 9701edc264d8220201a6e0dea3d79f0b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T12:41:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_c_me_bauru.pdf: 6931693 bytes, checksum: 9701edc264d8220201a6e0dea3d79f0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-04 / Este trabalho buscou a avaliação do perigo à poluição das águas subterrâneas no município de Piracicaba, através da interação entre os índices de vulnerabilidade intrínseca e vulnerabilidade específica dos aquíferos aflorantes no município de Piracicaba, motivado pela importância estratégica destas fontes, pela ausência de estudos específicos locais e pela crescente demanda de exploração de cunho econômico da área de estudo. Para a análise dos índices de vulnerabilidade intrínseca, que define-se como a capacidade de atenuação natural do meio local à contaminação de determinado aquífero imposta por uma carga contaminante, utilizou-se do método GOD - groundwater hydraulic confinement; overlaying strata; depth to groundwater table (FOSTER, 1987; FOSTER; HIRATA, 1988), e para a avaliação da vulnerabilidade específica que considera a probabilidade de determinado sistema aquífero ser exposto a um contaminante, classe de contaminantes ou atividade contaminante, utilizou-se do método POSH - pollutant origin, surcharge hydraulically (FOSTER, et al., 2006) e da análise do potencial de contaminação das áreas urbanas e rurais por fontes de nitrato. A manipulação de dados envolveu informações de poços profundos outorgados, pedologia e litologia da área de estudo, informações de uso do solo e de fontes potenciais de contaminação local, obtidos de fontes públicas e privadas. A avaliação do perigo à poluição das águas subterrâneas, que pode ser definido como a interação entre a vulnerabilidade intrínseca e a vulnerabilidade específica, se deu pela interação dos resultados obtidos de vulnerabilidade intrínseca e da vulnerabilidade específica, cujos produtos finais se apresentam em forma de mapas situacionais ilustrativos. Embora a análise da vulnerabilidade intrínseca tenha produzido classes predominantes de baixa vulnerabilidade natural, a avaliação da vulnerabilidade específica para o município revelou, ao contrário, índices significativos de fontes potenciais contaminantes difusas e pontuais. Esta particularidade resultou em situação de médio perigo de poluição dos recursos subterrâneos locais para aproximadamente 74% dos pontos avaliados. Os resultados auferidos, embora contextuais objetivam em síntese identificar os locais onde é pertinente se intensificar recursos e esforços para estudos complementares e conclusivos, e constituem primeiro passo importante para a caracterização e avaliação dos riscos aos recursos hídricos subterrâneos locais, frente às novas imposições de demanda de usos de águas subterrâneas, oriundos do crescimento econômico e populacional, atrelados ao esgotamento das fontes de água superficiais. / This work sought to evaluate the danger to groundwater pollution in the municipality of Piracicaba through the interaction between intrinsic vulnerability indexes and specific vulnerability of outlying aquifers in the city of Piracicaba, motivated by the strategic importance of these sources due to the absence of specific local studies and by the growing demand for economic exploration of the study area. For the analysis of the intrinsic vulnerability indexes, which is defined as the natural attenuation capacity of the local environment to the contamination of a given aquifer imposed by a contaminant load, the GOD method was used - groundwater hydraulic confinement; overlaying strata; depth to groundwater table (FOSTER, HIRATA, 1988), and for the assessment of the specific vulnerability that considers the probability of a certain aquifer system being exposed to a contaminant, class of contaminants or contaminant activity, the POSH method - pollutant origin, surcharge hydraulically (FOSTER, et al., 2006) and the analysis of the potential of contamination of urban and rural areas by nitrate sources. Data manipulation involved information from deep wells, pedology and lithology of the study area, land use information and potential sources of local contamination obtained from public and private sources. The groundwater hazard assessment, which can be defined as the interaction between intrinsic vulnerability and specific vulnerability, was the interaction of the results obtained from intrinsic vulnerability and specific vulnerability, the final products of which are presented in the form of maps illustrative situations. Although the analysis of intrinsic vulnerability has produced predominant classes of low natural vulnerability, the assessment of specific vulnerability to the municipality revealed, on the contrary, significant indices of potential diffuse and point source contaminants. This particularity resulted in a situation of average danger of pollution of the local underground resources to approximately 74% of the assessed points. The results obtained, although contextual, aim in a synthesis to identify the places where it is pertinent to intensify resources and efforts for complementary and conclusive studies, and constitute important first step for the characterization and evaluation of the risks to the local groundwater resources, in face of the new impositions of demand of groundwater uses, derived from economic and population growth, linked to the depletion of surface water sources.