The processes to develop community plans share certain standard activities and stages while remaining distinctive and without pre-scripted procedures. This study documents the process that yielded the South Broad Street Corridor Plan June 2012 draft. The objective is to present the decision-making processes and their connections to the final plan document along with the plan document itself.

Russia is one of the largest participants of world commodity exchange. From 2005 to 2013 the volume of foreign trade turnover grew steadily, but in the next two years there was a decrease in trade turnover: in 2014 by 8%, and in 2015 by 37.7%. The subject of the theses is to assess the impact of the level of development of the ITC infrastructure on the efficiency of Russia's foreign trade activities. The main objectives of the study are: analysis of the patterns of development of pan-European and Euro-Asian ITCs; development of the principles for the formation and development of infrastructure facilities of the ITC, as well as a system of legal and organizational measures; determination of the factors of an effective ITC system in the territory of Russia; determination of the most significant indicators of the development of the ITC in the territory of Russia; development of recommendations for the development of the ITC infrastructure in order to improve the efficiency of Russia's foreign trade. The object of the study is the aggregate of international transport corridors on the territory of the Russian Federation. The subject – the generation of the characteristics of the ITC infrastructure on the territory of Russia, as a factor of influence on the efficiency of foreign trade. The scientific novelty of the work performed is to assess the factors of the functioning of the ITC infrastructure, which have a negative impact on the volume of Russia's foreign trade turnover in 2014-2015. The practical significance of the study is to determine the direction of the long-term development of the ITC system on the territory of Russia in the medium and long term; development of proposals for the development of the infrastructure of certain modes of transport included in the ITC; development of recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of state regulation of the process of forming the ITC in the country. / Россия является одним из крупнейших участников мирового товарообмена. С 2005 по 2013 гг. объем внешнеторгового оборота неуклонно рос, однако в последующие два года наблюдалось снижение товарооборота: в 2014 г. на 8%, а в 2015 г. на 37,7%. Целью диссертационного исследования является оценка влияния уровня развития инфраструктуры МТК на эффективность внешнеторговой деятельности России. Основными задачами исследования являются: анализ закономерностей развития панъевропейских и евроазиатских МТК; разработка принципов формирования и развития объектов инфраструктуры МТК, а также системы мероприятий правового и организационного характера; определение факторов эффективной системы МТК на территории России; определение наиболее значимых показателей развития МТК на территории России; разработка рекомендаций по развитию инфраструктуры МТК с целью повышения эффективности внешнеторговой деятельности России. Объект исследования – совокупность международных транспортных коридоров на территории Российской Федерации. Предмет – совокупность характеристик инфраструктуры МТК на территории России, как фактор влияния на эффективность внешнеторговой деятельности. Научная новизна выполненной работы состоит в оценке факторов функционирования инфраструктуры МТК, оказывающих негативное влияние на объем внешнеторгового оборота России в 2014-2015 гг. Практическая значимость проведенного исследования состоит в определении направления перспективного развития системы МТК на территории России в среднесрочной и долгосрочной перспективе; разработке предложений по развитию инфраструктуры отдельных видов транспорта, входящих в МТК; разработке рекомендаций для повышения эффективности государственного регулирования процесса формирования МТК на территории страны.

The aim of this study is to examine the public preferences for urban riparian corridors in arid ‎regions, by testing to what extent people are willing to trade-off unmaintained ecological ‎landscape for aesthetics offered by specific micro and ‎macro environmental factors. Landscape ‎design reflects ecological and aesthetic values, and trade-offs are often made ‎between the two in ‎‎practice. In arid regions, water scarcity means riparian corridors are the ‎richest landscape ‎typology and the only ‎blue-green links for hundreds of miles. Pressure from ‎urbanization and ‎lack of eco-literacy contribute to negative ‎feedback loops which present dire ‎challenges for ‎migrating avifauna and regional wildlife. Regarding natural ‎resources and ‎biodiversity, where ‎multiple deliverable ‎ecosystem services rely on the quality and health of that ‎‎ecosystem, riparian ‎systems with high biomass are more desirable. Although this can be ‎achieved with low or no ‎‎maintenance riparian buffers, these unmaintained ecological landscapes ‎play an intrinsic role in ‎sustaining the ‎global ecosystem services and are important for the survival of the inhabitants ‎‎(avifauna). Ecological ‎landscapes are often subjected to trade-offs with aesthetic ‎landscapes that ‎include micro and ‎macro environmental factors such as manicured landscapes. It is accepted that ‎‎there is a ‎preference for aesthetics in landscape design; however, it is unclear how laypeople ‎prioritize ‎aesthetics ‎over different ecological factors in landscape scenes. This study uses a ‎Discrete Choice ‎Experiment (DCE) to elicit the ‎preferences of current or pretendant residents of ‎Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia for multiple landscape scenes. The method ‎combines ecological ‎landscape characteristics adopted from ‎the QBR index that are found in the study area in Jeddah ‎and aesthetic ‎characteristics, such as micro and macro environmental factors that are commonly ‎suggested in landscape design projects adapted from relevant visual preference studies (Alsaiari, ‎‎2018; Kenwick et al., 2009; Kuper‎ ‎,‎2017; Zhao et al., 2017). ‎DCE is a widely used method to ‎reveal preferences by analyzing the trade-offs people make ‎between ‎alternatives. Participants in ‎this study were exposed to a set of designs, which included ‎various configurations of ‎aesthetic ‎and ecological elements. Participants' choices revealed the influence of their ecological and ‎‎aesthetic values. Results show that minimal design interventions would prevent trading off the ‎ecological unmaintained landscape and that there are four subgroups with distinct homogeneous ‎preferences for the attributes affecting the appeal for the urban riparian corridor in Jeddah City. ‎Finally, results show that even though there are significant differences between subgroups based ‎on preferences, the demographic information is proportionally distributed in a way the means ‎differences diminish between the subgroups. ‎Findings in this study will equip ‎decision-makers ‎with operational definitions relating to riparian ‎landscape design and a method ‎that they can use ‎to minimize losses in ecological value over aesthetic value. This study will help‎ ‎researchers and ‎landscape architects advance visual preference research further into the domain ‎of empirical ‎‎studies.‎ ‎ / Doctor of Philosophy / Landscape architecture is a profession that entails planning and design outdoor spaces, ‎‎landmarks, and ‎structures to improve the built environment and increasing the quality of ‎‎people's lives by achieving ‎environmental, social, economic, and aesthetic outcomes‎. The ‎profession often reflects ecological and ‎aesthetic values, and trade-offs are often made ‎between ‎the two in ‎practice. These ecological values ‎represent environmental characteristics that are ‎important for the survival of wildlife (protected path ‎and safe habitat) and the overall ecosystem ‎‎(every being has a role that sustain the health of the ‎environment). Culturally, human is ‎accustomed to a slick-and-clean (tamped) looking plant within urban ‎developments (i.e., ‎neighborhoods). An example of the trade-off that often happen in practice between ‎the ‎ecological and aesthetic values is replacing an ecologically unmaintained plants that play ‎important ‎ecological role (i.e., wildlife habitat) with clean tamped plants to increase the value of ‎a real estate. Due ‎to the uncertainty surrounding people's acceptance of the features of these ‎ecological unmaintained ‎plants, especially when it entails introducing ecological riparian ‎landscape attributes within ‎neighborhoods for the first time, this dissertation focuses on both ‎assessing ecological elements ‎preferences within an urban arid region in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ‎and assessing the extent to which ‎advanced analytical methods are capable of providing a better ‎understanding of ecological riparian ‎landscape attributes preference differences among a ‎seemingly homogenous sample of participants. ‎The increasing usage of manipulated images in ‎choice tasks inspired this dissertation. The results of the ‎study demonstrate that among the ‎relatively homogenous sample of participants that was recruited, ‎four significant preference ‎patterns have emerged, which could be used to describe and predict ‎preference for ecological ‎riparian landscape attributes and choice with great accuracy. The dissertation ‎also investigates ‎policy implications that might be beneficial in creating a ‎physical environment that ‎match public ‎preferences. ‎It also offers research implications and recommendations for landscape ‎architects ‎and urban designers on how to employ visual choice experiments, which have been well-‎‎developed in other research field

[pt] A Mata Atlântica representa uma das regiões mais biodiversas e únicas do planeta e atualmente restam menos de 25 por cento de sua cobertura original. O Caminho da Mata Atlântica (CMA) é uma iniciativa de conservação que tem como missão engajar a sociedade na conservação e recuperação do bioma, por meio de atividades ao ar livre e da conexão de áreas naturais ao longo de uma trilha de longo curso (TLC). As TLC s, por sua vez, têm sido mundialmente reconhecidas como importantes ferramentas de conservação da biodiversidade e dos ecossistemas, uma vez que formam grandes corredores ecológicos. As rodovias são uma das principais causas de fragmentação de habitats naturais em todo o mundo e pioram ainda mais a situação de isolamento de áreas no bioma. Para mitigar os impactos negativos das estradas, algumas medidas compensatórias podem ser implementadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a legislação ambiental existente no âmbito federal e estadual do Rio de Janeiro relativa à restauração florestal, ao licenciamento ambiental e à concessão de rodovias, com o intuito de trabalhar estratégias para reduzir os impactos causados pela existência dessas estradas nas proximidades do traçado do CMA. Como resultado, podemos dizer que são poucos os contratos que trazem inovações nesse sentido. Considerando as graves consequências causadas pela fragmentação de habitats para a biodiversidade, é de extrema importância que seja dada mais atenção à construção das condicionantes de licença e das medidas compensatórias presentes nos contratos de concessão. O CMA pode ser uma solução, de forma a aumentar a conectividade entre os fragmentos e consolidar a trilha como um grande corredor funcional para a conservação da biodiversidade. / [en] The Atlantic Forest represents one of the most biodiverse and unique regions on planet Earth and less than 25 percent of its original coverage currently remains. The Atlantic Forest Trail (CMA) is a conservation initiative whose mission is to engage society in the conservation and recovery of the biome, through outdoor activities and the connection of natural areas along a long-distance trail. These, in turn, have been recognized worldwide as important tools for conserving biodiversity and ecosystems, as they form large ecological corridors. Highways are one of the main causes of fragmentation of natural habitats around the world and further worsen the situation of isolated areas in the biome. To mitigate the negative impacts of roads, some compensatory measures can be implemented, such as the creation of ecological corridors, based on forest restoration. The objective of this study was to analyze the existing environmental legislation at the federal and Rio de Janeiro state levels regarding forest restoration, environmental licensing and highway concessions, with the aim of working on strategies to reduce the impacts caused by the existence of these roads nearby the CMA route. As a result, we can say that few agreements bring innovations in this sense. Considering the serious consequences for biodiversity caused by habitats fragmentation, it is extremely important to give more attention to the construction of license conditions and compensatory measures present in concession agreements. CMA can be a solution, in order to increase connectivity between the fragments and consolidate the trail as a large functional corridor for biodiversity conservation.

Given a grid of cells, each having a value indicating its cost per unit area, a variant of the least-cost path problem is to find a corridor of a specified width connecting two termini such that its cost-weighted area is minimized. A computationally efficient method exists for finding such corridors, but as is the case with conventional raster-based least-cost paths, their incremental orientations are limited to a fixed number of (typically eight orthogonal and diagonal) directions, and therefore, regardless of the grid resolution, they tend to deviate from those conceivable on the Euclidean plane. Additionally, these methods are limited to problems found on two-dimensional grids and ignore the ever-increasing availability and necessity of three-dimensional raster based geographic data. This thesis attempts to address the problems highlighted above by designing and testing least-cost corridor algorithms. First a method is proposed for solving the two-dimensional raster-based least-cost corridor problem with reduced distortion by adapting a distortion reduction technique originally designed for least-cost paths and applying it to an efficient but distortionprone least-cost corridor algorithm. The proposed method for distortion reduction is, in theory, guaranteed to generate no less accurate solutions than the existing one in polynomial time and, in practice, expected to generate more accurate solutions, as demonstrated experimentally using synthetic and real-world data. A corridor is then modeled on a threedimensional grid of cost-weighted cubic cells or voxels as a sequence of sets of voxels, called ‘neighborhoods,’ that are arranged in a 26-hedoral form, design a heuristic method to find a sequence of such neighborhoods that sweeps the minimum cost-weighted volume, and test its performance with computer-generated random data. Results show that the method finds a low-cost, if not least-cost, corridor with a specified width in a threedimensional cost grid and has a reasonable efficiency as its complexity is O(n2) where n is the number of voxels in the input cost grid and is independent of corridor width. A major drawback is that the corridor found may self-intersect, which is often not only an undesirable quality but makes the estimation of its cost-weighted volume inaccurate. / Med tanke på ett rutnät av celler, som vart och ett har ett värde som indikerar dess kostnad per areaenhet, är en variant av det billigaste banproblemet att hitta en korridor med en specificerad bredd som förbinder två terminaler så att dess kostnadsviktade område minimeras. Det finns en beräkningseffektiv metod för att hitta sådana korridorer, men som är fallet med konventionella rasterbaserade lägsta kostnadsspår är deras inkrementella orienteringar begränsade till ett fast antal (vanligtvis åtta ortogonala och diagonala) riktningar, och därför, oavsett nätupplösning tenderar de att avvika från de tänkbara på det euklidiska planet. Dessutom är dessa metoder begränsade till problem som finns i tvådimensionella nät och ignorerar den ständigt ökande tillgängligheten och nödvändigheten av tredimensionell rasterbaserad geografisk data. Denna avhandling försöker ta itu med problemen som belyses ovan genom att utforma och testa korridoralgoritmer till lägsta kostnad. Först föreslås en metod för att lösa det tvådimensionella rasterbaserade problemet med billigaste korridorer med minskad förvrängning genom att anpassa en distorsionsminskningsteknik som ursprungligen utformades för billigaste vägar och tillämpa den på en effektiv men distorsionsbenägen billigaste korridoralgoritm. Den föreslagna metoden för distorsionsminskning är i teorin garanterad att generera inte mindre exakta lösningar än den befintliga i polynomtid och i praktiken förväntas generera mer exakta lösningar, vilket demonstreras experimentellt med syntetiska och verkliga data. En korridor modelleras sedan på ett tredimensionellt rutnät av kostnadsvägda kubikceller eller voxels som en sekvens av uppsättningar av voxels, kallade "stadsdelar", som är ordnade i en 26-hedoral form, designar en heuristisk metod för att hitta en sekvens av sådana stadsdelar som sveper den lägsta kostnadsviktade volymen och testar dess prestanda med datorgenererade slumpmässiga data. Resultaten visar att metoden hittar en låg kostnad, om inte minst kostnad, korridor med en specificerad bredd i ett tredimensionellt kostnadsnät och har en rimlig effektivitet eftersom dess komplexitet är O (n2) där n är antalet voxlar i ingångskostnadsnätet och är oberoende av korridorbredd En stor nackdel är att korridoren som hittas kan korsa sig själv, vilket ofta inte bara är en oönskad kvalitet utan gör uppskattningen av dess kostnadsviktade volym felaktig. / <p>QC 20210309</p>

Les villes frontalières thaïlandaises et leurs doublets urbains laotiens sont engagés depuis les années 1990 dans un processus d’internationalisation. Ce dernier, lié à l’intégration transnationale promue par la coopération régionale, se caractérise notamment par l’augmentation du nombre d’acteurs internationaux qui conjuguent, à l’échelle urbaine, leurs stratégies à celles des autorités centrales et locales. Dans ce contexte de régionalisation de la mondialisation, ces petites villes, jusqu’alors à l’écart des flux en raison de leur position périphérique par rapport aux têtes de réseaux, se voient dotées de fonctions inédites en support de l’intégration régionale. Leur organisation spatiale se trouve ainsi reconfigurée avec l’apparition de nouvelles formes internationalisées, comme les infrastructures de transport transfrontalières ou les zones économiques en tête de pont. L’étude à l’échelle urbaine montre cependant que ces formes varient de part et d’autre du Mékong en raison de contextes nationaux et de stratégies d’acteurs différenciés. De la même manière, les interactions à l’échelle des doublons urbains chevauchant la frontière internationale et situés sur les corridors économiques de la Région du Grand Mékong diffèrent, créant des configurations allant de la juxtaposition de villes à l’émergence de systèmes urbains transnationaux. Ces villes frontalières représentent donc à la fois une échelle d’analyse privilégiée pour l’étude des dynamiques contemporaines de la régionalisation affectant, à différents degrés et selon des rythmes variables, les villes d’Asie du Sud-Est, mais aussi un outil des gouvernements pour renforcer l’intégration nationale et régionale. / The implementation of regional cooperation frameworks such as the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) in the 1990s is likely to give more functions to cities located near or on the international borders. Under this economic and institutional context, Thai bordertowns, which are third-rank cities, and their counterparts in Laos, are transformed by an internationalization process, characterized by rising cross-border flows, the empowerment of transnational stakeholders, the emergence of unprecedented urban functions and the creation of new internationalized forms (such as cross-border transport infrastructures or special economic zones). Spatial organization at the urban scale suggests however that these dynamics differ on each side of the border, resulting from diverse national backgrounds and actors’ strategies. Furthermore, the various types of interactions between the so-called “twin cities”, located on the Mekong border and on economic corridors under the GMS cooperation framework, produce different scales of integration, from cross-border to emerging transnational urban systems. Studying these cities represents a way of understanding the ongoing process of regionalization in South-East Asia and shows that the latter is not only affecting first-rank metropolis, but second or third-rank cities as well. These bordertowns’ internationalization raises thus strategic issues for governments and local authorities and represents a strategic tool for national and regional integration control.

A partir do ano 2000 cunhou-se no discurso do Ordenamento Territorial de Bogotá D.C. o conceito de Estrutura Ecológica, o qual foi interpretado como uma categoria fundamental no ordenamento espacial do território, com uma função específica: manter e conduzir a biodiversidade e os processos ecológicos essenciais do território. Os parques urbanos de grande escala que até antes desse ano eram visualizados como peças isoladas na superfície urbana, destinadas à recreação dos cidadãos incorporaram-se como um sistema essencial no ordenamento do território por meio deste conceito de Estrutura Ecológica; em consequência, a noção de parque urbano de grande escala ou metropolitano adquiriu um compromisso ambiental, que até os dias de hoje não tinha sido plenamente reconhecido. Neste contexto enquadra-se o Parque Metropolitano Terceiro Milênio, o qual foi concebido como uma obra de renovação urbana no setor de maior deterioramento físico, social e ambiental do centro da cidade, e foi estabelecido sobre o curso e ponto de confluência dos rios San Francisco e San Agustín, corpos de água de grande importância desde a fundação da cidade. Devido ao propósito com o qual foi concebido o projeto e a sua estratégica localização como parte integrante da Estrutura Ecológica de Bogotá, o Parque Terceiro Milênio foi uma grande oportunidade de contribuir para o melhoramento das condições do ecossistema da cidade, a recuperação do sistema hídrico natural, a renaturalização da rede de Corredores Ecológicos e a transformação da paisagem do centro de Bogotá. A simultaneidade de propósitos que convergiram na concepção, formulação e materialização deste Parque é exatamente o ponto de partida que motivou a pesquisa presente nesta dissertação. O Parque Terceiro Milênio reúne condições que o tornam uma oportunidade para a reflexão sobre os vínculos e as possíveis contradições que existem entre o discurso ambiental representado no conceito de Estrutura Ecológica e a formulação e materialização de um projeto concreto. É assim que a metodologia privilegia: uma análise do ideário presente nos documentos de formulação do projeto, para o qual se desenvolve uma leitura crítica do conceito de Estrutura Ecológica; uma avaliação em perspectiva histórica e em diferentes escalas, da forma como a cidade ocupou seu território; um exame dos estudos e desenhos dos três projetos que configuraram o ideário do Parque e sua relação com a Estrutura Ecológica; e uma análise integral da relação entre o parque e sua bacia hidrográfica. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa permitiu estabelecer, entre outros aspectos, a existência de uma fratura entre o discurso ambiental e o projeto executado, sendo pertinente à academia e à administração distrital lançarem um olhar mais amplo qualitativa e quantitativa sobre o sistema hídrico da cidade e, finalmente, sendo necessário implementar novas metodologias e elementos de análise que ressarçam as deficiências que se apresentaram na formulação e construção de projetos urbanos pertencentes à estrutura ecológica, como foi o caso do Parque Terceiro Milênio. / Since 2000 the concept of Ecologic Structure has been incorporated as part of the territorial reorganization of Bogota D.C., and is being interpreted as a fundamental category in the spatial reorganization of the territory, with a specific function: sustain and drive the biodiversity and the territorys essential ecological processes. The large scale urban parks which until that year were visualized as separated pieces in the urban landscape providing recreation to inhabitants- were incorporated as an essential system in the territorys order thru the concept of Ecological Structure; as such, the metropolitan urban park or large scale park acquired an environmental compromise that until then was not recognized. Under this context, the Third Millennium Metropolitan Park (2000-2005) was conceived as a piece of urban renovation in the area of the city presenting the most physical, social and environmental detriment in the downtown core and it was located where the rivers San Francisco and San Agustín meet. It should be noted that these two Rivers have been water bodies of great importance since the foundation of the city. Given the purpose of the project and its strategic location as an integral part of the Ecological Structure of Bogota, the Third Millennium Park was visualized as a great opportunity to contribute to the improvement of the citys ecosystem, the recovery of the natural hydrological system, the re-naturalization of the network of ecological corridors and the transformation of the downtowns landscape. The way of these diverse purposes came together during the conception, proposal and implementation of this park is precisely the starting point for this investigation. The Third Millennium Park meets the conditions that turn it into an opportunity to reflect about the linkages and potential contradictions that exist between the environmental speech represented by the concept of ecological structure- and the proposal and implementation of a concrete project. This is how the methodology benefits an analysis of the thoughts and ideas contained in the proposal documents of the project. For this reason the following actions are being conducted: a critical analysis of the Ecological Structure concept; an evaluation of how the city occupied its territory from a historical and scale perspective; research of the designs and studies of the three projects that conformed the conceptualization of the park and its relationship with the Ecological Structure; and a thorough analysis of the relationship between the park and the watershed. This research established among other aspects that there is a disconnect between the environmental speech and the implemented project, that it is pertinent that the scholars and the municipal administration perform a more comprehensive analysis quantitative and qualitative- about the hydrological system of the city, and lastly, that it is necessary implementing new methodologies and analysis elements to correct the deficiencies that were found in the proposal and construction of urban projects belonging to the ecological structure, as it was the case with the Third Millennium Park.

Esta tese propõe o desenvolvimento de um sistema de corredores ecológicos para o setor Oeste da Reserva da Biosfera do Cinturão Verde (RBVC), área que foi delimitada seguindo a metodologia e os objetivos do Programa Homem e Biosfera, da UNESCO. A área estudada localiza-se na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e possui diversos instrumentos legais, bem como algumas unidades de conservação que são de extrema importância para a manutenção dos serviços ambientais e ecológicos na região. Além disso, no entremeio dessa área, considerada como Zona Núcleo pela RBCV, existem fragmentos de vegetação típica de Mata Atlântica em diversos estágios sucessionais, sujeitos a maior fragmentação e perda de habitat, os quais ainda hoje possuem potencial para condução de fluxos ecológicos, tanto para biodiversidade como de recursos hídricos, todos fundamentais à preservação da vida silvestre. O objetivo do trabalho foi então apresentar e discutir os conflitos, as barreiras e oportunidades, avaliados por uma abordagem fundamentada em princípios de ecologia da paisagem e planejamento ecológico, de modo a manter e aumentar os fluxos ecológicos no setor estudado pelas indicações de soluções que possam minimizar os conflitos mais desafiadores. O desenho do sistema de corredores foi fundamentado em avaliações da paisagem natural, feitas por meio de matrizes e diversos mapas temáticos, que indicaram áreas com alta relevância para processos ecológicos e conectividade. A cada escala de avaliação do processo de planejamento, o desenho foi sendo aprimorado. Partiu-se de uma escala regional, até a definição do traçado do eixo principal e de cinco faixas indicativas secundárias que compõem o sistema estudado. Como resultado, foi obtido o traçado do sistema macro de corredores, estabelecendo-se áreas com maior potencial para a condução dos fluxos ecológicos e a definição dos principais conflitos e barreiras para o deslocamento de animais. Por fim, para o eixo principal e suas faixas indicativas secundárias, foi feita uma proposta de implementação dos corredores e sua integração com o tecido urbano, bem como apresentados alguns exemplos de infraestruturas, de maneira a implementar o desempenho dos importantes elos de conectividade que existem na área, podendo, assim, garantir uma maior eficiência da Reserva da Biosfera do Cinturão Verde de São Paulo. / Here is presented a proposal for the development of ecological corridors in the western sector of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region Green Belt Biosphere Reserve (RBCV). This area was delimitated under the methodology and goals of the UNESCO\'s Man and Biosphere Program. This area of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo already have a number of legal instruments and some conservation areas that are of extreme importance for the maintenance of ecological services for the Region. Between them there are fragments of Atlantic Forest in various succession stages, but under stress of further fragmentation and loss of habitats. They are until now providing ecological flows, both for biodiversity and water resources, all fundamental to the wildlife preservation and quality of the human life. This thesis aims to present the ecological corridors system obtained, that leads to discuss the conflicts, barriers and opportunities that could be taken in order to keep and enhance the flows of the ecological system in this track of the RBCV, through a landscape ecology and planning approach, with the indication of the landscape designs that could deal with the most challenging of these conflicts.The system design was based on ecological assessments of the existing landscapes, indicating areas with the more high relevance for ecological processes and connectivity. Assessments were made through the use of matrix and thematic mapping overlays. In this process, we went from the scale of regional planning to a Master Plan of a local development, which originates from the main corridor swath. We got the general layout of corridors that came out from this design process. It indicated areas with the greatest potential for conducting ecological flows, defining the main conflicts and barriers to the movements of animals and finally, allowed the delineation of the possibilities for the corridors implementation and its integration with the urban fabric and the infrastructure network that cross the whole area. The ecological and land-use and landscape information gathered could be preliminarily processed to indicate the most significant natural elements that remains, and the new elements that should be added through landscape planning and design, that could be integrated in order to resolve the barriers and conflicts, that are restraining the performance of the crucial links that can give to the RBCV its needed full implementation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alfredo Teodoro Reis.pdf: 4728870 bytes, checksum: 3ed51e2822aca4de31eb11d44d52dcb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-09 / All Brazilian evolution happened, one way or another, in the Atlantic Ocean. Everything began with the slave ships, in a triangle that seemed to be Brazil Portugal Africa and that, with time; eventually became Brazil England Africa. Since then, all development happens on the coast, the inner lands were left behind. The economic concentration on the east coast became even more clear with the growth of the American economy, in the XX century. It came to the point that, one of the planet s biggest wealth the Amazon forest is practically abandoned throughout these five hundred years. Our beautiful coast created in us, Brazilians, an intrinsic cultural difficulty we don t know what happens right there on the Pacific Ocean. Due to its gigantism, due to its natural resources which are considered endless, Brazil, even committing errors, even consenting losses, became a leader. Leader of a poor South America, nevertheless it is also naturally rich, our sister, our people and land, our brothers. Due to their even bigger difficulties, due to their freedom being obtained through sword and blood, full of resentment and differences, our brothers, Colombians, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Bolivians e Paraguayans could not reach the same Brazilian development. In this way, it was created, throughout these 500 years, a death frontier on the West, that isolates us from the Asian development process. Chile, the Latin tiger , more similar to Hong Kong than to Brazil, that should be the gateway to Asia, due to its fantastic coast, is the clog, the fetter. If not, how to explain the isolation, the forgetfulness of its neighbors and brothers? While in the United States, the Anglo-Saxon entrepreneurship united two oceans with trains in 1880, Brazil was sleeping on a splendid cradle. The bi-oceanic junction Santos Iquique is a current and innovative idea and, considering all alternatives, it is an economically viable option to unite the South American people in order to reach the global markets / Toda a evolução do Brasil se deu, de uma forma ou de outra, no Oceano Atlântico. Tudo começou com os navios negreiros, num eixo que parecia ser Brasil Portugal África e que, com o tempo, percebeu-se ser Brasil Inglaterra África. Desde então, todo o desenvolvimento se dá no litoral, o interior ficou relegado em segundo plano. Com a liderança norte-americana a partir do século XX, a concentração no eixo leste tornou-se ainda mais evidente. A ponto de uma das maiores riquezas do planeta a nossa Amazônia estar praticamente abandonada nesses quinhentos e poucos anos, mal aproveitada. Nossa maravilhosa costa criou-nos uma dificuldade cultural intrínseca não sabemos o que se passa ali, na outra vertente, no Oceano Pacífico. Com seu gigantismo, com as riquezas naturais consideradas infinitas, o Brasil, mesmo com todos os erros que cometeu, mesmo com todas as perdas consideradas e com todas as dificuldades enfrentadas tornou-se líder. Líder de uma América do Sul pobre, embora toda ela também rica por natureza, nossa irmã, povos e terras irmãos. Por suas dificuldades terem sido ainda maiores que as nossas, por terem conseguido sua libertação com espada e sangue, com ressentimentos e diferenças, nossos irmãos colombianos, equatorianos, peruanos, bolivianos e paraguaios não conseguiram acompanhar o desenvolvimento brasileiro. Criou-se assim, ao longo de mais de 500 anos, uma fronteira morta a oeste, que nos isola do processo de crescimento asiático. O Chile, tigre latino, mais parecido com Hong Kong do que com o Brasil, que deveria ser a porta para a Ásia, com seu fantástico litoral, é a trava. Se não, como explicar o isolamento, o esquecimento dos irmãos vizinhos? Enquanto nos Estados Unidos o empreendedorismo anglo-saxão uniu os dois oceanos com trens de ferro no longínquo 1880, o Brasil dormia em berço esplêndido. A ligação bi-oceânica Santos - Iquique está hoje na ordem do dia e, dentre as várias alternativas, é opção economicamente viável de unir os povos da América do Sul para atingirem os mercados globais

This study presents an analysis of detour operations as a concept of congestion management. Since a large portion of traffic delay emanates from traffic incidents, the goal of the study was to alleviate incident-induced impacts on freeways by diverting congested traffic on to adjacent roadway facilities. To balance the demand between freeway and arterial systems, optimization was required through Integrated Corridor Management (ICM). This thesis examines the justification and optimization of dynamic traffic routing strategies. Previous studies have justified detour operations based solely on traffic simulation results. This study quantifies the impacts from freeway incidents on a parallel arterial roadway using a data-driven signal processing technique, with operating speeds adopted as a performance measure. Results show that rerouting traffic to an adjacent arterial road, due to a freeway incident, can mitigate the mobility of the corridor with a probability of up to 88% depending on the type of incident and occurrence time. Results also indicate that diverting traffic during off-peak hours, especially for minor incidents, provides minimal mobility benefits. A secondary focus of this study explored the optimum dynamic traffic diversion, to an adjacent arterial roadway, from incident-induced freeway congestion to better utilize the freeway’s available corridor capacity. VISSIM, a microsimulation tool, was employed to simulate a freeway incident and measure the performance of detour operations. A 23 full factorial central composite design was used to establish a relationship between the performance of the detour operation and three control factors: incident duration, diversion rate, and demand level. The resulting regression equation predicts the corridor delay with over 83% accuracy. The findings of this study can potentially serve as a building block in the understanding and development of future ICM systems and incident management plans.