[pt] A presente dissertação busca analisar o modo como Clarice Lispector foi traduzida e lida em língua inglesa. Desse modo, serão pontuados os contextos históricos e os agentes de dois projetos distintos de tradução: o primeiro, ocorrido entre as décadas de 1960 e 1990, que situou Clarice como uma escritora sobretudo acadêmica e feminista; e o segundo, que vem ocorrendo desde o ano de 2009 e que teve como ponto inicial a biografia de Clarice escrita por Benjamin Moser, no qual Clarice figura como uma escritora estrangeira e canônica. As vertentes teóricas que embasam este trabalho, provenientes dos Estudos da Tradução e que sofreram o impacto da chamada virada cultural da área, auxiliarão na análise dos paratextos que cercam as traduções aqui discutidas, uma vez que atribuem um papel ativo ao tradutor e enxergam a tradução como instrumento de consagração de um autor. Desse modo, a teoria da invisibilidade do tradutor, proposta por Lawrence Venuti, os conceitos de patronagem e reescrita, de Lefevere, e os estudos desenvolvidos por Luise von Flotow e Sherry Simon, que vinculam a tradução às questões de gênero, serão peças integrais para que possamos analisar as diferentes imagens de Clarice Lispector criadas pela via da tradução. / [en] The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the translation into English of Brazilian writer Clarice Lispector s books and the different readings of her work which surfaced in that language. With that in mind, the historical contexts as well as the agents behind two distinct translation projects will be analyzed: the first project, which took place between the decades of 1960 and 1990, and understood Clarice as an academic and feminist writer; and the second project, which began in 2009 with Lispector s biography, written by Benjamin Moser, and placed her as a foreign and canonical writer. The theoretical frameworks employed in this thesis all originate in the field of Translation Studies and were influenced by the so-called cultural turn. They will be applied to analyze the paratexts accompanying the various translations discussed herein, since they afford the translator a more active role and view the act of translation as a way of acknowledging an author. Thus, the notion of translator s invisibility proposed by Lawrence Venuti, the concepts of patronage and rewriting of Andre Lefevere, and the studies developed by Luise von Flotow and Sherry Simon, linking translation and gender, are essential for analyzing the different images of Clarice Lispector created through translation.

In 1879, eight years after the Franco-Prussian War, Jules Verne published his novel Les Cinc Cents Millions de la Bégum, confronting the philantropic Frenchman Dr. Sarrasin with the cold-blooded, arrogant and brutal German professor Schultze. In doing so, the author wanted to show the moral superiority of his country over what was then termed its “hereditary enemy”. Despite this problematic topic, Verne’s novel was translated to German for the first time in the same year; two more retranslations appeared in 1901 and 1967, respectively. One aim of this master’s thesis is to show how – in an effort to render the translation as close as possible to the original while also avoiding to offend their readers – the German speaking translators coped with the negative image of Germany (and the positive image of France). For this purpose, I use André Lefevere’s descriptive model to show under what circumstances literary works are created and translated. Another focus is put on the so-called retranslation hypothesis, established in the early nineties of the last century by French translator Antoine Berman and claiming that first translations always tend to be domesticating whereas later retranslations have a more foreignizing character. In this thesis I will put his thesis to test, looking for foreignizing and domesticating elements in all three translations. Furthermore, I try to reconstruct the reasons why the first translation of Verne’s novel was followed by two more German translations in the following ninety years.

[pt] O mercado de tradução para legendagem de programas de TV sofre com a carência de profissionais, constatação que se baseia numa experiência pessoal de doze anos de atuação nessa área. A presente dissertação busca investigar os motivos dessa carência e propor as bases para um curso de formação de legendadores, a partir de uma perspectiva polissistêmica e descritivista da tradução e de uma visão pós-estruturalista do ensino. A proposta aqui apresentada fundamentou-se em um levantamento das competências e habilidades que todo tradutor para legendas precisa desenvolver, elaborado a partir de entrevistas realizadas com importantes atores do polissistema de tradução para legendagem, bem como na análise das normas, coerções e mecanismos de controle com os quais o legendador se vê obrigado a lidar em sua atividade. A reflexão desenvolvida contempla questões metodológicas e de conteúdo e aborda as peculiaridades que caracterizam a tradução para legendas, procurando oferecer uma alternativa que contraponha uma ênfase na formação ao caráter de treinamento que costuma estar associado à maioria dos cursos atualmente disponíveis. Pretende-se, dessa forma, garantir a maior aproximação e interação entre academia e mercado de trabalho, o que deverá redundar em benefício para ambos. / [en] The television subtitling market suffers from a shortage of professionals, as has been attested by twelve years of personal experience in the industry. The purpose of this research was to investigate the reasons behind this shortage and suggest the basis for implementing a course program on subtitling for TV from a descriptive and polysystemic perspective on translation and a poststructuralist view on education. The proposal presented was based on a list of competencies and abilities every subtitle translator must develop, elaborated from interviews with important actors in the translation for subtitles polysystem, and on the analysis of the norms, constraints and control mechanisms with which the subtitler must deal in his or her professional capacity. The considerations brought forth contemplate methodological and content issues and tackle the peculiarities of subtitling, aiming to offer an alternative to the emphasis on training rather than on education which is usually associated with most courses currently available. Thus, this dissertation intends to guarantee a greater interchange between university and industry, which should bring about benefits for both.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem por objetivo identificar e analisar questões pertinentes à tradução da literatura infantojuvenil no contexto sistêmico brasileiro com ênfase nas soluções encontradas pelos tradutores perante os desafios tradutórios enfrentados. Com base nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução e nos pressupostos teóricos de Gideon Toury, André Lefevere e Lawrence Venuti, é feito um estudo de caso de duas traduções brasileiras do clássico infantojuvenil em inglês Mary Poppins de P. L. Travers, de 1934. O corpus envolve, além do texto fonte de Travers, as traduções de Donatello Grieco, de 1967 (Record), e de Joca Reiners Terron, de 2014 (Cosac Naify). Visando à análise macro e microestrutural, os seguintes elementos são investigados: capítulos e títulos; parágrafos, períodos, orações e pontuação; a linguagem (discurso informal e vocabulário); nomes próprios; o lúdico; questões de gênero; situações pedagógica ou moralmente (in)corretas; a imagem da personagem Mary Poppins; e as ilustrações. A hipótese considerada é a de que os tradutores fazem escolhas e adotam estratégias tradutórias conforme as restrições impostas pelas normas de escrita da literatura infantojuvenil nos respectivos contextos históricos. A fim de entender as exigências e normas desse gênero literário, são analisadas também algumas características específicas da literatura infantojuvenil e de sua tradução: o público duplo formado por leitores infantojuvenis e adultos, bem como os efeitos dessa assimetria de poder; a filiação aos sistemas sociocultural, literário e educacional, assim como as restrições e normas tradutórias decorrentes desse contexto; e, por fim, a posição sistêmica periférica e a possível manipulação textual resultante desse posicionamento. / [en] The purpose of this thesis is to identify and analyze issues specifically related to the translation of children s literature within the Brazilian systemic context focusing on the solutions reached by translators when faced with certain translation difficulties. Based on the Descriptive Translation Studies and the theoretical assumptions of Gideon Toury, André Lefevere and Lawrence Venuti, a case study is conducted involving two Brazilian translations of the children s classic Mary Poppins written in English by P. L. Travers and published in 1934. In addition to Traver s source text, the corpus includes the translation into Brazilian Portuguese made by Donatello Grieco in 1967 (Record) and that of Joca Reiners Terron in 2014 (Cosac Naify). By means of a macro and microstructural analysis, the following items are investigated: chapters and titles; paragraphs, clauses and punctuation; language (informal discourse and vocabulary); proper names; sense of humor issues; gender situations; pedagogic and morally (in)correct aspects; the Mary Poppins character image; and illustrations. The hypothesis is that translators make choices and adopt strategies according to restrictions imposed by children s literary writing norms within historical contexts. In order to understand these requirements and norms, some of the characteristics of children s literature and of its translation are analyzed: the dual audience composed of children and adults, as well as the effects of this power asymmetry; the affiliation to sociocultural, literary and educational systems, as well as the resulting translation restrictions and norms; and, finally, the peripheral systemic position and the possible text manipulation deriving from this status.

[pt] Este trabalho se insere no contexto dos Estudos da Tradução contemporâneos, em consonância com as teorias pós-estruturalistas no campo dos Estudos Sociais. Adotando uma postura crítica que visa reaproximar teoria e prática, academia e mercado profissional, este estudo investiga a prática da tradução para legendas, entendida no âmbito da tradução audiovisual, a partir de uma perspectiva sistêmica e funcional. A base teórica e metodológica adotada tem como ponto de partida a Teoria dos Polissistemas e os fundamentos teóricos dos Estudos Descritivos de Tradução, os quais são aqui ampliados e adaptados de modo a incorporar o campo da tradução audiovisual. A tradução para legendas é então investigada a partir de um contexto em maior escala - no qual incluem-se as instituições, os profissionais e os procedimentos envolvidos na legendagem de materiais audiovisuais - sendo enfocadas unidades progressivamente menores: meios de veiculação, parâmetros técnicos, normas sintáticas e estilísticas. Finalmente, examinando o processo tradutório no campo da legendagem, o estudo culmina em reflexões sobre a dimensão singular do trabalho do tradutor - uma lacuna nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução e pouco explorada nas teorias tradutórias de modo geral - e em considerações sobre a possibilidade de aliar ao paradigma descritivo pesquisas sobre a subjetividade inerente à prática tradutória. / [en] The present work was developed in the context of contemporary Translation Studies, in accordance with Post-Structuralist theories in the field of Social Studies. Adopting a critical view that attempts to reunite theory and practice, academy and industry, this study investigates the practice of subtitle translation - seen within the scope of audiovisual translation - based on a systemic and functional perspective. The theoretical and methodological bases are Polysystem Theory and the fundaments of Descriptive Translation Studies, which are here increased and adapted to comprehend the field of audiovisual translation. Subtitling is then studied from a large-scale context - including the institutions, professionals and proceedings involved in the subtitling of audiovisual materials - and focusing on progressively smaller units: media, technical parameters, syntactic and stylistic norms. Finally, by examining the process of translation in the area of subtitling, this study leads to reflections on the singular dimension of the translator s task - a gap in Descriptive Translation Studies and still little explored in translation theories in general - and to considerations on the possibility of combining the descriptive paradigm with research about the subjectivity intrinsic to translation.

Uppsatsen redogör för översättningen av en novell skriven av Stephen King. Förutsättningar för vald översättningsprincip är polysystemteori, deskriptiv översättningsvetenskap, tänkt målgrupp och resultatet av en stilanalys av källtexten där en riklig förekomst av bildspråk tydliggjordes. En analys av bildspråk i måltexten visade på en övervägande adekvansinriktad översättningsstrategi och på Stephen Kings status i målkulturen som hög snarare än låg. Problem under översättningsprocessen var främst översättningen av bildspråk. / This study deals with the translation of a short story written by Stephen King. Prerequisites for the selected translation principle were polysystem theory, descriptive translation studies, intended audience, and the result of a style analysis of the source text in which an abundance of imagery was clear. An analysis of the imagery in the target text found that a predominantly adequacy-oriented translation strategy was used and that Stephen King's status in the target culture can be viewed as high rather than low. Problems during the translation process were mainly associated with the translation of imagery.

Inmiddels is Pippi een internationaal onderzoeksobject geworden. De Duitse literatuuronderzoekster Astrid Surmatz heeft een grote bijdrage geleverd met haar proefschrift Pippi Långstrump als Paradigma (2005b). Wat volgens mij nog ontbrak is een grondige analyse van de Nederlandse vertaling, en wat er met de boeken gebeurd is na hun oorspronkelijke vertaling. Het respect voor kinderboeken in vertaling laat nog al eens te wensen over en uitgeverijen nemen soms grote vrijheden. Geldt dat ook voor de Nederlandse uitgaven van Pippi Langkous?Deze scriptie geeft een aanzet tot het antwoord met behulp van een analyse van de vertaalnormen uit de Descriptive Translation Studies van Toury, aangevuld met de vertaalmethoden van Newmark. De conclusie is dat de eerste Nederlandse druk een adequate (Toury) of getrouwe (Newmark) vertaling is, en dat de wijzigingen in de volgende drukken er toe geleid hebben dat de tekst en de illustraties steeds meer zijn gaan afwijken van het Zweedse origineel, en dat er nu van een aanvaardbare (Toury), of idiomatische of zelfs vrije vertaling (Newmark) gesproken moet worden. Dat Nederlanders toch weten hoe Pippi door Astrid Lindgren is neergezet, is onder andere te danken aan de tv-serie, de films en de merchandise met de tekeningen van illustratrice Ingrid Vang Nyman.

In base alla politica di multilinguismo dell’Unione europea, la legislazione adottata dall’UE deve essere disponibile in tutte le lingue ufficiali e ciascuna versione linguistica ha pari valore giuridico. La traduzione svolge di conseguenza una funzione fondamentale all’interno dell’Unione europea. La tesi indaga gli schemi traduttivi ricorrenti nelle leggi europee tradotte dall’inglese all’italiano con l’obiettivo di identificare le norme traduttive che governano la traduzione della legislazione europea. In particolare, lo studio si focalizza su determinate espressioni di modalità che ricorrono con una frequenza particolarmente elevata. Lo studio è condotto su un corpus parallelo bilingue costituito ad hoc comprendente leggi europee nella versione in inglese e in italiano e su due corpus monolingue di riferimento contenenti leggi nazionali rispettivamente in inglese e in italiano. L’analisi adotta un approccio corpus-based combinando il quadro teorico degli studi descrittivi sulla traduzione con la metodologia della linguistica dei corpora. I risultati, basati su dati quantitativi e qualitativi, rivelano un’oscillazione tra diverse tendenze: la tendenza a riprodurre gli schemi linguistici del testo di partenza, la tendenza a conformare i testi tradotti alle convenzioni della cultura di arrivo e la tendenza ad introdurre cambiamenti linguistici a vantaggio della leggibilità e chiarezza delle traduzioni rispetto ai testi di partenza. / The policy of multilingualism at the European Union dictates that the legislation adopted by the EU is to be available in all the official languages and that all the language versions are equally authoritative. Consequently, translation plays a key role for the functioning of the EU. The present dissertation investigates the recurrent translational patterns in EU laws translated from English into Italian with the aim of identifying the translational norms that govern the translation of EU legislation. In particular, the study focuses on frequently occurring expressions of modality. For the purpose of the present research, a bilingual parallel corpus of EU law in English and in Italian and two reference corpora of, respectively, British and Italian national laws were compiled. The analysis was carried out with a corpus-based approach combining the theoretical framework of Descriptive Translation Studies with the methodology of Corpus Linguistics. The results, based on quantitative and qualitative data, show an oscillation between various tendencies, namely the tendency to reproduce the patterns of the source texts in the translated texts, the tendency to comply with the conventions of the target culture and the tendency to introduce changes that improve the readability and clarity of the translations.

Orientador: Norma Wimmer / Resumo: Baseada na abordagem funcional dos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução e seguindo o modelo de José Lambert e Van Gorp (1985), propomos a análise da obra Through the looking glass and what Alice has found there (1871) de Lewis Carroll, mais comumente traduzida no Brasil como Alice através do espelho. O corpus deste trabalho é composto de quinze edições brasileiras que foram selecionadas a partir de um estudo historiográfico e da edição comentada The Annotated Alice (1965), como texto-fonte (TF). Preferencialmente, utilizou-se três edições distintas como referência para cotejamento e análise: Alice no país do espelho, tradução de Monteiro Lobato (1961); As aventuras de Alice no país das maravilhas & Através do espelho e o que Alice encontrou lá (1980), tradução de Sebastião Uchoa Leite; Alice através do espelho (2015) tradução de Alexandre Barbosa de Souza. Essa pesquisa teve como etapas: (1) análise descritiva cotejando as edições por meio do modelo proposto por José Lambert e Van Gorp (1985), iniciando com levantamento de dados preliminares, seguido de macro e microanálises do corpus e, por fim, a verificação do contexto sistêmico, destacando as relações intertextuais e intersistêmicas com o intuito de verificar os principais procedimentos e estratégias tradutórias utilizados pelos tradutores/adaptadores na tradução da narrativa, dos poemas e Nursery Rhymes e trocadilhos da obra, verificando, ainda, de que maneira a linguagem visual representada pelas ilustrações, presentes em to... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Based on the functional approach of Descriptive Translation Studies and following the model created by José Lambert and Van Gorp (1985), we propose an analysis of the book Through the looking glass and what Alice has found there (1871) written by Lewis Carroll, most commonly translated in Brazil as Alice através do espelho. The corpus of this work is composed by fifteen Brazilian editions that were selected from a historiographic study and by the commented edition The Annotated Alice (1965), as source text (ST). Preferably, three different editions were used as a reference for comparison and analysis: Alice no país do espelho, translation by Monteiro Lobato (1961); As aventuras de Alice no país das maravilhas e através do espelho e o que Alice encontrou lá (1980), translated by Sebastião Uchoa Leite; Alice através do espelho (2015) translated by Alexandre Barbosa de Souza. This research had as stages: (1) descriptive analysis comparing the editions using the model proposed by José Lambert and Van Gorp (1985), starting with a survey of preliminary data, followed by macro and micro analysis of the corpus and, finally, the verification of the systemic context, highlighting the intertextual and intersystemic relations in order to verify the main translation procedures and strategies used by the translators / adapters in the translation of the narrative, of the poems and Nursery Rhymes and puns of the work, also verifying how the language visual represented by the illustrations, p... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumen: Basados en el enfoque funcional de los Estudios Descriptivos de Traducción siguiendo el modelo de José Lambert y Van Gorp (1985), proponemos un análisis de Through the looking glass and what Alice has found there (1871), traducido más comúnmente en Brasil como Alice através do espelho. El corpus de este trabajo está compuesto por quince ediciones brasileñas que fueron seleccionadas de un estudio historiográfico y de la edición comentada The Annotated Alice (1965), como texto fuente (TF). Preferiblemente, se utilizaron tres ediciones diferentes como referencia para la comparación y el análisis: Alice no país do espelho, traducción de Monteiro Lobato (1961); As aventuras de Alice no país das maravilhas e através do espelho e o que Alice encontrou lá (1980), traducido por Sebastião Uchoa Leite; Alice através do espelho (2015) traducida por Alexandre Barbosa de Souza. Esta investigación tuvo como etapas: (1) análisis descriptivo comparando las ediciones utilizando el modelo propuesto por José Lambert y Van Gorp (1985), comenzando con una encuesta de datos preliminares, seguida de un análisis macro y micro del cuerpo y, finalmente, la verificación del contexto sistémico, destacando las relaciones intertextuales e intersistémicas con el fin de verificar los principales procedimientos y estrategias de traducción utilizados por los traductores / adaptadores en la traducción de la narrativa, de los poemas y rimas infantiles y juegos de palabras del trabajo, también verificando cómo fu... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo) / Doutor

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)