Le système éducatif supérieur au Maroc se base sur la formation traditionnelle en présentiel. Les apprenants sont obligés d’être présents à toutes les séances de cours et pendant toute leur formation. Actuellement, avec la mise à disposition de cours en ligne, comme les MOOC (Massive open online courses), et l’apparition des plateformes de gestion de contenus pédagogiques ou LMS (Learning management content) comme Moodle, de nombreux cours sont accessibles gratuitement en ligne pour les apprenants. Le suivi des cours à distance, pourrait être une solution au problème de la massification de l’enseignement supérieur au Maroc, contribuer à l’amélioration du niveau, améliorer la motivation et à l’implication des apprenants à l’utilisation des TICE (Technologies de l’information et de la communication pour l’éducation). Notre recherche vise à évaluer différentes situations d’apprentissage hybride (présentiel et à distance) pour des apprenants universitaires marocains en cohérence avec un cadre théorique qui s’inspire principalement de la théorie de l’activité. Pour concrétiser nos travaux de recherche, nous avons réalisé trois expériences de formation hybride ayant recours à des MOOC. Ces expériences ont été réalisées avec quelques modules de formations universitaires dans le cadre de formations supérieures relevant du secteur public et du secteur privé. L’objectif de ces expériences était d’évaluer la motivation, la satisfaction et l’appropriation de cette nouvelle approche technopédagogique et d’émettre des recommandations aux différents acteurs (apprenants, enseignants, établissements) sur l’intégration de formations hybrides dans l’enseignement supérieur au Maroc. / The higher education system in Morocco has long been based on traditional face-to-face training. Learners are required to attend all courses sessions throughout their training. At the present time, with the availability of online courses such as MOOC (Massive Open online courses), and the appearance of LMS (Learning management content) platforms like Moodle, several courses in particular and training in general are available free of charge online. The follow-up of distance courses could be a solution to the problem of the massification of higher education in Morocco, contribute to improving the level, improve the motivation and involvement of learners in the use of ICT4E (Information and Communication Technologies for Education). Our research aims to evaluate different hybrid learning situations (face-to-face and distance learning) for Moroccan university learners in coherence with a theoretical framework that is mainly inspired by the activity theory. To concretize our research, we carried out three experiments of hybrid training using MOOC. These experiments were carried out with some university training modules as part of higher education courses in the public and private sectors. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the motivation, satisfaction and appropriation of this new techno-pedagogical approach and to issue recommendations to the various actors (learners, teachers, institutions) on the integration of hybrid training in higher education in Morocco.

A sociedade, de um modo geral, vem se transformando vertiginosamente em todos os sentidos. O avanço das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) tem contribuído significativamente para a aceleração do processo de mudança. Na atual sociedade do conhecimento, indivíduos compartilham virtualmente dos mesmos interesses e objetivos. Redes de informação e de conhecimento são construídas a todo momento. A globalização da informação e a acirrada competitividade têm afetado diversas áreas do conhecimento nas quais se insere a Educação e a Administração de Empresas, e conseqüentemente a formação e a qualificação dos profissionais dos níveis mais altos da organização: o Gestor Empresarial. É sobre essa formação, permeada pelos avanços das tecnologias digitais e suas possibilidades, que se insere a presente pesquisa. Ela foi desenvolvida segundo a abordagem qualitativa e como método de coleta de dados adotou-se a bibliográfica, cuja análise baseou-se eminentemente na análise documental. A investigação comprova a tese de que as diversas competências solicitadas pelo mundo do trabalho não estão sendo devidamente contempladas nos cursos de graduação de Administração de Empresas e também nos cursos de pósgraduação (lato sensu) de Gestão Empresarial no formato presencial tradicional. Para tal, identifico conceitos e competências necessárias ao perfil do profissional. Analiso focos, tendências e a prescrição curricular dos cursos de Gestão Empresarial ministrados no exterior e no Brasil e discorro sobre as especificidades da Educação a Distância (EAD) como modalidade de ensino-aprendizagem. Diante das informações obtidas ao longo da pesquisa, ao final faço uma proposta de formação na modalidade de Educação a Distância on-line para um curso de pós-graduação de Gestão Empresarial, utilizando como formato um currículo em rede para atingir as novas competências requeridas pela área, integrando simultaneamente espaços mais adequados e atualizados de formação nacionais e internacionais, por meio da fluência tecnológica digital e de um tratamento andragógico diferenciado em relação aos novos conteúdos para a formação de gestores empresariais. / Society, in general, has been quickly changing in all senses. The development of Information and Communication Technologies (TICs) has significantly contributed to accelerate the process of change. Nowadays, individuals virtually share the same interests and goals within the knowledge realm. Information and knowledge nets are built every time. Information globalization and keen competitiveness have affected several fields of knowledge in which Education and Business Management are included. Consequently, preparing and qualifying professionals from the highest levels of an organization, the Business Manager, have also faced this challenge. The present paper is about such preparation which is always modified by the digital technology advancement and its possibilities. A qualitative approach was used and the data collection was bibliographic which analysis was mainly based on documental analysis. This research confirms the thesis that the several competences required by the job market are not being considered in traditional every-day-attendance undergraduate courses and graduate courses of Business Management. Thus, I identify the necessary concepts and competences for a suitable manager profile. I analyse places, trends, and the curricular requirements of Business Management courses offered abroad and in Brazil. I also discuss about the specifications of Distance Learning (EAD) as a modality of teaching-learning. With the information gathered along the research, I finally make a suggestion for graduation with the Distance Learning on-line approach for a graduate course on Business Management, using as a format a web curriculum in ordet to attain the new competences required by the field, simultaneously integrating places which are more suitable and more updated nationally and internationally through the digital technologic flow and a differenciated adult education approach regarding the new contents for graduation of Business Managers.

Os problemas dermatológicos afetam aproximadamente um terço da população em algum momento da sua vida e, em aproximadamente 10 a 15% de todas as consultas médicas, a queixa principal deve-se a um problema dermatológico. A despeito desta importância, diversos estudos têm demonstrado deficiências no ensino de dermatologia nos cursos de graduação em medicina. Os sistemas de educação a distância baseados na internet representam uma das alternativas para corrigir esta deficiência e oferecer um maior contato do estudante de medicina com a especialidade. Considerando este cenário, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um programa de educação a distância em dermatologia para estudantes de graduação em medicina e avaliar o impacto deste mecanismo de ensino no aprendizado dos alunos. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo incluindo estudantes do segundo ano da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Tecnologia e Ciências de Salvador Bahia Brasil. Os 44 alunos selecionados foram divididos em dois grupos; o grupo que participou de atividades presenciais apenas e o grupo que participou das atividades presenciais associado ao curso de educação a distância (curso híbrido). Todos os alunos foram submetidos a uma avaliação pré e pós curso e o desempenho foi comparado entre os dois grupos. Os estudantes que participaram do curso híbrido apresentaram escores pós-teste superiores (8,9 ± 0,8) aos obtidos pelos alunos que participaram apenas das aulas presenciais (7,75 ± 0,98). Esta diferença foi estatisticamente significante (p <0,05). Os resultados indicaram que o desempenho dos alunos de graduação , do curso de educação a distância em dermatologia associado a atividades presenciais, foi superior ao curso presencial apenas / Dermatological disorders affects approximately one third of the general population. It is estimated that 10 to 15% of all office visits are for dermatologic complaints. Despite this fact, in medical school, the available time for teaching dermatology is usually very limited. The internet based distance education represents a viable alternative to provide greater contact with medical student with this specialty and meet the current deficiencies. Given this scenario, the objective of this study was to develop a program of internet based distance education in dermatology to undergraduate medical students and evaluate the impact of this tool on student learning. This prospective study included student form the second year of School of Medicine at the University of Technology and Science of Salvador Bahia Brazil. The 44 selected students were divided into two groups: the group that participated in classroom activities and the group that participated in classroom activities associated with distance education course (blended course). Tests were applied for all students before and after the course and both scores were evaluated. Students who participated of online discussions associated with face-to face activities had statistically higher post-test scores (8.9±0.8) than those who participated of the classroom activities alone (7.75±0.98). This difference was statistically significant (p <0.05). The results indicated superior performance of undergraduate students who participated in the course of distance education in dermatology associated with classroom activities (blended course) compared to classroom activities alone

O conhecimento e a capacidade de aprendizado são essenciais para o desenvolvimento humano. Novas tecnologias educacionais agregam importantes elementos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Considerando as dimensões do Brasil, a educação à distância no ensino superior é necessária, porém ainda pouco aplicada aos cursos de medicina. Desta maneira, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e aplicar um método de educação à distância ao Programa de Educação Continuada do Departamento de Clínica Médica da FMRP-USP. Foi desenvolvido um estudo primário, observacional, transversal, prospectivo, analítico com amostragem por conveniência, em que os alunos do Curso de Medicina da FMRP-USP, cursando a disciplina RCG-439-Sistema Endócrino-Metabolismo (graduação) e do Programa de Pós Graduação do Departamento de Clínica Médica cursando as disciplinas RCM-5827 Tópicos Avançados de Investigação em Clínica Médica e RCM-5768 Tópicos Avançados em Clínica Médica I assistiram às aulas previamente gravadas e após o período letivo foram convidados a responder um questionário de auto avaliação, disponível em um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA) Moodle (Modular Object Oriented Distance Learning). Os resultados dos questionários foram extraídos do AVA por exportação direta e analisados por meio de estatística descritiva com apoio de planilha eletronica. Foram gravadas 830 vídeo aulas. Vinte alunos da graduação e 24 alunos da pós graduação responderam ao questionário e os itens mais bem avaliados foram relevância, reflexão crítica, apoio dos tutores e compreensão. Apesar dos estudantes considerarem o conteúdo adequado e relevante, a interatividade e o apoio dos colegas foram os piores avaliados, provavelmente pelo comportamento passivo dos alunos pouco habituados a esse tipo de atividade de interação. É possível ampliar a oferta de disciplinas em nível superior por meio de educação à distância, desde que se faça um redesenho do conteúdo do ensino tradicional e seja dada maior atenção do docente à cooperação, atuando como mediador e incentivador da participação dos alunos. / Introduction: Knowledge and learning ability throughout life are conditions for human development and sustainability of countries. The use of new technologies and educational methodologies add important elements in the promotion of education. Considering the territorial extension of Brazil, distant learning in undergraduate and graduate education is more than feasible, necessary, but still not applied to medical courses. Thus the objective of the present study was to develop a method of distant learning and apply it to the Continuing Education Program in Clinical Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto-USP. Methods: This was a primary, observational, cross-sectional, prospective, analytical study with Convenience sampling, where undergraduate students attending the RCG-439 discipline and graduate students attending RCM- 5827 discipline (Advanced Topics in Research in Medicine and RCM- 5768 Advanced Topics in Medical Clinic I) watched the pre-recorded classes. After the school period they were invited to answer a questionnaire, available in site Moodle (Modular object Oriented Distance Learning) especially built for the Department of Internal Medicine. Results: Eight hundred and thirty videos were recorded. Twenty undergraduate students and 24 graduate answered the questionnaire and relevance, reflection, tutors support and comprehension scored higher. Discussion: Although the students considered the content appropriate and relevant, the questions interactivity and peer support were scored lowest, probably by the passive behavior of students, not used to peer interaction activities. Conclusion: It is possible to expand the disciplines in undergraduate and graduate education through distance learning. However, a redesign of the traditional teaching content is necessary, as well as more attention to the principle of cooperation, where the professor would act as a mediator encouraging the participation of students.

The purpose of this mixed methods study was to explore the relationship between autonomy, student-instructor dialogue, and student satisfaction within a web-based distance Russian language course. Forty six (46) students from two US higher education institutions participated in this study. Using an Exploratory Model with the elements of an Explanatory Model (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007), the qualitative and quantitative data were collected at the middle and at the end of the course to provide thorough investigation of the three variables, to reveal their interactions with each other, and to discover whether these variables and their relationship change over time. Qualitative data were used to explore the aforementioned constructs, and to enhance the instrument tested in the subsequent quantitative phase. An additional quantitative phase at the end of the course, and follow-up qualitative interviews were provided to discover the changes that occurred in the main variables and in their relationships throughout the course. Content analysis was utilized for the interviews, while reliability (Cronbach alpha) analysis, correlational analysis, t-test, and non-parametric Wilcoxon and sign test were used for the data analysis of the surveys. Findings revealed that autonomy, dialogue, and satisfaction have significant correlation at the beginning and the middle point of the course. All three variables grew throughout the course, however the relationships among them significantly decreased towards the end of the course. The conclusions include suggestions and implications for teachers, students, and course developers.

To satisfy demand for online learning opportunities at the high school level, 3 school districts in the northeast United States established a consortium to share resources to develop and deliver online courses. High school teachers who volunteered to develop courses for the consortium attempted the task without previous training in online course design and facilitation. High school students enrolled in the courses often did not successfully complete them, which obstructed the mission of the consortium. The purpose of this qualitative single critical case study was to explore teachers' experiences with and perceptions of designing and developing online courses without accompanying professional development. The iNACOL National Standards for Quality Online Courses (v2) and technological, pedagogical, content knowledge (TPACK) served as the conceptual frameworks for the study. Five teachers who developed and facilitated an online course for the consortium, without companion professional development, volunteered to be interviewed. Data were reduced using NVivo software and analyzed using a priori codes based on NACOL standards then open-coded for emerging themes. Results indicated that other than content expertise, teachers did not believe they had sufficient competencies in any of the areas identified in the iNACOL standards. Based on these results, an online professional development course for teachers was designed to provide introductory training and to model elements of quality online course design using the Moodle learning management system. Positive social change may be achieved if teachers have the knowledge and skills required to develop high-caliber, innovative, and convenient education opportunities that encourage students' course completion which leads to learning and academic success.

Nursing programs have embraced distance learning in their curricula, but discussion is ongoing about course assignments and grading criteria to increase examination scores in nursing distance learning courses. Because course examinations are a predictor of success on the postgraduate licensing examination (NCLEX-RN), the purpose of this study was to determine whether differences existed in student examination scores between nursing distance learning courses with and without points aligned to assignments. The theoretical framework was Knowles's theory of andragogy, which highlights adults' motivation and self-direction to succeed. The quantitative causal comparative study included a convenience sample of 164 students to compare archival data of 4 examination scores between 2 nursing distance-learning courses. Data analysis included an independent-groups one-tailed t test. No significant differences were found between the 2 courses, suggesting that students do not achieve higher examination scores with course points aligned with course assignments. Nursing administrators and faculty in nursing programs with a distance learning component will benefit from the findings of this study. Findings may be used to draft, revise, and implement assignment criteria and point alignment for nursing distance learning courses. Social change will occur when nursing distance learning faculty use problem-solving and critical thinking assignments, including case studies, discussion boards, group assignments, concept mapping and NCLEX-RN style testing in each nursing distance learning course. Because point alignment to course assignments do not significantly improve examination scores, implementation of problem-solving and critical thinking assignments is necessary to promote student learning and examination success.

The failure rate for students enrolled in the online sections of a gateway course, Introduction to Computers, was 15% higher than for students enrolled in the face-to-face sections at a rural community college in the southeastern United States. The computer course is required by all of the college's programs of study to obtain an associate degree. Failure to complete the gateway course increases attrition, time to graduate, and educational expenses. Guided by Bruner's constructivist theory, which maintains that students are active learners who construct their knowledge, the purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the perceptions of students and teachers that might explain the gap in performance in the online sections, and to use the results of this study to identify strategies to improve online student performance. This qualitative study incorporated semistructured interviews with a randomly selected sample of 8 online students who completed the course and with the 2 online instructors. Perceptions of the students and instructors were coded to identify and analyze emerging themes. The findings revealed that online students procrastinated and had difficulty completing assignments. Suggested strategies to meet challenges were better preparation for online learning and study skills including time management. This study included developing a 3-day professional development project to enhance online instructional techniques and learning strategies to promote student time management skills, grades, and course completion. This study and project promote positive social change by providing a deeper understanding of strategies that could improve student performance. The study findings will be beneficial to teachers, students, and course administrators.

O MOOC surge em 2008 como um novo modelo de curso na modalidade EAD que, em certo sentido, retoma o antigo modelo dos cursos por correspondência, nos quais existia pouca ou nenhuma interação entre aprendiz e professor. São cursos online com grande quantidade de alunos, por isso denominados MOOC, do inglês, Massive Open Online Course. Esses cursos estão apoiados exclusivamente em tecnologias da Web e na maioria das vezes não exigem pré-requisitos e não fornecem certificados. Outro fator comum a esses cursos é o alto número de desistências, por volta de 95%. A maior parte dos cursos do tipo MOOC disponíveis hoje, apresentam um formato tradicional, no qual o aprendiz fica em condição quase passiva, já que as interações praticamente ficam restritas à controle de visualização de vídeos, com comandos do tipo para, voltar ou continuar. Nesse contexto, o desafio deste trabalho é melhorar o entendimento sobre os modelos de MOOC, examinando as causas de desistência relativas ao conteúdo e formato de apresentação para essa modalidade de EAD, além de propor um curso de Geometria, nessa modalidade, para o ensino básico, empregando ferramentas interativas, como o iGeom, software de Geometria Interativa (GI), e outras mídias, como áudios e vídeos. Nesse curso busca-se uma abordagem motivadora, comparando-o a um curso de controle. Esse modelo foi testado com um público formado por adultos e adolescentes, sendo 37,9% composto de adolescentes provenientes de escolas públicas, apresentando bons resultados. Na análise dos dados obtidos, encontrou-se indícios de que, comparado com o curso de controle, um maior número de alunos permaneceu no curso por mais tempo, possivelmente, pela realização de atividades interativas. / The MOOC emerged in 2008 as a course model in the distance learning area which, in certain way, resumes the old model of courses based on exchanging letters, in which there is the absence of interaction between learner and teacher. They are online courses with a great number of studentes enrolled, and for this reason are called MOOC (Massive Open Online Course). These courses are supported exclusively by the Web technologies and most of the times they do not require a prerequisite and do not provide any certificate. Another common factor is their high dropout rate, around 95%. The majority of MOOC courses available nowadays are organized in a traditional format, in which learners are in a passive situation, since the interaction is practically based on videos, only allowing commands as PAUSE, BACK and CONTINUE. In this context, the challenge of this work is to improve the understanding on the e-learnig models, particularly the MOOC, in addition to examine the causes of dropout related to content and presentation format. In order to do so, the MOOC model is examined and a course in this modality, about Geometry to elementary school, is proposed. In this course is used interactive tools such as the iGeom, an Interactive Geometry (IG) software, beyond other medias, as audios and videos. The purpose of this course, is to study the learner motivation, comparing it with a control course. This course model was tested with an audience of adults and teenagers, in which 37,9% of them were teenagers from public schools, and the course produced good results. In the analysis of the results, we found evidence that, compared with the control course, a greater number of students remained on course for longer, possibly by the presence of interactive activities.

Using advanced technologies can help increase the availability of educational offerings; however, the steps taken in this direction must be appropriate for the target population and the specific content taught. As such, understanding factors that lead to health educators' intentions and behavior related to computer-mediated instruction for continuing education is an important step in developing and marketing appropriate computer-mediated instruction programs (Hoffman & Novak, 1994). Using the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1988) this study explored the relationships between health educators' perceived behavioral control, attitudes, and subjective norms related to computer-mediated continuing education programs and their intentions to use, and previous experience with, computer-mediated education. Employing a cross sectional survey design, data were collected from 504 members of the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) (40% response rate) using an online survey instrument. Logistic regression was used to investigate the associations between attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention related to using computer-mediated continuing education programs and a proxy measure representing their computer-mediated continuing education behavior. Perceived behavioral control and attitudes were found to have significant associations with computer-mediated continuing education behavior, with intention partially mediating the association with perceived behavioral control and fully mediating the association with attitudes. When studying a subset of the group composed of respondents with a positive intention toward computer-mediated continuing education programs, respondent characteristics and barriers identified as distinguishing between individuals with positive and negative behaviors included perceived behavioral control, presence of a license or certification, a lack of programs, a lack of relevant topics for programs, and a lack of technical support for programs. These results suggest that for health education and health promotion professionals to engage in computer-mediated continuing education programs, more programs, especially ones that address topics relevant to their current functioning, need to be created and made readily available. Also, ensuring that appropriate technical support is available to assist participants, and informing potential participants of the availability of this technical assistance, may encourage more health educators and health promotion professionals to follow through on their intentions to participate in computer-mediated programs.