The current study projects the third-person perception phenomenon into the area of emergency management, specifically regarding risk communication in the context of religious gatherings. This study utilized the Umrah religious gathering in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, during summer 2019 as a case study (N = 257). This study aimed to investigate whether pilgrims perceive there was a greater effect of health information on others than on themselves. Survey results were translated and then coded and analyzed statistically using SPSS software. The findings indicated that third-person perception existed among pilgrims. Specifically, the perception of pilgrims that the influence of news about MERS-CoV, believed to be undesirable in its effect on themselves, was greater on others than on themselves was found statistically significant. Further, the findings indicated that the more pilgrims watched, listened to, or read news about MERS-CoV, the larger the effect of the news they perceived on themselves and others was. Thus, exposure to MERS-CoV news did not increase, but rather decreased the perception of difference between self and others. Also, the empirical findings indicated that pilgrims who were knowledgeable about MERS-CoV could relate to the coverage. Moreover, if pilgrims believed they were affected by MERS-CoV news, they believed that the MERS-CoV news had a similar or greater effect on other pilgrims. The findings indicated socio-demographics had a partial effect on third-person perception, Finally, the stronger the perceived effect of MERS-CoV news on oneself, the more likely these pilgrims were to take protective actions against the MERS-CoV epidemic. However, the third-person perception anticipated in the use of impersonal communication (pamphlets, television, radio, newspapers, Internet, social media, text message, health clinics, mosques messages, public events, and billboards) and of interpersonal communication (friends, family member, or others you know) was not found significant. Moreover, the perceived effects of MERS-CoV news on others did not show third-person perception regarding behavior intention or consequences. These findings have implications for risk communication and its governance during religious gatherings as well as for the prepared individuals to promote preparation for risk and actions toward risk mitigation.

Die Covid-19 Pandemie hat gezeigt, wie stark die Ausbreitung von Infektionskrankheiten von der Dynamik der menschlichen Mobilität bestimmt wird. Gleichzeitig eröffnet die anhaltende Explosion an verfügbaren Mobilitätsdaten im 21. Jahrhundert einen viel genaueren Blick auf die menschliche Mobilität. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir verschiedene Ansätze, wie moderne Mobilitätsdaten zusammen mit Modellierung ein tieferes Verständnis des Zusammenspiels von menschlicher Mobilität und der Ausbreitung von Infektionskrankheiten ermöglichen. Wir verwenden Mobilitätsdaten um zu zeigen, dass landesweite Mobilitätsmuster während der Covid-19 Pandemie in Deutschland komplexe strukturelle Veränderungen durchlaufen haben. Wir stellen einen räumlich heterogenen Rückgang der Mobilität während Lockdown-Phasen fest. Vor allem beobachten wir, dass ein deutlicher Rückgang der Fernreisen während der Pandemie zu einem lokaleren Netzwerk und einer Abschwächung des “Small-World”-Effekts führt. Wir zeigen, dass diese strukturellen Veränderungen einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Ausbreitungsdynamik von Epidemien haben, indem sie die epidemische Kurve abflachen und die Ausbreitung in geografisch weit entfernte Regionen verzögern. Des Weiteren entwickeln wir eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung des Ausbruchsursprungs anhand von hochaufgelösten geografischen Bewegungsdaten. Abschließend untersuchen wir, wie repräsentativ Mobilitätsdatensätze für das tatsächliche Reiseverhalten einer Bevölkerung sind. Wir identifizieren verschieden Arten von Verzerrungen, zeigen ihre Spuren in empirischen Datensätzen, und entwickeln einen mathematischen Rahmen um diese Verzerrungen abzuschwächen. Wir hoffen, dass unsere Studien in dieser Arbeit sich als hilfreiche Bausteine erweisen für ein einheitliches Verständnis von menschlicher Mobilität und der Dynamik von Infektionskrankheiten. / The Covid-19 pandemic demonstrated how strongly infectious disease spread is driven by the dynamics of human mobility. At the same time, the ongoing explosion of available mobility data in the 21st century opens up a much finer view of human mobility. In this thesis, we investigate several ways in which modern mobility data sources and modeling enable a deeper understanding of the interplay of human mobility and infectious disease spread. We use large-scale mobility data captured from mobile phones to show that country-wide mobility patterns undergo complex structural changes during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany. Most prominently, we observe that a distinct reduction in long-distance travel during the pandemic leads to a more local, clustered network and a moderation of the “small-world” effect. We demonstrate that these structural changes have a considerable effect on epidemic spreading processes by “flattening” the epidemic curve and delaying the spread to geographically distant regions. Further, we show that high-resolution mobility data can be used for early outbreak detection. We develop a novel method to determine outbreak origins from geolocated movement data of individuals affected by the outbreak. We also present several practical applications that have been developed based on the above research. To further explore the question of applicability, we examine how representative mobility datasets are of the actual travel behavior of a population. We develop a mathematical framework to mitigate these biases, and use it to show that biases can severely impact outcomes of dynamic processes such as epidemic simulations, where biased data incorrectly estimates the severity and speed of disease transmission. We hope that our studies in this thesis will prove as helpful building blocks to assemble the emerging, unified understanding of mobility and infectious disease dynamics.

Génératrice depuis le VIe siècle de notre ère de crises épidémiques récurrentes en Occident, la peste a profondémentmarqué l’histoire des sociétés européennes, tant sur le plan biologique que culturel, économique et politique. Sil’histoire des épidémies qu’elle a engendrées est aujourd’hui relativement bien connue, un certain nombre de questionssur ses caractéristiques épidémiologiques passées demeurent pour partie irrésolues. En particulier, le caractère sélectifou non de la mortalité par peste à l’égard de l’âge, du sexe et de l’état de santé préexistant des individus faitactuellement débat. À partir d’une approche anthropobiologique, le présent travail se propose de contribuer à cettediscussion. Il livre les résultats de l’étude d’un corpus de 1090 squelettes provenant, d’une part, de quatre sitesd’inhumation de pestiférés de la fin du Moyen Âge et du début de l’époque moderne et, d’autre part, de deuxcimetières paroissiaux médiévaux utilisés hors contexte épidémique. Cette étude révèle en premier lieu l’existenced’une signature démographique commune aux séries en lien avec la peste. Leur composition par âge et par sexe,distincte de celle caractérisant la mortalité naturelle, est au contraire en adéquation avec la structure théorique d’unepopulation vivante préindustrielle. L’examen de divers indicateurs de stress suggèrent par ailleurs que les victimes dela peste jouissaient, à la veille de leur décès, d’un meilleur état de santé que les individus morts en temps normal. Lesrésultats obtenus concourent à démontrer que les facteurs causals de ces lésions squelettiques, d’accoutuméresponsables d’une diminution des chances de survie, n’eurent au contraire qu’une influence mineure, si ce n’est nulle,sur le risque de mourir de l’infection à Yersinia pestis. Ce travail livre in fine un faisceau d’arguments convergents quitendent à prouver que les épidémies de peste anciennes furent à l’origine d’une mortalité non sélective, la maladiefrappant indistinctement les individus des deux sexes, de tous âges et de toutes conditions sanitaires. / From the 6th century onwards, plague caused recurring mortality crises in the Western world. Such epidemics hadprofound biological, cultural, economic and political impacts on European societies. Some aspects of the history ofplague epidemics are currently well known, but many questions remain unanswered, such as the preciseepidemiological pattern of the disease in ancient times. It is unclear whether plague killed people indiscriminately orwhether this disease was selective with respect to age, sex and health. This research contributes to this debate.It consists of an anthropological and paleopathological study of skeletal remains of 1090 individuals, including plaguevictims from four medieval and post-medieval burial grounds, and individuals from two parochial cemeteries in useduring periods of normal mortality. Results from the four plague-related assemblages reveal a peculiar demographicsignature. Age and sex distribution differs clearly from what is expected in non-epidemic periods, when it is shown tocorrespond closely to the demographic structure of the living population. Moreover, the study of various non-specificskeletal stress markers shows that plague victims were in a better health before they passed away than people who diedin non-epidemic periods. The results demonstrate that individuals who suffered stress and disease had a reducedchance of survival in non-epidemic periods, whereas they were not at a higher risk to die during plague epidemics.This study provides evidence that plague was not selective, and that it killed regardless of sex, age, and pre-existing health.

This is an historical investigation into the provision of education services for deaf children in the State of New South Wales in Australia since 1860. The main focus is those deaf children without additional disabilities who have been placed in mainstream classes, special classes for the deaf and special schools for the deaf. The study places this group at centre stage in order to better understand their educational situation in the late 1990s. The thesis has taken a chronological and thematic approach. The chapters are defined by significant events that impacted on the education of the deaf, such as the establishment of special schools in New South Wales, the rise of the oral movement, and aftermath of the rubella epidemic in Australia during the 1940s. Within each chapter, there is a core of key elements around which the analysis is based. These key elements tend to be based on institutions, players, and specific educational features, such as the mode of instruction or the curriculum. The study found general agreement that language acquisition was a fundamental prerequisite to academic achievement. Yet the available evidence suggests that educational programs for most deaf children in New South Wales have seldom focused on ensuring adequate language acquisition in conjunction with the introduction of academic subjects. As a result, language and literacy competencies of deaf students in general have frequently been acknowledged as being below those of five their hearing counterparts, to the point of presenting a barrier to successful post-secondary study. It is proposed that the reasons for the academic failings of the deaf are inherent in five themes. / PhD Doctorate

No description available.

Esta tesis doctoral es una colección de tres artículos. Los capítulos 1 y 2, co-autorados con Joachim Voth, investigan por qué Europa en 1700 ya era más rico que el resto del mundo y por qué Inglaterra fue el primer país en industrializarse. Encontramos que las dinámicas de la población, en lugar del crecimiento de la productividad, fueron los promotores más importantes del desarrollo económico de Europa Occidental durante la temprana edad moderna (1450-1700). Calibramos un modelo probabilístico para representar Inglaterra en 1700 y encontramos que ingresos iniciales más altos unidos a limitaciones de fertilidad aumentaron la probabilidad de industrialización. En el tercer capítulo, presento un nuevo hecho estilizado y analizo su contribución al sesgo del cambio tecnológico hacia los trabajadores más cualificados: El porcentaje de trabajadores cualificados en la producción intermedia está altamente correlacionado con la proporción de trabajo cualificado en la producción final. Esto genera un efecto multiplicador que refuerza la demanda de trabajo cualificado a lo largo de la cadena de producción. El efecto es importante, explica más de un tercio del aumento de la demanda de trabajadores cualificados en la industria manufacturera de EE.UU. / This dissertation is a collection of three essays. Chapters 1 and 2, co-authored with Joachim Voth, investigate the question why Europe in 1700 was ahead of the rest of the world and why England was the first country to industrialize. We find that population dynamics, rather than productivity growth, were the most important drivers for Western Europe to overtake China in the early modern period (1450-1700). We calibrate a probabilistic model to match England in 1700 and find that higher initial per capita incomes together with fertility limitation increased its industrialization probabilities. In the third chapter, I present a novel stylized fact and analyze its contribution to the skill bias of technical change: The share of skilled labor embedded in intermediate inputs correlates strongly with the skill share employed in final production. This delivers a multiplier that reinforces skill demand along the production chain. The effect is large, accounting for more than one third of the observed skill upgrading in U.S. manufacturing.

SILVA, Gláubia Cristiane Arruda. O tremor dos sertões: experiências da epidemia de malária no Baixo Jaguaribe-CE (1937-1940). 2007. 172 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-CE, 2007. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-25T14:37:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_GSASilva.pdf: 7860329 bytes, checksum: 096b9a75bea62c768d21e05684add430 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-25T16:22:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_GSASilva.pdf: 7860329 bytes, checksum: 096b9a75bea62c768d21e05684add430 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-25T16:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_GSASilva.pdf: 7860329 bytes, checksum: 096b9a75bea62c768d21e05684add430 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / This research aims to understand the sort of experiences lived by the population of “Baixo Jaguaribe” region, state of Ceará, during the epidemics of malaria through 1937 until 1940. The adversities and the cultural permanency and changes the swampy plague brought to the routine of that region were analyzed. Such interferences originate a crisis in the local economy, once the time dedicated to laboring submitted itself to the intervals that the disease’s peak had not appeared. Sometimes the disease reached all the members of one single family, thereupon many crops were lost and also a lot of work to be done in the field (cultivated with carnaubas, cotton) and in the pasture were left behind. Due to the plague, some funeral rituais changed: people did not follow funerals and did not attend to the death-watch, the churches’ bell did not toll to announce deaths in the community and, besides all this, the priests were not able to attend all the moribund requests to “extrema-unção”. The whole set of explications to the process of eradication of the plague were highlighted in this research. Thus, swampy plague was understood beyond its pathologic aspect, referring to it as a component responsible for a complete social disorganization process. Therefore, as the option to study the epidemics of malaria was set, a complex network that embodies feelings as well as experiences lived by the people caught by the plague was found. / Esta pesquisa busca interpretar as diversas experiências vivenciadas pela população do Baixo Jaguaribe Ceará, durante a epidemia de malária ao longo dos anos de 1937 a 1940. Serão analisadas as adversidades, mudanças e permanências culturais que a peste palustre trazia para o dia-a-dia da região. Tais interferências originaram uma crise na economia local, uma vez que o tempo do trabalho ficou submetido aos intervalos em que os acessos da doença não se manifestavam. Muitas safras, então, ficaram perdidas e muito trabalho por ser realizado nas roças, nos carnaubais, nos pastos, nos algodoeiros, dentre outros, pois, em muitas residências, a doença se manifestou em todos os membros de uma mesma família. A incidência da malária também ocasionou mudanças nos rituais fúnebres: as pessoas não acompanhavam os enterros, evitavam freqüentar as sentinelas, os sinos das igrejas não badalavam anunciando as mortes e, para além destas, os padres da região não conseguiam dar conta dos pedidos de extrema-unção aos moribundos. Serão ressaltadas também as diversas explicações para o processo de erradicação da doença. Portanto, busca compreender a peste palustre para além do seu caráter patológico, classificando-a como elemento responsável por todo um processo de desorganização social. Dessa forma, ao optar por estudar a epidemia de malária, acabamos por tecer uma teia que envolve tanto os sentimentos, como as experiências vivenciadas pelas pessoas atingidas pela mazela.

Acompanha: Epidemias na escola? Só em filmes: possibilidades de contaminação na aprendizagem significativa / Essa pesquisa surgiu da busca por uma metodologia de ensino que valorizasse o conhecimento científico com o uso de um recurso pedagógico atrativo - filmes comerciais -, que motivasse a aprendizagem significativa. Para tanto, apresenta uma análise de como os estudantes estabelecem relações do conhecimento científico com as imagens fílmicas e as possibilidades de contextualização acerca do tema “epidemia”. A metodologia de pesquisa envolve uma abordagem qualitativa, com alguns dados quantitativos das impressões dos estudantes em relação aos filmes de modo geral e sobre eles e a aprendizagem. Na pesquisa qualitativa, utilizou-se a categorização segundo Bardin (2011), para organizar as unidades contextuais produzidas pelos estudantes nas atividades educativas, e fazer a análise com base nos pressupostos da Teoria de Ausubel (2003) e Ausubel, Novak e Hanesian (1980). A partir da exibição do filme intitulado “Contágio”, utilizado como organizador prévio, buscou-se, nas dúvidas apresentadas pelos estudantes, identificar os conhecimentos prévios sobre o assunto. Por meio dessas dúvidas emergiram os subtemas, que foram categorizados em: epidemia, agente causador, incubação, transmissão, sintomas, prevenção e imunidade. Essas categorias serviram de elementos para a análise de indícios de aprendizagem levando a concluir que as narrativas fílmicas ajudam na formação de pontes cognitivas colaborando com a aprendizagem subordinada derivativa e correlativa, diferenciação progressiva e reconciliação integrativa, promovendo a assimilação e a retenção dos conhecimentos científicos. No referencial teórico utilizado para investigar os filmes como recurso pedagógicos é apresentado as considerações dos autores Rosália Duarte , Milton Almeida, Maria da Graça Setton, Marcos Napolitano, José Manuel Moran, entre outros. Como produto dessa pesquisa, elaborou-se um guia com outras propostas pedagógicas possíveis de trabalhar o tema “epidemia” utilizando filmes comerciais como organizadores prévios e para contextualização. O guia também apresenta uma linha do tempo sobre cinema e educação e um catálogo com filmes e seriados abordam o tema “epidemia”. / This research arose when searching for a teaching methodology that would value scientific knowledge with the use of an alluring pedagogical resource – commercial movies – to encourage meaningful learning. To this end, it provides an analysis of how students establish relations of scientific knowledge with movie images, and the possibilities of contextualization on the topic of “epidemics”. The research methodology comprehends a qualitative approach, including some quantitative data of the students’ impressions regarding movies in general, and about the movies and learning. The categorization according to Bardin (2011) was used in the qualitative research to organize the contextual units produced by the students in the educational activities, and to conduct an analysis based on the assumptions of Ausubel’s Theory (2003) and Ausubel, Novak and Hanesian’s Theory (1980). From the showing of the movie entitled “Contagion”, used as an advance organizer, we tried to identify prior knowledge on the subject through questions raised by the students. Those same questions brought up the subtopics, categorized as epidemics, causative agent, incubation, transmission, symptoms, prevention and immunity. These categories served as elements for the analysis of learning evidence, leading to the conclusion that movie narratives help in the creation of cognitive bridges while contributing to derivative and correlative subordinate learning, progressive differentiation and integrative reconciliation, as well as promoting assimilation and retention of scientific knowledge. The theoretical background used to investigate the movies as a pedagogical resource presents the considerations of authors such as Rosália Duarte, Milton Almeida, Maria da Graça Setton, Marcos Napolitano, José Manuel Moran, among others. As a product of this research, a guide with other pedagogical proposals that make it possible to work with the topic of “epidemics” was developed by using commercial movies as advance organizers and for contextualization. The guide also shows a timeline of cinema and education, as well as a catalog with movies and series that deal with the topic of “epidemics”.

Acompanha: Epidemias na escola? Só em filmes: possibilidades de contaminação na aprendizagem significativa / Essa pesquisa surgiu da busca por uma metodologia de ensino que valorizasse o conhecimento científico com o uso de um recurso pedagógico atrativo - filmes comerciais -, que motivasse a aprendizagem significativa. Para tanto, apresenta uma análise de como os estudantes estabelecem relações do conhecimento científico com as imagens fílmicas e as possibilidades de contextualização acerca do tema “epidemia”. A metodologia de pesquisa envolve uma abordagem qualitativa, com alguns dados quantitativos das impressões dos estudantes em relação aos filmes de modo geral e sobre eles e a aprendizagem. Na pesquisa qualitativa, utilizou-se a categorização segundo Bardin (2011), para organizar as unidades contextuais produzidas pelos estudantes nas atividades educativas, e fazer a análise com base nos pressupostos da Teoria de Ausubel (2003) e Ausubel, Novak e Hanesian (1980). A partir da exibição do filme intitulado “Contágio”, utilizado como organizador prévio, buscou-se, nas dúvidas apresentadas pelos estudantes, identificar os conhecimentos prévios sobre o assunto. Por meio dessas dúvidas emergiram os subtemas, que foram categorizados em: epidemia, agente causador, incubação, transmissão, sintomas, prevenção e imunidade. Essas categorias serviram de elementos para a análise de indícios de aprendizagem levando a concluir que as narrativas fílmicas ajudam na formação de pontes cognitivas colaborando com a aprendizagem subordinada derivativa e correlativa, diferenciação progressiva e reconciliação integrativa, promovendo a assimilação e a retenção dos conhecimentos científicos. No referencial teórico utilizado para investigar os filmes como recurso pedagógicos é apresentado as considerações dos autores Rosália Duarte , Milton Almeida, Maria da Graça Setton, Marcos Napolitano, José Manuel Moran, entre outros. Como produto dessa pesquisa, elaborou-se um guia com outras propostas pedagógicas possíveis de trabalhar o tema “epidemia” utilizando filmes comerciais como organizadores prévios e para contextualização. O guia também apresenta uma linha do tempo sobre cinema e educação e um catálogo com filmes e seriados abordam o tema “epidemia”. / This research arose when searching for a teaching methodology that would value scientific knowledge with the use of an alluring pedagogical resource – commercial movies – to encourage meaningful learning. To this end, it provides an analysis of how students establish relations of scientific knowledge with movie images, and the possibilities of contextualization on the topic of “epidemics”. The research methodology comprehends a qualitative approach, including some quantitative data of the students’ impressions regarding movies in general, and about the movies and learning. The categorization according to Bardin (2011) was used in the qualitative research to organize the contextual units produced by the students in the educational activities, and to conduct an analysis based on the assumptions of Ausubel’s Theory (2003) and Ausubel, Novak and Hanesian’s Theory (1980). From the showing of the movie entitled “Contagion”, used as an advance organizer, we tried to identify prior knowledge on the subject through questions raised by the students. Those same questions brought up the subtopics, categorized as epidemics, causative agent, incubation, transmission, symptoms, prevention and immunity. These categories served as elements for the analysis of learning evidence, leading to the conclusion that movie narratives help in the creation of cognitive bridges while contributing to derivative and correlative subordinate learning, progressive differentiation and integrative reconciliation, as well as promoting assimilation and retention of scientific knowledge. The theoretical background used to investigate the movies as a pedagogical resource presents the considerations of authors such as Rosália Duarte, Milton Almeida, Maria da Graça Setton, Marcos Napolitano, José Manuel Moran, among others. As a product of this research, a guide with other pedagogical proposals that make it possible to work with the topic of “epidemics” was developed by using commercial movies as advance organizers and for contextualization. The guide also shows a timeline of cinema and education, as well as a catalog with movies and series that deal with the topic of “epidemics”.

Abstract In the Swedish Kingdom, of which Finland was a part until the 19th century, the parish burial records specified the cause of death earlier than other European countries. Using the information contained in 1.2 million death records from 234 different parishes, the impact of the main infectious diseases inflicted upon the Finnish population, during the period 1749–1850, is analyzed. The study is focused on the temporal and geographical distribution of three of the main epidemics; gastroenteritis, malaria and smallpox. The Industrial Revolution, the Demographic Transition and the Bacteriological Era only arrived to Finland at the end of the 19th century. The population analyzed, living at a time prior those changes, was therefore rural, scattered and with high birth and mortality rates. It was, therefore, helpless in front of many illnesses. Infectious diseases were the main cause of death, especially among children. One sixth of all analyzed deaths can be attributed to these three causes of death studied. Acute gastroenteritis generated mortality, constantly in its endemic areas (southeast of the country and Ostrobothnian coast) and also in the form of large epidemics, accompanying other factors affecting the population, such as war or famine. Smallpox was endemic in the country and caused periodic epidemic peaks which generated high mortality among children. The most densely populated areas acted as reservoirs from which the disease spread outwards the rest of the country. The generalization of the practice of vaccination, from the first decades of the 19th century, modified both the spatiotemporal distribution of the epidemics and the age distribution of smallpox mortality. Under the period studied, malaria was endemic in the southwest of Finland, being of most importance in the Åland Islands. The temporal variations in the incidence of this disease do not seem to be related to crises in the population, but rather due to environmental factors. The above causes of death greatly influenced the modulation of mortality in 18th and 19th century Finland. / Resumen En el Reino de Suecia, al que pertenecía Finlandia hasta el siglo XIX, los registros parroquiales de enterramiento especificaban la causa de muerte más tempranamente que en otros países de Europa. Utilizando la información contenida en 1,2 millones de registros de defunción, provenientes de 234 parroquias diferentes, se analiza el impacto de las enfermedades infecciosas en la población de Finlandia entre 1749 y 1850. Se estudia en especial la distribución temporal y geográfica de las mayores epidemias de gastroenteritis aguda, viruela y paludismo. Ni la revolución industrial ni la transición demográfica ni la era bacteriológica llegaron a Finlandia hasta finales del siglo XIX. La población en la época de estudio era, por tanto, rural, dispersa, con altos índices de natalidad y mortalidad y estaba indefensa ante la mayor parte de las dolencias. Las enfermedades infecciosas eran la principal causa de muerte, especialmente entre los niños. Al conjunto de las tres causas de muerte estudiadas, gastroenteritis, viruela y paludismo, puede atribuirse un sexto del total de las muertes analizadas. La gastroenteritis aguda causaba una importante mortalidad de manera constante en sus áreas endémicas (sureste del país y costa de Ostrobotnia) y una mortalidad catastrófica, en forma de grandes epidemias, en coincidencia con alteraciones en la población tales como guerras o hambrunas. La viruela era endémica en el país y se manifestaba en forma de picos epidémicos periódicos que generaban gran mortalidad entre los niños. Las zonas más densamente pobladas actuaban como reservorios desde los cuales la enfermedad se expandía al resto del país. La generalización del uso de la vacuna a partir de las primeras décadas del siglo XIX modificó tanto la distribución espaciotemporal de las epidemias como su perfil de mortalidad por edades. El paludismo era endémico en el suroeste de Finlandia durante el periodo de estudio, siendo especialmente importante en las Islas åland. Las variaciones en la importancia de esta enfermedad no parecen responder a crisis en la población sino a factores ambientales. Las causas de muerte estudiadas modularon de manera importante la mortalidad general de la Finlandia de los siglos XVIII y XIX. / Tiivistelmä Ruotsin kuningaskunnassa, johon Suomi 1800-luvulle saakka kuului, hautauksia koskevissa kirkonkirjoissa spesifioitiin kuolinsyy aikaisemmin kuin muissa Euroopan maissa. Tässä tutkimuksessa analysoidaan 234 eri kunnasta peräisin olevaa 1,2 miljoonan henkilön kuolintilastoon sisältyvää informaatiota infektiosairauksien vaikutuksesta Suomen väestöön vuosien 1749 ja 1850 välillä. Erityisesti tutkitaan akuutin mahasuolitulehduksen, isonrokon ja malarian merkittävimpien epidemioiden ajallista ja maantieteellistä levinneisyyttä. Teollinen vallankumous kuin myöskään väestöllinen muutos tai bakteriologinen aikakausi eivät saapuneet Suomeen 1800-luvun loppuun mennessä. Tutkittavan aikakauden väestö oli siten maaseudulla elävää, hajanaista, sillä oli korkea syntyvyys ja kuolleisuus ja se oli suojaton suurinta osaa sairauksia vastaan. Infektiosairaudet olivat pääasiallisin kuolinsyy, erityisesti lasten keskuudessa. Tämän kolmen tutkitun kuolinsyyn joukon, mahasuolitulehduksen, isonrokon ja malarian, voidaan katsoa aiheuttaneen kuudenneksen analysoitujen kuolemien kokonaismäärästä. Akuutti mahasuolitulehdus aiheutti tasaisesti merkittävän kuolleisuuden yleisillä esiintymisalueillaan (maan kaakkoisosa ja Pohjanmaan rannikko) ja katastrofaalisen kuolleisuuden suurten epidemioiden muodossa samanaikaisesti sellaisten väestössä tapahtuvien muutosten kuten sotien tai nälänhädän kanssa. Isorokko oli maassa yleisesti esiintyvää ja ilmeni jaksottaisten epidemiahuippujen muodossa, jotka aiheuttivat suuren kuolleisuuden lasten keskuudessa. Tiheimmin asutetut alueet toimivat reserveinä, joista sairaus levisi loppuun osaan maata. Rokotuksen käytön yleistyminen 1800-luvun ensimmäisistä vuosikymmenistä lähtien muutti niin epidemioiden alueellista ja ajallista levinneisyyttä kuin sen kuolleisuusprofiilia ikäluokittain. Malaria oli yleisesti esiintyvää Lounais-Suomessa, ja tutkittavana aikakautena se oli erityisen merkittävää Ahvenanmaan saaristossa. Muutokset tämän sairauden merkittävyydessä eivät vaikuta vastaavan väestökriisejä vaan ilmastollisia tekijöitä. Tutkitut kuolinsyyt muuttivat merkittävästi kuolleisuutta 1700- ja 1800-lukujen Suomessa.