Purpose The purpose of this study has been to investigate the documentation process following the guiding principles of the Quality Norms for Fall Prevention concerning fall risk assessment, risk identification, fall preventive measures, information and the making of an individual care plan. Method This study is a quantitative, descriptive and retrospective journal review study. There were 100 journals examine the existing documentation concerning fall risk assessment of patients who received treatment in geriatric patient care. The sample was consecutively. Results The results showed that fall risk assessment was documented in 79 of 100 examined journals. 56 (71 %) of the fall risk assessments were made within 24 hours. In 59 of 100 journals the patient, relatives or former caretakers was asked whether the patient had had a fall within the last year, and in 61 of 100 journals it was documented that the nursing staff had made an assessment that the patient was going to have a fall during his or her length of stay if no preventive measures were set in. The majority of fall risk factors and fall preventive measures were documented within the areas of walking and transfer. It was documented that the patient was informed of fall risk, fall risk factors and fall preventive measures in 15 of 100 journals. For 33 of 68 (49 %) patients with an identified increased fall risk, a care plan was established.  Conclusion Quality norm is recently introduced and enforced in the relative extent. Since the objective is to appropriate risk assessment should be performed on all enrolled patients in geriatric patient care, so it should be performed and documented in all patients. / Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur dokumentationen utförs utifrån riktlinjerna i kvalitetsnormen för fallprevention gällande fallriskbedömning, riskidentifiering, fallpreventiva åtgärder, information och upprättande av en individuell vårdplan. Metod Studien var en kvantitativ, deskriptiv och retrospektiv journalgranskningsstudie. Det var 100 journaler som granskades gällande dokumentation angående fallriskbedömning av patienter som vårdats inom geriatrisk sluten vård. Urvalet var konsekutivt. Resultat Resultatet visade att i 79 av 100 granskade journaler var fallriskbedömning dokumenterad. Det var 56 (71 %) fallriskbedömningar som var utförda inom 24 timmar. I 59 av 100 journaler har patienten, anhöriga eller tidigare vårdgivare tillfrågats om patienten fallit senaste året och i 61 av 100 journaler fanns det dokumenterat att vårdpersonalen gjort en bedömning om patienten kommer falla under vårdtiden om inga förebyggande åtgärder sätts in. Flest fallriskfaktorer och fallpreventiva åtgärder inom området gång och förflyttning dokumenterades. Det fanns dokumenterat att patienten blev informerad angående fallrisk, fallriskfaktorer och fallpreventiva åtgärder i 15 av 100 journaler. För 33 av 68 (49 %) patienter med en bedömd förhöjd fallrisk upprättades en vårdplan. Slutsats Kvalitetsnormen är nyligen införd och efterlevs i relativ stor utsträckning. Eftersom målet är att fallriskbedömning ska utföras på samtliga inskrivna patienter inom geriatrisk sluten vård så bör den utföras och dokumenteras på samtliga patienter.

Documentation in electronic journals is perceived as time consuming and sometimes technically difficult to handle, but also leads to an improved quality of care. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate nurses' perceptions of documentation with a focus on timing, technique and quality of care and whether any differences in these perceptions were dependent on age. Method: Quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study in the survey form, 28 nurses at a university hospital in central Sweden participated in the study. Regression analysis was performed with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: Electronic documentation takes 30 to 60 minutes for most nurses and half of them considered it a reasonable time. Computer skills were good enough for most, but the computers and the electronic patient record system Cosmic were experienced to work less well or badly in half the study group. Two-thirds of the studygroup agreed partly or more to that the quality of care is adversely affected because of the time documentation takes from the patient care. However, about half of the study group agreed that electronic patient records increase health care quality and patient safety. Care plans were used to a great extent. Young nurses rated themselves significantly better than the older ones to handle a computer in their daily work. Conclusion: A variety of problems and perceptions exist in connection with electronic documentation. Continuous development of technology, documentation systems and the use of care plans can contribute to the continuing high quality of care and patient safety. / Dokumentation i elektronisk journal uppfattas som tidskrävande och ibland tekniskt svår att hantera, men leder även till en ökad vårdkvalitet. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka sjuksköterskors uppfattningar av dokumentering med fokus på tidsåtgång, teknik och vårdkvalitet samt om eventuella skillnader i dessa uppfattningar fanns beroende på ålder. Metod: Kvantitativ deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie i enkätform, 28 sjuksköterskor vid ett universitetssjukhus i Mellansverige deltog i studien. Sambandsanalys utfördes med Spearmans rangkorrelationskoefficient. Resultat: Elektronisk dokumentation tar 30 till 60 minuter för de flesta sjuksköterskorna och hälften ansåg att detta var en rimlig tid. Datorvanan var tillräckligt god hos de flesta, men datorerna och dokumentationssystemet Cosmic upplevdes fungera mindre bra eller dåligt hos hälften av undersökningsgruppen. Två tredjedelar instämde delvis eller mer i att vårdkvalitén påverkas negativt på grund av den tid dokumentation tar från patientvården. Ungefär hälften instämde i att elektronisk dokumentation bidrar till en ökad vårdkvalité samt patientsäkerhet. Vårdplaner används i hög utsträckning. Yngre sjuksköterskor skattade sig signifikant bättre än äldre på att hantera en dator i det dagliga arbetet. Slutsats: Flera olika problem och uppfattningar föreligger i samband med elektronisk dokumentation. Kontinuerlig utveckling av tekniken, dokumentationssystemen och användandet av vårdplaner kan bidra till en fortsatt hög vårdkvalitet samt patientsäkerhet.

Gruppen äldre kommer att öka i antal och då smärta ökar med ålder kommer fler individer att ha ont. Fler äldre med smärta ställer större krav på hälso- och sjukvården. Studiers visar att sjuksköterskors bild och de äldres upplevelser av smärta inte alltid stämmer överens samt att det finns brister i smärtdokumentation. Syftet med studien var att belysa smärtdokumentation hos en grupp äldre i särskilt boende eller med hemsjukvård. Materialet analyserades med en kvantitativ beskrivande metod och en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Urvalet bestod av individer med smärta 65 år och äldre. Resultatet visade att många äldre hade ont vid vila och aktivitet. De valde vila framför aktivitet som smärtlindrande åtgärd, trots att fanns nackdelar med vila. Resultatet visade även på brister i sjuksköterskors dokumentation av smärtan. Ett hinder för dokumentation var att en grupp äldre inte berättade om sin smärta vilket kunde bero på att de äldre bland annat inte ville vara till besvär eller att de ansåg att smärta var en del av att bli gammal. / An increasing elderly population coupled with an increasing likelihood of pain in oldage means more individuals will be in pain, thus making larger demands on the healthcare system. Studies show that nurses can’t describe the elder’s experience of pain andthere is insufficiency in pain documentation. The aim was to describe paindocumentation in a group of elderly people living in sheltered accommodations or withhome care services. The material was analysed with a quantitative descriptive method aswell as a qualitative content analysis. The inclusion criteria were elderly with pain,above the age of 65. The results showed that many elderly people had pain during restand activity. The elderly more often choose rest than mobility as an activity to reliefpain. The results also showed insufficiency in pain documentation. One obstacle forpain documentation was when the elderly did not tell the nurses about their pain. Therewere several reasons for this, for example that the elderly did not want to be a burden tothe nurses or that they simply accepting that pain were a part of being old.

Syftet med studien var att granska hur smärta och smärtbehandling hos barn under 12 år med lårbensbrott dokumenterades enligt Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter i omvårdnadsjournalen på akutmottagningen på Mora lasarett. En retrospektiv journalstudie genomfördes på journaler tillhörande de barn med lårbensbrott som vårdats på akutmottagningen under en femårsperiod. Studien omfattade totalt 38 journaler. För att granska dokumentationens kvantitet och kvalitet användes en modifierad granskningsmall och granskningsnyckel CAT-CH-ING. Utifrån dessa kunde dokumentationen poängsättas och frekvensen av dokumentationen rörande smärta och smärtbehandling beräknas. Resultatet visade att omvårdnadsdokumentationen var bristfällig både vad gällde kvantitet och kvalitet. 13 av 38 journaler saknade helt anteckningar rörande smärta eller smärtbehandling. 16 journaler innehöll dokumentation av anamnes och eller status rörande smärta. Smärtbehandling fanns dokumenterad i 22 journaler, men bara en journal innehöll utvärdering av smärtbehandling. Slutsatsen var att 13 journaler av 38 helt saknade dokumentation rörande smärta eller smärtbehandling, trots att barnen hade en komplicerad fraktur. Övriga 25 journaler utom en hade bristfällig dokumentation enligt Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter.

Documentation is an important aspect in the construction industry since there are many types and number of documents that have to be controlled for the success of a given project. In design/build projects, site technical groups of the contractor upgrade the tender drawings by preparing shop drawings to be sent to the consultant for checking purpose. Especially in large projects a great many shop drawings are produced, causing a need of a system to keep track of and to understand the status of the drawings. These all can be achieved with a proper documentation system to be used within the company. The main aim of this study was to make a proposal for the structure of production drawings of &ldquo / design/build&rdquo / construction projects in computer environment to maintain control of the drawings in the construction sites while documenting them for project completion. This system should base on CADD Standards. In this, first, the architectural production drawings were identified. These were then arranged according to the model file-naming convention of the selected CADD Standard. Following, the main folders of the proposed documentation structure were created and, finally, the working principles of the structure were introduced. The system was applied to a real construction project for a period of two weeks and tested by usability evaluation. The results of the usability evaluations revealed that the system provides advantages in terms of the control of shop drawings and documentation for project completion. Conversely, the system did not maintain ease of communication.

In the multidisciplinary design process, design documents are used to help support a team's design and mediate any misunderstandings that occur. Current methods of organizing such design documents are either difficult to keep up to date physically with their digital versions, or inhibit distributed users access to important comparative information. Digital tag and content thumbnail-based document organization is presented as a possible alternative. The effects of tag-based document organization on the manner in which collocated and distributed design teams categorize, review and search design documents and resolve design misunderstandings were compared to the effects of traditional physical (the pin up walls of project rooms)&digital (shared digital file folders) document organization. Student participant design teams were assembled. These teams were observed organizing a provided set of design documents and develop a design solution as a team using either tag-based or traditional physical or digital document organization. Team members were given retrieval tests to compare search times between methods of document organization. User feedback on organization preferences were collected and used to develop a conceptual prototype of a document organization interface supportive of the multidisciplinary design process. Though the quantitative results did no clearly favor tag-based organization, observational results and user comments were in support of the capabilities tag-based organization provides.

No description available.

<p>According to the arm’s length principle, transactions between associated multinational en-terprises (MNE) shall be based on the same conditions as transactions between unrelated parties. This means that intra-group prices on cross-boarding transactions must be at arm’s length range and consistent with conditions in the open market. The arm’s length principle is expressed in article 9.1 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and Chapter 14 section 19 of the Swedish Income Tax Act.</p><p>When transfer pricing between associated MNEs is not reflecting the arm’s length princi-ple, states face the possibility of losing tax revenue. The majority of OECD member coun-tries have implemented national documentation requirements and involve enterprises to present documentation on their transfer pricing. This obligation increases the possibilities for Tax Authorities to control whether or not a company follows the arm’s length princi-ple. Chapter V of the OECD Guidelines provides general guidance in this matter. Within the EU the transfer pricing forum JTPF, has developed a standardized model for docu-mentation known as the EUTPD. Application of the EUTPD depends on the MNEs themselves but also on national requests.</p><p>The Swedish legislator intends to implement national documentation requirements through the Government Bill 2005/06:169 “Effektivare Skattekontroll”. The regulation is likely to become effective 1 January 2007. Regardless that the burden of proof still lies on the Tax Authorities, MNEs are obligated to produce documentation that will be used as evidence of their transactions. The bill is drafted as a legislative framework and the implication will be developed through further directions from the Tax Authorities. Court Law will also be significant in how the legislation is applied.</p><p>This thesis concludes that the proposed regulation is unclear and therefore stands to coun-teracts or undermines the purposes behind the legislation. Since transfer pricing is not an exact science it is logical that the regulation be proposed as a framework, which would ren-der the possibilities for extensive interpretations. However, indistinctive rules would not increase neither the awareness nor the predictability concerning transfer pricing and docu-mentation requirements. Considering that the majority of MNEs in Sweden are small and medium sized companies and not always familiar with the arm’s length principle, the legis-lator should have expressed the documentation requirements more precisely. Nonetheless, since the enquiries will most likely increase, enterprises will be forced to allocate resources on their transfer pricing and documentation. This legislation will in turn increase the aware-ness and predictability in the long-term.</p>

<p>As the globalization of companies increases day by day, the need for a clear and comprehensible legislation to overcome the problems with transfer pricing transactions increases as well. Incorrect pricing in transfer pricing situations between companies with close economic ties to each other makes countries risk parts of their taxation income.</p><p>Swedish legislation uses the internationally accepted arm’s length principle to regulate the transfer pricing transactions. Through the correction rule, the rule is upheld that the pricing between two companies with close economic ties to each other must apply to the same conditions as it would have been if it was between two companies without close economic ties to each other.</p><p>To ensure that enough material is provided to base the assumption whether or not the correction rule has been followed or not, Swedish legislation provides a number of paragraphs to regulate the matter. The legislation is spread all over and is hard to interpret. The question rises whether this is against the rule of legal certainty or not.</p><p>The taxation authority has provided a proposition on new legislation with tougher documentation requirements where it also wants to give itself part of the power by through directions exactly define what the documentation shall include. Yet again the question is raised whether or not this is against the rule of legal certainty or not.</p> / <p>I takt med att globaliseringen av företag ökar, ökar också behovet av en klar och tydlig lagstiftning för att överkomma problemen med internprissättningstransaktioner. Vid oriktig prissättning vid transaktioner mellan företag i ekonomisk intressegemen-skap riskerar länder att gå miste om delar av sin skattebas.</p><p>Svensk lagstiftning använder sig av den internationellt accepterade armlängdsprincipen för att reglera internprissättningstransaktioner. Genom korrigeringsregeln regleras att prissättningen mellan två företag i ekonomisk intressegemenskap måste ske under samma förutsättningar som skulle ha gällt mellan två företag utan ekonomisk intressegemenskap.</p><p>För att få underlag till huruvida korrigeringsregeln har följts eller inte finns ett antal lagrum i svensk rätt som reglerar dokumentationskrav. Denna lagstiftning är spridd och anses vara svårtolkad. Frågan uppstår om detta strider mot rättsäkerheten.</p><p>Skatteverket har kommit med ett förslag på ny lagstiftning med skärpta dokumentationskrav där man dessutom vill ge sig själv delar av makten att genom föreskrifter exakt bestämma vad dokumentationen skall innehålla. Återigen väcks frågan om det-ta är förenligt med rättssäkerheten.</p>

Am 4. April 2008 konnte in der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB) mit einem Festakt die Übergabe einer zeitgeschichtlichen Quelle von Rang begangen werden. Die Rede ist von der Videodokumentation des Regie-Kameramannes Ernst Hirsch vom Wiederaufbau der Frauenkirche in Dresden. Sie entstand in den Jahren von 1992-2005 im Auftrag der Gesellschaft zur Förderung des Wiederaufbaus der Frauenkirche e. V. und dokumentiert durch beinahe 400 Stunden Videomaterial das Baugeschehen und die Ereignisse rund um den neu errichteten Sakralbau.