The purpose of this thesis work was to make a survey of current on-line payment technologies and find out which are they and how do they work? Compare and analyze them from a security point of view, as well as a usability point of view. What is good? What is bad? What is lacking? To achieve this purpose, an overview of the current on-line payment technologies was acquired through academic books and papers, Internet sites, magazines. Basic cryptographic and security related techniques were studied for the security analysis of current on-line payment systems. In this work, various current on-line payment systems were classified into two groups [Macro and Micro on-line payment systems]. This classification was based on the mode of on-line payment transactions. To analyze these on-line payment systems, a set of payment system requirements were formed [Security Issues, Usability Issues, Anonymity, Scalability etc]. Under the category of Macro payment system, Credit Card payment system, Debit Card payment system, Stored Value Card payment system, Electronic Check payment system, Electronic Cash payment system, Electronic account transfer payment system and mobile payment system transactions were examined. Under the category of Micro payment system, Hash Chain based Payment System, Hash Collisions and Hash sequences based Payment Systems, Shared Secrete Keys based Payment Systems and Probability based payment systems were examined. Based on the requirements of payment system, these on-line payment systems were analyzed and compared. In the analysis phase, the advantages and drawbacks of these payment systems were figured out. It was found from the study that the credit card based payment systems are the most widely used means of conducting on-line payments. It is evident that credit card based payment systems satisfy stakeholder requirements the best, as they offer more flexible payment options, having a large user-base, benefit from familiarity and simplicity of use and also allow international payments. The other on-line payment systems lack this flexibility It can also be extracted from the study that users want more simplified, convenient and secure on-line payment systems. Thus the futuristic on-line payment systems will have all secure payment options into one system.

LL.M. / Despite payment cards being of a fairly recent origin,1 these instruments of payment play an increasingly significant role in commerce. With reference to credit cards, Cornelius already in 2003 stated: “They fulfil various functions that are increasingly important at a time that ecommerce is taking off at a tremendous pace.”2 Similarly criminals continuously use more inventive and technologically advanced methods to commit fraud, including counterfeit card fraud. Is the South African criminal law, however, keeping up? The aim of this study is to investigate whether the various activities which form part of the criminal business value chain relating to counterfeit card fraud, with specific reference to bank payment cards, are sufficiently criminalised in South Africa or whether the inability of our criminal law to address the challenges posed by this crime type necessitates the introduction of further legislation. In the first part of the dissertation the South African common and statutory criminal law is investigated in some depth to establish the applicability thereof on the activities forming part of the criminal business value chain relevant to counterfeit card fraud. The appropriateness of certain statutory provisions is questioned and recommendations are made to amend current legislation. An argument is also advanced for further development of the common-law offence of theft to include identity theft and the unlawful copying and subsequent use of data. Brief reference is made to the international situation. Chapter 2 is an introduction to bank payment card fraud in South Africa focusing on the most prevalent forms thereof being card-not-present fraud and counterfeit card fraud. Reference is made to the manner in which offences related to counterfeit card fraud are currently approached in our criminal courts and the limited impact prosecutions has on the prevalence of this fraud type.

Com o avanço tecnológico e econômico, que facilitaram o processo de comunicação e aumento do poder de compra, transações com cartão de crédito tornaram-se o principal meio de pagamento no varejo nacional e internacional (Bolton e Hand , 2002). Neste aspecto, o aumento do número de transações com cartão de crédito é crucial para a geração de mais oportunidades para fraudadores produzirem novas formas de fraudes, o que resulta em grandes perdas para o sistema financeiro (Chan et al. , 1999). Os índices de fraudes têm mostrado que transações no comércio eletrônico (e-commerce) são mais arriscadas do que transações presencias em terminais, pois aquelas não fazem uso de processos seguros e eficientes de autenticação do portador do cartão, como utilização de senha eletrônica. Como os fraudadores se adaptam rapidamente às medidas de prevenção, os modelos estatísticos para detecção de fraudes precisam ser adaptáveis e flexíveis para evoluir ao longo do tempo de maneira dinâmica. Raftery et al. (2010) desenvolveram um método chamado Dynamic Model Averaging (DMA), ou Ponderação Dinâmica de Modelos, que implementa um processo de atualização contínuo ao longo do tempo. Nesta dissertação, desenvolvemos modelos DMA no espaço de transações eletrônicas oriundas do comércio eletrônico que incorporem as tendências e características de fraudes em cada período de análise. Também desenvolvemos modelos de regressão logística clássica com o objetivo de comparar as performances no processo de detecção de fraude. Os dados utilizados para tal são provenientes de uma empresa de meios de pagamentos eletrônico. O experimento desenvolvido mostra que os modelos DMA apresentaram resultados melhores que os modelos de regressão logística clássica quando analisamos a medida F e a área sob a curva ROC (AUC). A medida F para o modelo DMA ficou em 58% ao passo que o modelo de regressão logística clássica ficou em 29%. Já para a AUC, o modelo DMA alcançou 93% e o modelo de regressão logística clássica 84%. Considerando os resultados encontrados para os modelos DMA, podemos concluir que sua característica de atualização ao longo do tempo se mostra um grande diferencial em dados como os de fraude, que sofrem mudanças de comportamento a todo momento. Deste modo, sua aplicação se mostra adequada no processo de detecção de transações fraudulentas no ambiente de comércio eletrônico. / Regarding technological and economic development, which made communication process easier and increased purchasing power, credit card transactions have become the primary payment method in national and international retailers (Bolton e Hand , 2002). In this scenario, as the number of transactions by credit card grows, more opportunities are created for fraudsters to produce new ways of fraud, resulting in large losses for the financial system (Chan et al. , 1999). Fraud indexes have shown which e-commerce transactions are riskier than card present transactions, since those do not use secure and efficient processes to authenticate the cardholder, such as using personal identification number (PIN). Due to fraudsters adapt quickly to fraud prevention measures, statistical models for fraud detection need to be adaptable and flexible to change over time in a dynamic way. Raftery et al. (2010) developed a method called Dynamic Model Averaging (DMA), which implements a process of continuous updating over time. In this thesis, we develop DMA models within electronic transactions coming from ecommerce environment, which incorporate the trends and characteristics of fraud in each period of analysis. We have also developed classic logistic regression models in order to compare their performances in the fraud detection processes. The database used for the experiment was provided by a electronic payment service company. The experiment shows that DMA models present better results than classic logistic regression models in respect to the analysis of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) and F measure. The F measure for the DMA was 58% while the classic logistic regression model was 29%. For the AUC, the DMA model reached 93% and the classical model reached 84%. Considering the results for DMA models, we can conclude that its update over time characteristic makes a large difference when it comes to the analysis of fraud data, which undergo behavioral changes continuously. Thus, its application has proved to be appropriate for the detection process of fraudulent transactions in the e-commerce environment.

The thesis deals with finding such a competitive strategy, which enables a well-established Copany to remain on the leading edge of sales finance market in the Czech Republic. To do that, it is necessary to acquire as detailed information about competitors´ activities, professional environment development and end-user preferences trend, as possible. Based on this information it proposes possible models of strategic options including the impact on customers, business partners and internal issues.

This thesis deals with the operational business lending . There is an analysis of current capabilities in the lending operations of banks subjectively defined , and the selection of the best product in the specific context of a fictitious business in this thesis. Based on the results of the analysis and comparison is given a rank of banks and they provide products that are suitable for fictitious businesses.

In this thesis, a comparison of three different pre-processing methods for imbalanced classification data, is conducted. Variational Autoencoder, Random Under-Sampling Boosting and a hybrid approach of the two, are applied to three imbalanced classification data sets with different class imbalances. A logistic regression (LR) model is fitted to each pre-processed data set and based on its classification performance, the pre-processing methods are evaluated. All three methods shows indications of different advantages when handling class imbalances. For each pre-processed data, the LR-model has is better at correctly classifying minority class observations, compared to a LR-model fitted to the original class imbalanced data sets. Evaluating the overall classification performance, both VAE and RUSBoost shows improving classification results while the hybrid method performs worse for the moderate class imbalanced data and best for the highly imbalanced data.

過去有關服務品質的研究大都以服務的特性(如可靠度、反應力等等..)做為服務品質的構面去探討每一構面對整體服務品質的影響，本研究則以服務的種類做為服務品質的構面去探討不同服務的服務品質對整體服務品質的影響。 根據Grönroos (1990) 對服務所做的分類，本研究將服務分成核心服務、輔助服務以及支援性服務，探討這三種服務對整體服務品質的影響力。 此外，在Zeithaml & Bitner (1996) 所提出的「顧客知覺品質與顧客滿意度關係圖」中認為滿意度直接受到知覺服務品質、知覺產品品質、知覺價格的影響，本研究便據此去探討整體服務品質對顧客滿意度的影響。此外，更進一步去探討顧客滿意度與顧客忠誠度之間的關係。 由於本研究主要著重在服務品質的探討，因此選定幾無實體商品的信用卡產業做為研究客體，探討知覺服務品質及知覺價格對滿意度的影響，而不探討知覺產品品質的影響。 根據Grönroos對核心服務、輔助服務以及支援性服務所下的定義，核心服務指的是企業在市場上生存的理由，應用在信用卡產業即為信用卡所提供「延遲付款」的利益以及旅遊保險、道路救援等等服務；輔助服務是企業為了讓顧客能使用核心服務所提供的服務，企業以此做為競爭的手段，增加差異化的程度，應用在信用卡產業即為客服中心所提供的服務；支援性服務是企業為了增加整體服務吸引力所提供的服務，應用在信用卡產業即為發卡銀行的企業形象及所參與的公益活動等等。 本研究共回收382份有效問卷，以247份進行LISREL分析，得到以下的結果。 在服務種類和整體服務品質的關係上，核心服務和支援性服務對整體服務品質並無顯著影響。唯有輔助服務(客服中心)對整體服務品質有顯著影響。顯示在核心服務與支援性服務易於模仿而日益趨同的情況下，輔助服務(客服中心)對消費者在評估整體服務品質時所具有的重要性已超越其他種類的服務。 在影響滿意度的因素上，研究結果顯示，整體服務品質與價格皆會影響顧客滿意度，且服務品質的影響力大於價格的影響力。此外，在滿意度和忠誠度的關係上，結果顯示，兩者之間呈正相關。 本研究以服務的分類去探討不同種類服務對整體服務品質的影響，並與Zeithaml & Bitner所提出的架構做一連結，提供未來學術研究在探討影響服務品質的構面時一個新的方向。 / In the past, in the literature research on service quality, the characteristics of service such as reliability, responsiveness, and etc. were regarding as the dimensions of service quality to study the influence of each dimension on whole service quality. This research is taking the category of service quality as the dimensions of service quality to study the influence of different kinds of service on whole service quality. According to Grönroos’s study on the category of service in 1990, this study is divided service into core service, facilitating services and supporting services to realize the influence of these three kinds of service on whole service quality. Furthermore, in the framework “Customer perception of quality and customer satisfaction” proposed by Zeithmal and Bitner’s, satisfaction is directly influenced by perceived service quality, perceived product quality, and perceived price. According to this reference, this study is to discuss the influence of whole service quality on satisfaction. In addition, this study would Because this study emphasizes on the study of service quality, the main focus in on credit card to investigate the influence of perceived service quality and perceived price on satisfaction, rather than the influence of perceived product. According to the definition of core service, facilitating services and supporting services proposed by Grönroos, core services are the reasons for being on the market. Applied to credit card, the core services are the benefit of deferred payment, travel insurance, road rescue, and etc. Besides, facilitating services are the services that facilitate the use of the core services. Applied to credit card, the facilitating services are the services call centers could supply. In addition, supporting services are used to increase the value and/or to differentiate the service from the services of competitors. Applied to credit card, supporting services are the image of the company and the activities for public warfare or charity the company holds or joins. This study collects 382 copies of valid questionnaires and later LISREL analysis is carried out with 247 copies. The results are as follows. With the relationship between service category and whole service quality, core service and supporting services has no significant influence on whole service quality. Only facilitating services—the services call center supplies—have significant influence on whole service quality. It shows that under the situation that the core services and supporting services are imitated easily and equaled gradually, the importance of facilitating services is beyond any other kinds of services when consumers evaluating the whole service quality. As to the factors that influence satisfaction, whole service quality and perceived price both have significant influence of satisfaction, and whole service quality has more influence than price. In addition, with the relationship between satisfaction and loyalty, the two variables are positively related. This study is to discuss the influence of different kinds of services on whole service quality and create a linkage between services category and the framework proposed by Zeithaml and Bitner. Also, the study wishes to provide a new direction for future literature research regarding the dimensions that would influence the service quality.

Os modelos de regressão beta e beta inflacionados conseguem ajustar adequadamente grande parte das variáveis do tipo proporção. No entanto, esses modelos não são úteis quando a variável resposta não pode assumir valores no intervalo (0,c) e assume o valor c com probabilidade positiva. Variáveis relacionadas a algum tipo de pagamento limitado entre dois valores, quando estudadas em relação ao seu valor máximo, possuem essas características. Para ajustar essas variáveis, introduzimos a distribuição beta inflacionada truncada (BIZUT), que é uma mistura de uma distribuição beta com suporte no intervalo (c,1) e uma distribuição trinomial que assume os valores zero, um e c. Propomos ainda um modelo de regressão para as situações em que a variável resposta tem distribuição BIZUT. Admitimos que todos os parâmetros da distribuição podem variar em função de variáveis preditoras. Além disso, o modelo permite que o parâmetro conhecido c varie entre as unidades populacionais. Para esse modelo são desenvolvidos diversos aspectos inferenciais, são obtidos resultados para as situações em que c é variável e são conduzidos estudos de simulação de Monte Carlo. Além disso, discutimos análise de resíduos, desenvolvemos análise de influência local e realizamos uma aplicação a dados reais de cartão de crédito. / The beta regression model or the inflated beta regression model may be a reasonable choice to fit a proportion in most situations. However, they do not fit well variables that do not assume values in the open interval (0,c), 0 < c < 1 and assume the c value with positive probability. Variables related to a kind of double bounded payment amount when studied as a proportion of the maximum payment amount have this feature. For these variables, we introduce the truncated inflated beta distribution (TBEINF). This proposed distribution is a mixture of the beta distribution bounded in the open interval (c,1) and a trinomial distribution that assumes the values zero, one and c. This work also proposes a regression model where the response variable is TBEINF distributed. The model allows all the unknown parameters of the conditional distribution of the response variable to be modeled as functions of explanatory variables. Moreover, the model allows nonconstant known parameter c across population units. For this model, some inferential aspects are developed, some results when c is not constant are obtained and Monte Carlo simulation studies are performed. In addition, residual and local influence analysis are discussed and an application to credit card data is presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Lima Gurgel do Amaral.pdf: 854529 bytes, checksum: 255c41d46fb74b3d243cf35405f3fe5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / This paper aims at the analysis of the legal concept of financial institution, and at the analysis of the activity of credit intermediation intrinsic to it, taking into consideration the existence of two legal concepts, contained in the article 17 of Law 4.595/64 and article 1º of Law 7.492/86, whose composition it´s abstruse and would cause a inadequate conclusions. Only by applying the correct delimitation of the financial institution´s legal concept, it will provide the necessary safety on the suitable application of the legal framework designed to the financial institutions, in order to protect the private investments. Its aim is also the appreciation of limit activities, especially the ones related to factoring, credit card administrators, exchange and derivatives contracts, besides pointing at the objectives and intents of the creation of a legal regime for financial institutions / A presente dissertação consiste na análise do conceito jurídico de instituição financeira e, com isso, igualmente na análise da atividade de intermediação de crédito que lhe é privativa, levando-se em consideração a existência de dois conceitos legais, definidos no art. 17 da Lei 4.595/64 e art. 1º da Lei 7.492/86, cujas redações são tortuosas e levariam a conclusões inadequadas. Somente com a correta delimitação deste conceito de instituição financeira, haverá segurança na adequada aplicação do regime jurídico específico destinado às instituições financeiras, objetivando a proteção dos investimentos privados. Também tem como alvo a apreciação das atividades limites, especialmente no que diz respeito ao factoring, administradoras de cartão de crédito, contratos de câmbio e derivativos, além de apontar os objetivos e finalidades da criação de um regime jurídico para as instituições financeiras

This diploma thesis is covering topics of customer's loyalty, loyalty programs in banking and mainly topic is loyalty programs of payment cards in banking industry. First theoretical parts is guiding us though concept of customer's loyalty in banking industry and is describing specifics of this loyalty compared to loyalty to sales businesses. Further, this thesis is trying to show opportunities to be used to support customer's loyalty in bank with participation of credit and debit cards. In this sense, these payment cards are those that enable client's entry into the loyalty program and into the advantages that is loyalty program offering. Further, this thesis is describing interesting concept of loyalty program that is closely coupled with business partners that give opportunities to make the program very variable and interesting for customers. Practical part of this thesis is describing basis for technologies to be used while deploying the loyalty program and is discussing two main technical concepts regarding loyalty system integration with current bank information systems. One of those is further discussed and described from the point of view technical realization in common data warehouse systems. Main contribution of this work is preview of approaches to payment card loyalty programs and also preview of possibilities in way the loyalty program can be integrated with data warehouse currently deployed in the bank.