Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / Enforced disappearances are a heinous violation of numerous human rights enshrined in many international conventions. However, they have not been adequately addressed in many jurisdictions. This crime is very common within countries on the continent of Africa, which despite having plenty of conflicts, under report cases of enforced disappearances. This research paper investigates the transitional justice mechanisms implemented in Uganda to deal with the phenomenon of enforced disappearances. It analyses the mechanisms implemented by the Government of Uganda and those by Non- Governmental Organisations. The paper examines also how the phenomenon of enforced disappearances has been dealt with in other countries such as Morocco, Kenya and South Africa. The paper suggests several recommendations to Uganda after having made a comparison with the selected countries on how to deal with the crime of enforced disappearances.

This thesis takes its starting point from the need for a comprehensive approach towards justice following atrocities, and where not only the states in which the crimes were committed have a role to play. The thesis discusses atrocity crime (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes) prosecution and reparations procedures concerning individuals as two appropriate courses of action, through which non-territorial states may contribute to atrocity prevention and justice for the victims of atrocities. The analysis addresses whether, under international law, non-territorial states are allowed to, required to, or prohibited from facilitating prosecution and reparations procedures and includes an assessment of the extent to which international law relating to reparations fails to correspond to that applicable to prosecution. The implications of the lack of correspondence are analysed in light of the historical connection and separation of the two courses of action, the procedural and substantive legal overlaps between prosecution and reparations, and the underlying aims and functions of prosecution and reparations. The study covers a wide spectrum of international legal sources, most of them to be found in human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law. The study shows that while non-territorial states are included in both conventional and customary law as regards prosecution of atrocity crimes, the same cannot be said in relation to reparations procedures. This serious deficit and inconsistency in international law, is explained by the framing of reparations, but not prosecution, as a matter concerning victims and human rights, thereby leaving the enforcement of the rules to the discretion of each state. Reparation is also considered a private matter and as such falls outside the scope of the far-reaching obligations regarding prosecution. The study suggests taking further the responsibilities of non-territorial states in relation to atrocity crimes. Most urgently, measures should be considered that bring the legal space for reparations procedures into line with that for prosecution in, for instance, future discussions by human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and in the drafting of new international victims' rights, atrocity crimes or civil procedure instruments.

This thesis analyses the crime of trafficking in persons under international law with a special focus on Jordanian legislation, arguing that efforts to address the crime of trafficking in persons require a holistic approach, but it will focus on questions of jurisdiction and legal definitions. After analysing the definitions, elements, forms, and typologies of the crime of trafficking in persons under the Trafficking in Persons Protocol (TIPP) as the main legal international instrument, this thesis further examines whether or not Jordanian legislation is in line with international standards. Then, under the holistic approach to addressing the crime of trafficking in persons, this thesis examines trafficking in persons as a transnational organised crime. Subsequently, it examines trafficking in persons as a crime against humanity by examining whether or not the International Criminal Court (ICC) might be regarded as an effective organ for addressing trafficking in persons as a crime against humanity. Later, the thesis examines the efforts made in Jordan to address the crime of trafficking in persons. Accordingly, this thesis concludes that trafficking in persons is a multi-dimensional problem and that long-term success will not be achieved by taking a disjunctive approach to addressing its many facets. Therefore, achieving a unified approach will lead to a permanent solution or will at least make a major contribution to addressing the problem.

Denna studie undersöker hur minnen av folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten artikuleras, förvaltas och kommer till uttryck. Traumatiska erfarenheter av folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten gör avtryck på en människas minne och minnena traderas och ärvs över generationsgränser. Omfattande studier har gjorts om berättande, folkmord och minne, där flertalet fokuserar på efterdyningarna av Förintelsen och effekterna för överlevande såväl som deras barn. Detta har lämnat ett kunskapsglapp kring minnesprocesser från folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten utanför Europa, vilket osynliggör de som har sådana erfarenheter. Med intervju som metod undersöker denna studie egna och ärva minnen från skilda geografiska och historiska skeenden. Berättelser om minnen från dessa händelser analyseras med hjälp av tidigare minnesforskning samt narrativanalys. Materialet visar på att smärtsamma minnen ärvs tillsammans med strategier för att förvalta dem, att de positioneras i relation till gängse historiografi och binds till andras minnen, samt att minnen kommer till uttryck genom minnesbärarnas identitetsprocesser och vägval. Genom att undersöka detta hoppas författaren ge bredare kunskap om minnesprocesser kring folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten, synliggöra dess förekomst i Sverige samt dess inverkan på människors livsvillkor.

Since the aftermath of the brutal civil war in Somaliland, no one has systematically considered the human rights atrocities committed by one of the most brutal regimes in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, it is the objective of this study, firstly, to throw light on the international rules which govern those crimes committed in Somaliland during the military regime. Secondly, the study will apply those rules to the case of Somaliland, based on the available evidence. Thirdly, the study will establish a case for the international prosecution of those who bear the greatest responsibilities for the human rights atrocities that occurred in Somaliland. Fourthly, this study will investigate which international mechanism provides the best chance of serving as an adequate prosecutorial mechanism. Finally, the study will analyse the role of individual criminal responsibility under international criminal law / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Frans Viljoen of the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

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<p>This thesis assessed the effectiveness of the Special Court in relation to the impact is has made in cultivating the rudiments of a human rights culture, dispensing justice, ending a culture of impunity, effecting unity and national reconciliation in post war Sierra Leone.</p>

A presente dissertação de mestrado analisa a atuação do Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda, corte com sede na Tanzânia, criada sob os auspícios da ONU e encarregada de processar as pessoas responsáveis por sérias violações ao Direito Internacional Humanitário cometidas durante o genocídio da população tutsi organizado por membros do governo e do exército de Ruanda em 1994, e que vitimou mais de 800.000 civis. Estuda-se a evolução do Direito Internacional Penal ao longo do século XX até a criação do Tribunal e a história e a organização política de Ruanda até a eclosão da guerra civil e do genocídio. Apresenta-se a estrutura, a competência e a dinâmica dos julgamentos, promove-se o estudo de quatro casos paradigmáticos julgados, e verificam-se os resultados concretos alcançados pelo Tribunal para impedir a impunidade, apontando este órgão judicial como importante precursor do Tribunal Penal Internacional criado pelo Estatuto de Roma em 1998. O trabalho também ambiciona perpetuar a lembrança de um dos maiores massacres da história, comparável ao próprio Holocausto, e o tratamento dado pelo Direito e pela comunidade internacional ao episódio / This dissertation examines the performance of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Tanzania-based court, created under the auspices of the UN, in charge of prosecuting people responsible for serious violations of International Humanitarian Law committed during the genocide of the Tutsi population, organized by members of the government and the army of Rwanda in 1994, which killed over 800,000 civilians. It is studied the evolution of International Criminal Law over the twentieth century until the establishment of the Court, and also the history and the political organization in Rwanda until the outbreak of civil war and genocide. This dissertation presents the structure, competence and dynamics of the trials, promotes the study of four paradigmatic cases tried, and verifies the concrete results achieved by the Court to prevent impunity, pointing this judicial body as an important forerunner of the International Criminal Court created by the Rome Statute in 1998. The study also aspires to perpetuate the memory of one of the greatest massacres in history, comparable to the Holocaust itself, and treatment given by the law and by the international community to the episode

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodolfo Costa Machado.pdf: 11712226 bytes, checksum: fb00c09ad128842ef9d94d528414501e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation searches to understand the indissoluble connection between the historic activity of Alfredo Buzaid (1914-1991) and his specific bourgeois-autocratic ideology, understanding the formative period of Buzaid s thought outlined by Plínio Salgado s Brazilian Integralism and explaining the role of Buzaid (beside the Law School of University of São Paulo) in the conspiracy of Ipês complex (Institute for Research and Social Studies). His emphatic Christian anti-communism is closely examined beneath juridical basis, and the CCC (Command of Communist Hunting) agents, but mainly under the social function accomplished by Buzaid while Minister of Justice of the dictator Emílio Médici (1969-1974). Pursuing the so called ―internal enemies‖ of the self-named Brazilian Democratic Revolution of 1964, the State s autocratic ideologist managed the official denial about the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the last Brazilian Bonapartist dictatorship. In this context, Buzaid coordinated the production of the ‗Book of Truth (1970), although it has never been published. After the Ministry of Justice, during The Cold War international disputies, Alfredo Buzaid engaged his anti-communist militancy on the ―Brazilian Chapter‖ of the World Anti-Communist League (WACL), presided by the official brazilian banker of Condor Operation. With the statutory ontology of Karl Marx, this dissertation is based on the achievements of José Chasin about the Military Dictatorship of 1964-1985 as a particular way of Brazilian s bonapartism (this means the bourgeoisie s indirect dominance). We also apprehend the bonapartist Buzaid s world view in the larger context of ‗1964 Ideology , in fact, ‗the rulers of the ‗atrophic capital that, under Médici, established as tenets the ‗accelerated development based upon on official terrorism , according to Antonio Rago Filho. In accord with the historic-immanent critic, the Law s ideology of Buzaid and his conception of law ―science‖ were systematized as processual technique able to carry out the rational Administration of the State s Justice. The rationalization and technicalization of the Judiciary and the process, as well as the mutual implications between Democracy and Process, were outlined by Buzaid to build the Judiciary s autocracy into rationalizing standard for the political representation supported by the others suffraged State Powers, intending to ―save‖ de democracy from the common people. Therefore, the autocratic-technician reason as criterion for the highest state charges to repress the ―auspicious phenomenom of common people s rising‖. It is possible to grasp Buzaid s engagement at a social democracy type based on the Catholic Church s doctrine, the turning point when he contradictorily ―demonizes‖ the bourgeois technician and rationality that has made the world unsacred. Finally, we have examined the bonapartist ideology of Buzaid that supported the permanent bourgeois counter-revolution of 1964-1985. After the development of a spiritualist conception of human being, of history, State, Government, Law and its positive laws, Alfredo Buzaid has defended the establishment of a brazilian―real democracy‖, anti-communist and anti-liberal State of Justice, setting his ultra-reactionary class position at the conflict Christianity versus Marxism and atheism. Buzaid turns Camões into a medieval character and becomes an apologist of the Empire s demiurges of 1822, appearing as an anachronistic chronicler of State s greatest man. Buzaid has also ascribed the spiritualist conception of human being to the political philosophy of the 1964 counter-revolution s State of Justice, assigning with Christian ethic and morality institutionalized against the atheist communism. At last, the bourgeois counter-revolutionary constitutional law in Brazil is taken as particularity of bonapartist ideology and its accelerated economic development combined with maximum national security. Rationalization and technicalization appear, to Alfredo Buzaid, as technical-autocratic reason hostile and averse to political control exerted by the universal and direct suffrage, the bourgeois political domination kind wich is typical of classic European capitalist modernity. His processual judiciary reason represents one step behind concerning to the bourgeois classic parliamentary politic reason, expressing Buzaid s world view, in the historic praxis, the bourgeois-autocratic vocation of jurists and legal technicians able to regressively ―spiritualize‖ dictatorships and State s terrorisms, serving the great capital / Este trabalho busca compreender a articulação entre a atividade histórica de Alfredo Buzaid (1914-1991) e sua particular ideologia autocrático-burguesa, percorrendo seus anos formativos no integralismo pliniano e seu engajamento (ao lado da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo) na conspiração do complexo Ipês (Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais). Seu acendrado anticomunismo cristão, aqui, é entrelido com as raízes jurídicas e os agentes do CCC (o Comando de Caça aos Comunistas) e, sobretudo, na função social cumprida historicamente como Ministro da Justiça do general-presidente Emílio Médici (1969-1974). Perseguindo os incriminados ―inimigos internos‖ da autodesignada Revolução Democrática Brasileira de 1964, o ideólogo autocrata de Estado cogestou, consequentemente, o desmentido oficial dos crimes de lesa-humanidade da última ditadura bonapartista brasileira, produzindo (sem publicá-lo) seu Livro da Verdade (1970). Após o ministério, nos embates internacionais da dita Guerra Fria, engajou sua militância anticomunista no ―Capítulo Brasileiro‖ da Liga Mundial Anticomunista (WACL, na sigla em inglês), presidida pelo banqueiro oficial da Operação Condor. Com base nos lineamentos ontológicos da filosofia de Karl Marx, amparamo-nos naquilo avançado por José Chasin na apreensão da ditadura militar de 1964-1985 como uma forma particular de bonapartismo brasileiro (isto é, domínio indireto da burguesia), bem como entrelemos a visão de mundo buzaidiana, propriamente bonapartista, no contexto maior da Ideologia 1964, conforme Antonio Rago Filho, chamada a cumprir a função histórico-social de gestores do capital atrófico, no medicismo, pela aliança de crescimento econômico acelerado com terrorismo oficial. Conforme crítica histórico-imanente, sistematizou-se a ideologia do direito de Buzaid e sua concepção de ―ciência‖ jurídica enquanto técnica processual apta a exercer a Administração racional da Justiça de Estado. A racionalização e tecnicização do Poder Judiciário e do processo, bem como as implicações recíprocas entre Democracia e Processo, foram delineadas por Buzaid de modo a erigir a autocracia do Judiciário em padrão racionalizador à representação política sufragada presente nos demais Poderes de Estado, propugnando, tecnicamente, a necesidade de ―salvar‖ a democracia burguesa das massas. A razão técnico-autocrática como critério e parâmetro às altas funções do Estado para conter e ―pacificar‖ o auspicioso fenômeno da ascensão das massas. Notou-se aí seu engajamento em espécie de democracia social ancorada na doutrina da Igreja Católica de Roma, momento em que contraditoriamente ―demoniza‖ a racionalidade técnica burguesa que dessacralizou o mundo ocidental. Finalmente, esquadrinhou-se a ideologia bonapartista de Buzaid entretecida em defesa da contrarrevolução burguesa permanente de 1964 e sua ideologia oficial de Desenvolvimento e Segurança Nacional. Nutrindo-se de uma concepção espiritualista do ser humano, da história, do Estado, da política, do direito e de suas leis positivas, salientou-se a pugna de Buzaid por uma Democracia real brasileira e por um Estado de Justiça antiliberal e anticomunista, bem como sua posição de classe arquiconservadora na luta entre Cristianismo versus Marxismo e ateísmo. ―Medievalizando‖ Camões, constituindo-se como apologeta dos ―demiurgos‖ do Império escravagista de 1822, despontando como anacrônico cronista dos grandes homens de Estado, Buzaid atribuiu uma concepção espiritualista do ser humano à filosofia política do Estado de Justiça ditatorial, em nome da permanência da contrarrevolução burguesa de 1964. Nutriu-a de ética e moral cristãs institucionalizadas contra o ateísmo comunista. Enfim, o contrarrevolucionário direito constitucional burguês, sumariado por Buzaid, é apreendido como particularidade integrante da ideologia bonapartista do Desenvolvimento Acelerado com Máxima Segurança Nacional. Racionalização e tecnicização pressupõem, pois, uma ratio técnico-autocrática hostil e alheia ao controle eleitoral exercido pelo sufrágio universal, modo clássico de dominação política burguesa da modernidade europeia capitalista. Sua razão judiciária processual é um passo atrás em relação à clássica razão política burguesa de outrora, expressando Buzaid, na práxis histórica, a vocação autocrático-burguesa de juristas e técnicos legistas capazes de ―espiritualizar‖, regressivamente, ditaduras e terrorismos de Estado, a serviço do grande capital

<p>The first part of this study evaluates the historical events that led to the referral of the DRC situation to the ICC. This includes the background of the conflict and the extent to which international crimes have been committed. Both regional and domestic attempts and initiatives to address the conflict are discussed, with specific reference to peace agreements and restorative justice mechanisms. The second part of the study deals with the prosecution of the perpetrators by the ICC. It examines the approach of the Pre- Trial Chamber to two legal issues, the principle of complementarity and modes of criminal participation as part of the ICC Statute. In this regard, the study makes a critical evaluation of two preliminary decisions confirming the charges against Lubanga, Katanga and Chui before the cases proceeded to the trial stage.</p>