O enfrentamento da pobreza e a promoção do desenvolvimento humano são desafios muito persistentes e arraigados em nossa sociedade, cujas consequências afetam a vida de milhões de pessoas. Diante desse cenário, derivados das discussões da Cúpula do Milênio de 2000, realizada pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), foram elaborados os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM). Nesse percurso, um dos grandes esforços do Brasil para combater a pobreza e a desigualdade social, foi a implementação do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) em 2003. Presente em todos os municípios brasileiros, o Bolsa Família é considerado o maior programa de transferência de renda com acompanhamento na área de saúde, educação e assistência social do mundo em desenvolvimento. Em, 2016, com um custo de 0,45% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), o programa, atendeu mais de 13,5 milhões de famílias, ou seja, mais de 46,5 milhões de brasileiros, que representaram aproximadamente 23% da população total do país. Devido sua relevância social, o objetivo desse trabalho foi mensurar a eficiência das Unidades Federativas brasileiras em converter investimentos no Programa Bolsa Família e PIB per capita, em avanços no cumprimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio, assim como identificar os determinantes da eficiência. Para isso, foram elaborados 6 modelos de eficiência, adequados ao contexto brasileiro, correspondentes aos propósitos dos seis primeiros Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio: 1) erradicar a extrema pobreza e fome, 2) atingir o ensino primário universal, 3) promover a igualdade entre os sexos e a autonomia das mulheres, 4) reduzir a mortalidade infantil, 5) melhorar a saúde materna, 6) combater HIV/AIDS, malária e outras doenças. Além disso, elaborou-se um modelo geral de eficiência para a avaliação do desenvolvimento humano. Aplicou-se a Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA) – modelo Slack-Based Measure (SBM) com retornos variáveis de escala, orientado ao output, para o período de 2004-2009 a 2011-2014. As variáveis inputs utilizadas para todos os modelos foram as Transferências de Recursos do Governo Federal destinados ao Programa Bolsa Família e o PIB per capita. De forma geral, os resultados demonstraram que o Brasil avançou no cumprimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio. Os escores de eficiência foram elevados, evidenciando o desempenho satisfatório e a contribuição do Bolsa Família para a promoção do desenvolvimento humano no país. Por outro lado, identifica-se a necessidade de ampliação de investimentos destinados ao PBF, uma vez que se os níveis de eficiência estão elevados, existe pouca margem para expandir sua performance, sem alterar os inputs. Além disso, para promover o desenvolvimento humano é importante a combinação de políticas públicas a médio e longo prazo, além de ampliação de gastos sociais para construção de uma estrutura sólida que promova o desenvolvimento humano e melhora da qualidade de vida dos brasileiros. / Confronting poverty and promoting human development are very persistent and deeply rooted challenges in our society, what consequences affect the lives of millions of people. In the face of this scenario, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been elaborated in the discussions of the 2000 Millennium Summit, held by the United Nations. Along these lines, one of Brazil\'s great efforts to combat poverty and social inequality was the implementation of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF) in 2003. Present in all Brazilian municipalities, Bolsa Família is considered the largest income transfer program with accompaniment in the area of health, education and social assistance of the developing world. In 2016, at a cost of 0.45% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the program served more than 13.5 million families, or more than 46.5 million Brazilians, who accounted for approximately 23% of the country\'s total population. Due to its social relevance, the objective of this study was to measure the efficiency of the Brazilian Federative Units in converting investments in the Bolsa Família Program and GDP per capita, in advancing the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, as well as identifying the determinants of efficiency. To this purpose, 6 efficiency models were developed, adapted to the Brazilian context, corresponding to the first six Millennium Development Goals: 1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, 2) achieve universal primary education, 3) promote equality between gender, and women\'s empowerment, (4) reducing child mortality, (5) improving maternal health, (6) combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. In addition, a general efficiency model for the assessment of human development was developed. We applied the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) - Slack-Based Measure (SBM) model with variable returns of scale, oriented to the output, for the period from 2004-2009 to 2011-2014. The input variables used for all models were the Federal Government Resource Transfers destined to the Bolsa Família Program and the GDP per capita. Overall, the results demonstrated that Brazil has made progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The efficiency scores were high, evidencing the satisfactory performance and the contribution of the Bolsa Família to the promotion of human development in the country. On the other hand, it is identified the need to increase investments destined to the PBF, since if the levels of efficiency are high, there is little scope to expand its performance, without changing the inputs. In addition, to promote human development, it is important to combine public policies in the medium and long term, as well as to increase social spending to build a solid structure that promotes human development and improves the quality of life of Brazilians.

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o impacto das variáveis tamanho e localização na eficiência operacional de usinas de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. Para isso, foram utilizados os dados referentes à moagem e produção de açúcar e de etanol das usinas brasileiras listadas no anuário da cana-de-açúcar na safra 2008/2009. Desta forma, realizou-se um estudo de eficiência operacional, por meio da aplicação da Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), na qual foi possível identificar as usinas mais eficientes dentre um universo de 355 usinas e classifica-las por tamanho, localização e eficiência operacional. A análise quantitativa sugere que existe uma maior concentração de usinas classificadas como eficientes e de tamanho grande, localizadas no estado de São Paulo. Objetivando uma análise em profundidade foi realizado um estudo de múltiplos casos em um grupo de usinas. Ademais, foi feita uma entrevista com especialistas do setor sucroalcooleiro. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a eficiência operacional de usinas de cana-de-açúcar depende da variável tamanho, na medida em que as usinas de maior porte tendem a investir mais em tecnologias que proporcionam um maior ganho de eficiência operacional. A eficiência também depende da variável localização, na medida em que o estado de São Paulo apresenta condições edafoclimáticas mais favoráveis à extração de uma cana-de-açúcar com maior teor de sacarose, que, consequentemente, pode influenciar na eficiência operacional de usinas de cana-de-açúcar. O presente estudo, portanto, fornece subsídios para que gestores destas empresas possam alcançar maior eficiência operacional, bem como fornecer suporte a decisões de investimento nesse setor, uma vez que a escolha da localização e da tecnologia pode influenciar na eficiência. / This research aims to analyze the impact of the variables size and location over the operational efficiency of sugarcane mills producing sugar and ethanol in Brazil. Thus, data concerning total milling and total production of sugar and ethanol plants, was collected regarding Brazilian sugarcane mills listed in the 2008/2009 sugarcane yearbook. A ranking of operational efficiency was developed, applying Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique, through which was possible to verify which were the most efficient among 355 sugarcane mills and, therefore, compare the variables size, location and operational efficiency among the Brazilian mills. The quantitative analysis suggests that among the efficient groups, there is a major concentration of larger mills, located in the state of São Paulo. Aiming an in-depth analysis, a multiple-case study was conducted in a group of sugarcane mills, and interviews with experts in the sugarcane industry were developed. Therefore, the conclusion is that operational efficiency of sugarcane mills depends on the variable location, as larger mills tend to invest more in technologies that provide major gain in operational efficiency. The operational efficiency depends also on the location of the sugarcane mill, as the state of São Paulo provides favorable edaphoclimatic conditions for the juice extraction of sugarcane with a higher level of sucrose content, hence possibly having influence over the operational efficiency. This study, therefore, provides subsidies so that managers may obtain higher levels of operational efficiency, as well as support decisions of investments in the sugarcane industry, as the decisions concerning location and size may influence the sugarcane mill efficiency.

This thesis deals with ranked advanced voting systems. The aim is to determine the overall winner and the ranking of candidates based on voters' preferences. The thesis utilises basic voting systems - plurality rules, lexicographical and Borda's method - as well as advanced voting systems with the application of DEA models, specifically DEA/AR model, DEA/AR exclusion model (including variations with penalties), and Llamazares-Peňa model. Compromise programming is used to obtain common vector of weights. The models and their use are demonstrated on Formula One Grand Prix results from season 2016. Formula One World Drivers' Championship and Formula One World Constructors' Championship are being investigated.

At first, the basics of microeconomics from the perspective of companies, effectiveness and methods of its measurement and the most important information on the distance function this thesis, are shown. It also contains the development of the Malmquist productivity index. The aim of this work is the description of this index and its components. Indicate how these values are calculated and what expressed. Secondary objectives are to introduce different variants of Malmquist indexes and their use. Four models are used for calculating individual components of the Malmquist productivity index. These are the DEA models, Aigner-Chu, Stochastic production frontiers and Stochastic activity analysis. The first three in this work are described in detail. In conclusion is an illustrative example of calculation Malmquist productivity index using DEA models. For the calculation I used the program Lingo.

No Brasil, o sistema de saúde é composto por duas estruturas: pública, representada pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e privada suplementar, composta por 1.268 operadoras de planos de saúde, supervisionadas pela Agência Nacional de Saúde (ANS). No entanto, as operadoras têm sido consideradas ineficientes tanto na geração de resultados financeiros quanto na prestação de serviços aos beneficiários, destacando-se a necessidade e relevância para a saúde pública ao se buscar avaliar o seu desempenho sob essas perspectivas. O objetivo do trabalho foi, para um mesmo nível de eficiência na prestação de serviços, identificar as práticas administrativas que diferenciam as operadoras de planos de saúde (OPS) financeiramente sustentáveis. Para tanto, inicialmente foi aplicada a técnica da Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA) no intuito de identificar operadoras eficientes em transformar inputs em outputs e, a partir dos escores obtidos, selecionar duas OPS de nível de serviços semelhantes e desempenho financeiro opostos para que fossem comparadas por meio de um estudo de múltiplos casos. A análise quantitativa indicou que as OPS de medicina de grupo apresentaram maior eficiência do que as demais modalidades. Já o estudo de múltiplos casos identificou que a gestão de políticas de crédito, de captação e aplicação de recursos, o planejamento tributário, a adoção de políticas de promoção e prevenção à saúde, as formas de remuneração dos médicos e a estratégia de composição de receitas diferenciaram a OPS de melhor desempenho. / In Brazil, the health system is composed of two structures: the public represented by the Unified Health System (SUS) and private supplementary, comprising 1,268 operators of health plans supervised by the National Health Agency (ANS). However, operators have been considered inefficient, both in the generation of financial results as in the provision of services to beneficiaries, highlighting the need and relevance to public health when it comes to assessing their performance in these prospects. The goal was for the same level of efficiency in service delivery, identify management practices that differentiate the health plan operators (OPS) financially sustainable. Thus, it was initially applied to Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to identify carriers of efficient health plans in the processing of inputs and outputs, and the scores by selecting two of them with a similar level of service and opposite financial performance they were compared to the cases of multiple analysis. Quantitative analysis indicated that the support type operators managed showed greater efficiency than other types. The study analysis of multiple cases identified that the political credit management, finance and investments, tax planning, adoption of health promotion and prevention policies, forms of remuneration of doctors and recipe composition of strategy were practices that differentiate the operator with the best performance.

Many companies fail to implement continuous improvements, an important part of a successful business in the current fast-growing technological society. This study is a case study at the international company Valmet AB, a supplier of technology, automation and service in the pulp, paper and energy industry focused on their material flow found after the recently closed logistics center in Sundsbruk, Sundsvall. The purpose of this case study is to carry out a VSM - value flow analysis with the aim of streamlining the material flow from unloading to loading of goods and find improvement proposals on what can be done to make this more efficient. A value flow analysis was used to assess how lean this part of Valmet’s operations is in the current situation and how lean they can become when implementing what has been proposed to achieve a future desired situation described in the value flow analysis. The results are presented in the form of a number of changes needed that are based on streamlining the non-standardized working method that is found in the material flow through primarily technical investment. The result shows a current lean value at Valmet of almost 62% and with a small technical investment able to reach a lean value within a short time of 67%. When implementing a standardized way of working, a pessimistic situation of almost 78% is found and with an optimistic situation calculated to reach up to 100% lean. / Många företag misslyckas med att införa kontinuerliga förbättringar, en viktig del för en lyckad framgångsrik verksamhet i det nuvarande snabbväxande teknologiska samhället. Denna studie är en fallstudie hos det internationella företaget Valmet AB, en leverantör av teknik, automation och service inom massa, pappers och energiindustrin inriktat på det materialflöde som återfinns efter det nyligen nedlagda logistikcentrum i Sundsbruk, Sundsvall. Syftet med denna fallstudie är att genomföra en VSM - värdeflödesanalys med målsättningen att effektivisera materialflödet från lossning till lastning av gods samt hitta förbättringsförslag på vad som kan göras för att effektivisera detta. Efter genomförd värdeflödesanalys användes DEA - dataomslutningsanalys för att bedöma hur lean denna del av Valmets verksamhet är i nuvarande läge och hur lean de kan bli vid implementering av det som föreslagits för att uppnå de framtida önskade lägena beskrivet i värdeflödesanalysen. Resultaten presenteras i form av ett antal förändringsbehov som bygger på att effektivisera det icke-standardiserade arbetssättet som återfinns i materialflödet genom framförallt teknisk investering. Resultatet visar till ett nuvarande lean-värde hos Valmet på närmare 62% och med en liten teknisk investering kunna nå ett lean-värde inom kort tid på 67%. Vid implementering av standardiserat arbetssätt återfinns ett pessimistiskt läge på nästan 78% och med ett optimistiskt läge beräknat att uppnå 100%.

Στην παρούσα εργασία με τη χρήση της Περιβάλλουσας Ανάλυσης Δεδομένων (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA) υπολογίζεται η αποτελεσματικότητα των πολιτικών υγείας διαχρονικά, για κάθε έτος της τριετία 2008-2010 με τη χρήση της Window Analysis, στις χώρες που είναι ενταγμένες στον Οργανισμό Οικονομικής Συνεργασίας και Ανάπτυξης (ΟΟΣΑ). Επίσης, δημιουργούνται πρότυπα για το πώς μπορούν να βελτιωθούν οι μη αποτελεσματικές χώρες. / Στην παρούσα εργασία με τη χρήση της Περιβάλλουσας Ανάλυσης Δεδομένων (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA) υπολογίζεται η αποτελεσματικότητα των πολιτικών υγείας διαχρονικά, για κάθε έτος της τριετία 2008-2010 με τη χρήση της Window Analysis, στις χώρες που είναι ενταγμένες στον Οργανισμό Οικονομικής Συνεργασίας και Ανάπτυξης (ΟΟΣΑ). Επίσης, δημιουργούνται πρότυπα για το πώς μπορούν να βελτιωθούν οι μη αποτελεσματικές χώρες.

本研究是第一篇針對台灣IC設計業的研發活動進行效率分析的論文。文中對研發的投入及產出變數作深入的探討，不僅以研發資本而非研發費用及加權研發人力為投入並且加入公司知識累積存量的概念。其中自有知識存量以自有公司前期累積專利申請數為替代變數。而產出部分也不僅考慮當年申請專利數核准數量還包括下一年度營業毛利。使用兩階段資料包絡分析法探討研發投入的運用效率。第一階段使用投入導向DEA-CCR與DEA-BCC模式評估2000年到2002年台灣上市上櫃IC設計業者運用研發資源能力所得出的研發效率值並作差額變數分析，第二階段採用Tobit迴歸分析尋找可能影響研發整體效率影響因子。最後，本研究依據研究結果提出對管理者及未來研究給予建議。 實證結果發現，〈聯發科〉是連續三年被評估相對整體效率為1的廠商，〈威盛〉與〈立錡〉為表現其次的廠商。就整體產業而言，三年的研發效率呈現低效率狀況，表示其研發資源有嚴重浪費與錯置的情形。效率分析中可看出研發資本（RK）對加權研發人力（RL）比值相對高的廠商，相對整體效率值呈現逐年負向趨勢。經過Tobit迴歸參數推估檢定本研究六大假說，人力素質、每人年約收入及研發人力密集度都與研發效率成正向關係。而員工平均年資與研發效率值呈現負向關係，與研究的預期關係不同。為第一線晶圓代工廠（聯電或台積電）轉投資的IC設計公司，研發效率並不因此網絡關係而有所影響。公司規模大小也不影響研發效率的表現。

由於法院具有多種投入與產出、審判品質具差異性及所處環境不同之之特性，為能提供法院審理案件效率評估方法，本文應用DEA模型的特性，針對多投入多產出的生產環境評估效率，蒐集10年地方法院的投入、產出資料，並兼採Fried et al.(2002) 、Fried, Schmidt & Yaisawarng(1999)提出能排除環境差異效率衡量模式之隨機邊界分析法及Tobit迴歸分析方法，進一步調整品質及環境等外生變數對無效率差額之影響，以使受評單位皆能調整為不受外生變數影響下比較相對之效率，使效率評估更具適切。 實證結果顯示，經過對品質與環境變數調整後，純粹技術效率在第一與第四階段存在顯著的差異，顯示品質與環境變數確實影響效率，在第四階段已去除外生變數之影響，更能適切作為法院效率之比較。應用10年長期分析法院評估效率結果，可選擇效率較佳的法院為示範法院，作為效率較差法院觀摩學習對象，並結合獎勵制度，及調整長期資源分配，以提升法院整體的效率。

The study aims at identifying the impacts accruing from the implementation of an ERP-system on a large production company that previously managed information in several unintegrated systems. This is investigated from the perspectives and frameworks of Lean Administration, information security and information- and data quality. The study has been conducted at SCA Östrands marketing department, SCA is currently investing 7,8 billion Swedish kronor in the Östrand pulp mill and will be leading the world market. SCA aims to produce 1 million tons of pulp per year with the new mill. As production increases, more data and information will be handled, and support processes must be improved and developed. Process flows were mapped with the process mapping method BPMN and analyzed at a current state and a future state. In the current state, several unintegrated systems are used, in the future, many parts have been integrated and automated. Three main processes were identified and analyzed according to the earlier mentioned frameworks. The analysis shows that the information security is improved according to the CIA-triad, Information- and data quality is improved, and the working method is Leaner after the implementation. In order to calculate efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA method has been used with the CCR and ARI models. The results of DEA-CCR and DEA-ARI shows that process flow of the current state is between 48,3% and 57,1% effective compared to the future state, which is 100% effective in the models. / Studien syftar till att identifiera vilka konsekvenser en implementation av ett affärssystem har på ett stort produktionsföretag som tidigare arbetat med informationshantering i flera ointegrerade systemstöd. Detta undersöks ur perspektiven och ramverken för Lean Administration, informationssäkerhet samt informations- och datakvalitet. Undersökningen har genomförts på SCA Östrands marknadsavdelning, SCA investerar just nu 7,8 miljarder kronor i massafabriken Östrand och kommer att bli ledade på världsmarknaden. SCA har som mål att producera 1 miljon ton massa per år med den nybyggda fabriken. Då produktionen ökar kommer mer data och information hanteras och stödprocesserna måste förbättras och utvecklas. Processflöden har kartlagts med processkartläggningsmetoden BPMN och analyserats i ett nutida samt ett framtida optimalt läge. I det nutida läget används flera ointegrerade systemstöd och i det framtida läget har många delar blivit integrerade och automatiserade. Tre huvudprocesser har identifierats och dessa processflödena analyseras utifrån de tre ramverken. Analysen visar att informationssäkerheten förbättras enligt CIA-triaden, Informations- och datakvaliteten förbättras och arbetssättet är mer Lean efter implementationen. För att beräkna ett relativt effektivitetsmått har metoden Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA, använts med modellerna CCR och ARI. Resultatet av DEA-CCR och DEA-ARI visar att det nutida läget är mellan 48,3% och 57,1% effektivt jämfört med det framtida läget som anses vara 100% effektivt i modellerna.