This thesis studies an island of civility embedded in an ethos of conflict, focusing on a shared society peacebuilding initiative between Palestinian and Jewish citizens of Israel. Undertaken in close partnership with the NGO Hand in Hand: The Centre for Bilingual Jewish-Arab Education in Israel using a semi-participatory approach, this research describes the evolution of Hand in Hand from a small grassroots organization to a multimillion-dollar NGO. Drawing on survey data (n = 107), personal interviews (n = 25), and key insights from a four-month ethnography, this dissertation analyzes the social change function of Hand in Hand, ordinary citizens’ motivations for enrolling their children in bilingual (Hebrew/Arabic) schools, and the drivers and barriers for attending peacebuilding activities for adults.

Ämnet för denna uppsats är retorik under en pågående kris. Studien syftar till att undersöka de retoriska elementen i den nationella pandemigruppens budskap under de samordnade pressträffarna till följd av covid-19-pandemin. Detta med avseende att ta reda på hur Sveriges ovanliga val av strategi för att hantera krisen legitimerades av talarna under pressträffarna. Genom en retorisk analys, av 35 pressträffar under perioden mars till och med november 2020, kommer studiens frågeställningar att besvaras. Frågorna är kopplade till de tre appellformer (ethos, logos och pathos) som återfinns i retorikvetenskapen, då studien ämnar ta reda på hur dessa används under pressträffarna för att nå fram med ett visst budskap, samt genom vilka argument detta görs. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter är myndigheters kriskommunikation och retorik. För att analysera materialet används en retorisk analys med en hermeneutisk ansats, där talet analyseras utifrån ethos, logos och pathos och den argumentation som ligger till grund för dessa. I analysen framgår det att precis som i den klassiska myndighetskommunikationen består talen under pressträffarna till stor del av att stärka myndigheternas logos. Det vill säga, talarna använder sig av argument baserade på fakta för att nå fram med budskapet. Talarna använder sig av upprepningar och spelar sällan på publikens känslor. I analysen framgår det dessutom att talarna bygger upp ett starkt ethos genom att visa på egen kunskap och föregå med gott exempel. Sveriges valda strategi under pandemin, som under perioden för studien är att ge medborgarna frihet under ansvar, legitimeras av talarna genom att upprepa de framtagna rekommendationerna och att skapa en gemenskap genom uttryck som “tillsammans kan vi stoppa smittspridningen”.

The purpose of this thesis is to increase our knowledge about corruption issues. It examines the connection between the institutional frame and the individual’s choice made in his institutional role. The study is based on the theories of rational choice institutionalism and public ethos and the empirical data is analyzed from a social constructivist perspective. The addressed research questions are:-How is the institutional frame within the Mauritian public sphere being created, with special focus on shaping the norms saying that corruption is not accepted?-Does the institutional frame, and specifically the public ethos as a norm, influence the individual’s rational choice when deciding not to act corruptly?The empirical material has been collected in Mauritius, and the study uses the Mauritian local government as the example for the institution. According to the theory of rational choice institutionalism, public servants make rational choices, within the frames of the institution. Institutions are to be seen as a wider concept, where both the formal and informal institutions are included, such as norms, institutionalized actions and processes. The public ethos, a norm specifically connected to the democratic, public areas of the society, states that the public servant’s institutional role is different from a private person’s role. According to the theory about the social construction of the reality, the individual’s perception and understanding of his surroundings, the image of his reality, is shaped by the institutional frame and this frame delimits the options to choose among. The analysis is made with the help of a model which illustrates the layers of the institution, and the individual in the institutional frame, which thereby affects his rational calculations. The model is also used to illustrate the result of the analysis, by showing the factors that influence the norm-shaping process. The analysis and the conclusions of the study indicate that the creation of the institutional frame is strongly influenced from the society with an anti-corruption agenda, in form of legislation and government agencies, which have a resilient effect on the norm-shaping. Further, the presence of the public ethos norm is shown as an element of the institutional frame. The public servant, when making a rational calculation to decide to act or not to act corruptly, is situated within this institutional frame. The conclusion of the thesis indicates that the individual’s rational choice is strongly affected by the institutional frame, showing that the public servant does take in consideration the public ethos norms in his institutional role. Even though economic reasons influence how the public servant decides to act, those are reinforced by the institutional norms.

No description available.

No description available.

Le roman négro-africain de dénonciation que nous appelons « roman subversif » et que d'aucuns insèrent dans la catégorie dite roman de la rupture, en tant que macro-acte de langage, comporte bien une visée illocutoire subversive. Cela est vrai même si le discours littéraire négro-africain d'après les indépendances, à l'instar de tout discours, reste contraint, c'est-à-dire en grande partie déterminé par le contexte sociopolitique, mais également le champ littéraire francophone où entrent en concurrence divers « positionnements » et « postures » d'auteurs. Nous montrons dans ce travail que cette visée qui est une entreprise de dévoilement des dérives des nouveaux régimes politiques et/ou religieux, résultante de l'intrication du contexte non verbal négro-africain et de l'intérieur des romans, et qui se traduit par la construction littéraire de divers ethos individuels et collectifs, peut s'étudier, entre autres, au moyen de la méthode d'analyse du discours. En reliant extérieu r et intérieur du texte littéraire, ce qui écarte l'immanence structuraliste, nous abordons le roman négro-africain d'après les indépendance comme un dispositif d'énonciation dont le centre déictique et modal est le garant du discours, à savoir le narrateur principal qui est le plus souvent « homodiégétique » dans notre corpus à l'exception de Perpétue où il est « extradiégétique ». Ainsi, la thèse ruine la conception romantique qui distingue le moi social de l'écrivain et le moi créateur. Nous considérons donc que les romans de notre corpus sont des activités sociales s'insérant dans les pratiques discursives d'une société, ce qui consacre définitivement la relation texte et société en mettant en branle des notions de la problématique de l'énonciation à grande portée socioculturelle comme la « scénographie », la « scène générique », la « scène validée », la « paratopie », etc. Nous confirmons donc la possibilité d'un enrichissement des approches de la littéraire négro-afric aine considérant l'histoire littéraire composée de trois entités séparées (l' « homme », l' « uvre » et le « milieu ») et qui sont restées plus ou moins classiques, c'est-à-dire thématiques, souvent sociologiques. En recourant systématiquement aux outils de la linguistique de l'énonciation, de la pragmatique, de la linguistique textuelle, de l'argumentation, de la linguistique interactionniste, etc., nous appliquons à quelques romans négro-africains d'après les indépendances et à plusieurs séquences textuelles que nous avons sélectionnées et tirées de ce corpus, la méthode de l'analyse du discours telle qu'elle est théorisée dans la sphère européenne par des chercheurs tels que Dominique Maingueneau et Patrick Chareaudeau, mais également d'autres qui ont développé des problématiques linguistiques proches ou similaires : Jean Michel Adam, Ruth Amossy, Emile Benveniste, Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Oswald Ducrot, etc., pour ne citer que ceux-là. L'étude de la polyphonie pour la détermination des voix en présence dans les romans nous conduit à l'étude, d'une part, de la double énonciation qui se traduit par les dialogues en tant que modalité narrative où plusieurs énonciateurs sont mis en scène, de l'autre, de tous les types de discours rapporté, mais également de la manifestation verbale du peuple négro-africain. Ces voix définissent des identités énonciatives, celles des camps opposés, à savoir le pouvoir politique et/ou religieux et les opposants qui sont sans cesse en conflit dans les romans. Bannissant l' « authenticité » qui était la visée des conceptions identitaires négro-africaines comme la Négritude, les auteurs du corpus utilisent le discours rapporté et la double énonciation non pour restituer la réalité crue, comme dans le roman à thèse, mais pour dénoncer en dictant, en creux, au lecteur modèle ce qu'il faut penser ou croire. La tourmente politique et/ou religieuse est décriée par la présentation au lecteur de « patrons discursif » et d'un code langagier qui s'insérèrent dans l' « interdiscours » et qui montrent différents ethos populaires ou individuels fonctionnant comme des repoussoirs utilisés pour la dénonciation. Le lecteur modèle arrive à produire l'effet discursif attaché aux textes par l'activité d'« incorporation » de ces ethos qui se manifestent par une certaine corporalité et une vocalité précise.Mots clés :Énonciation, polyphonie, « scène d'énonciation », genre, dialogue, interaction, argumentation, « posture », « paratopie », ethos, discours, texte, contexte. / The black African novel of denunciation which is called the subversive novel and which some insert in the category said to be the novel of rupture, as a macro act of language, does involve a subversive and illocutory aim. That is true even if the post independence black African literary discourse, like any discourse, remains under constraint, that is to say, determined to a large extent, by the socio-political context, but also, the literary field where various positionings and postures of authors are in competition. In this work, we endeavour to show that this aim which is an attempt to reveal the awkwardness of the new political and/or religions systems, a result of the relationship between a non verbal black African context and the internal side of novels and results in literary construction of various individual and collective ethos, can be studied through the discourse analysis method. By linking the external and inner side of the literary text, which moves aside the str ucturalist immanence. We tackle the post independence black African novel as a system of enunciation whose deistic and modal centre vouches for the discourse, that is to say the principal narrator who is the most often homodiectic in our corpus except Perpetue where he is extradiegetic. So, the thesis ruins the romantic conception which distinguishes the social self from the creative self. We hence consider that the novels of our corpus are social activities involved in discursive practices of a society, which definitely settles the relationship between a text and society raising the notions of the enunciation issue with a broad socio cultural scope like the scenography, the generic scene, the validated scene, the paratopy,… we hence confirm the possibility of a rupture in the black African literary approaches considering literary history made up of three separate different entries(Man, his work and the environment) which have remained more or less classical, that is to say thematic, often sociological. In resorting systematically to the linguistic tool of enunciation, of pragmatism, of textual linguistic, of the argument of interaction linguistic, … we apply to a few post independence black African novels and to several textual sequences which we have selected and drawn from that corpus, the discourse analysis method as theoretized in the European area by researchers such as Dominique Maingueneau and Patric Chareaudeau, but also others who have developed similar linguistic issues : Jean Michel Adam, Ruth Amossy, Emile Benveniste, Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Oswald Ducrot,… to name but a few. The study of polygamy to determine voices which are found in the novels lead us to the study, on the one hand, of the double enunciation which are turned out into dialogues as narrative modality where several enunciators are brought to the stage, on the other hand, of all the type of reported speeches, but also of the verbal manifestation of the black Af rican people. These voices define enunciative identities, those of opposed positions, namely the political and/or religions power and the opponents who are always in conflict in the novels. Rejecting authenticity which was always the aim of black African; identity conceptions like Negritude, the authors of the corpus use the reported speech and the double enunciation not to restore the plain reality, like the thesis novel, but denounce by telling, in bias, the standard reader, what to think or believe. The political and/or religions upheaval is disparaged by the presentation to the reader of discursive patrons and of a language code which are integrated into the interdiscourse and which show different popular or individual ethos functioning as a foil used for denunciation. The standard reader manages to produce the discursive effect connected to the texts through the incorporation activity of these ethos which are shown through some corporality and precise vocality.Keywords:Enunciation, polyphony, enunciation scene gender, dialogue, interaction, argument, posture, paratopy, ethos, discourse, text, context.

Argument med ethosappellerande kvaliteter i Oatlys reklam har identifierats och analyserats. Ett övervägande antal av dessa argument har visat sig stärka vad Wæraas och Ihlens skulle kalla för ett ”environmental ethos”. Samtliga strategier som kan användas för att bygga ett ”environmental ethos” återfinns i reklammaterialet. Oatly tonar kraftigt ner bilden av företaget som en del av den traditionella industrin, främst genom att mäta sig gentemot storföretag inom komjölksindustrin. Företaget kommunicerar och framställs mer som en miljö- rörelse eller organisation där miljöfrågan under alla omständigheter är högsta prioritet. Belägg för det ser vi i en jämförelse med tidigare forsking, jämförelsen ger indikationer på att havredrycksföretagets retoriska förhållningssätt och ethosbyggande liknar de icke vinstdrivande organisationernas. I Oatlys reklam står mjölkindustrin för miljöproblematiken, en motpart som det inte kompromissas med och som företaget projicerar och mäter sina argument emot. På så sätt skapar Oatly genom miljöargument en tydlig, och möjligen önskvärd, splittring i den tidigare solida och trogna målgruppen mjölkkonsumenter.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Nos séculos IV e V ocorreram contínuos esforços por uma unificação e homogenização do credo cristão, algo que provocou o embate e o confronto entre as diversas vertentes, cada qual arrogava para si o título de verdadeiros cristãos e imputando aos seus adversários a alcunha de falsos cristãos. O ethos retórico cristão é constituído a partir da premissa de que haveria uma única Verdade, assim sendo, na medida em que ser cristão é, por definição, empreender a imitatio Christi, tentava-se determinar aquele que advoga por Cristo do dito herege. Em meio a estas intensas disputas retóricas, Agostinho de Hipona foi um dos autores de maior destaque, participando dos principais debates de sua época. O donatismo, o arianismo e o pelagianismo foram três dos seus principais adversários. Cada qual representando um diferente desafio, Agostinho necessitava responder e enfrentar estas vertentes na defesa do que ele acreditava ser a verdadeira via salvífica cristã. O donatismo foi considerado como um desdobramento das perseguições perpetradas por Diocleciano; estas teriam causado um cisma político e doutrinário, cindindo a Igreja cristã na África romana. O arianismo, uma dissidência trinitária e protagonista inconteste do século IV, defendia uma hierarquia dentro da Trindade e contestava sua própria definição. O pelagianismo, uma frequente preocupação de Agostinho nos seus últimos 20 anos, negava o conceito do pecado original e questionava papel da Graça divina na salvação. A partir da premissa de que o que estava realmente em jogo era a definição de qual das vertentes era verdadeiramente a portadora do legado de Cristo, a presente pesquisa procura comparar o processo de construção do ethos retórico destas três vertentes. Almeja-se, portanto, investigar o ethos retórico imputado por Agostinho aos seus adversários, cotejando os tratados polêmicos feitos pelo bispo de Hipona contra donatista, arianos e pelagianos. / There were continuous efforts in the 4th and 5th centuries aiming to unify and homogeneity of the Christian faith, causing clashes between different doctrines each one claiming to be the true Christians and calling the adversaries as false Christians. The Christian rhetorical ethos is constituted by the fundament that there is only one Truth: to be Christian is, by definition, undertaking the imitatio Christi. Then it would be possible to distinguish the one who preached for Christ and the one so -called heretical. Among those intense rhetorical disputes, Augustine of Hippo was one the most prominent authors, contributing to the greatest discussions from his time. Donatism, Arianism, and Pelagianism were his main enemies. Each one of them representing a different challenge, Augustine needed to answer and defy those three branches in defence of his own belief as the Christian redemption. The Donatism was seen as a development from the persecutions made by Emperor Diocletian, causing a political and doctrinal breaking causing the Christian Roman African Church division. The Arianism, a Trinitarian schism and without any doubt protagonist of the 4th century doctrinal debate, defending a hierarchy among the people of the Trinity, challenging its own concept. Pelagianism, a recurrent Augustines preoccupation in his last twenty years of life, denied the idea of original sin and defied the role of divine grace in the redemption. Based on the starting point the was actually in dispute was which one of these three branches were the true bearer of Christ legacy, this research aims to compare the construction process of the rhetoric ethos from those tree branches. In order to do that, this thesis investigates the rhetoric ethos ascribed for Augustine of Hippo to his adversaries, focusing on the polemic tracts made by Augustine of Hippo against the Donatists, Arians, and, Pelagians.

Este estudo faz a análise discursiva do corpus composto por trinta e dois ensaios admissionais de estudantes admitidos pela Universidade Johns Hopkins nos Estados Unidos da América. Os textos foram submetidos à instituição entre 2012 e 2016 e escolhidos como exemplos a serem seguidos pelos candidatos aos programas de graduação. Considerando que os ensaios foram validados por uma instituição com admissão altamente competitiva, os escritos constituem uma fonte valiosa e fornecem uma compreensão mais profunda do ensaio de admissão, tanto como instrumento de ingresso na Universidade Johns Hopkins quanto nas instituições norteamericanas de educação superior de forma geral. O estudo utilizou uma abordagem de análise qualitativa de dados assistida por computador com a primeira camada consistindo em análise qualitativa por meio da demarcação manual e posterior codificação de segmentos veiculadores de efeitos de sentido. Em uma segunda etapa, os códigos atribuídos foram submetidos à análise computacional que informou a relevância dos segmentos demarcados em função do número total de ocorrências e do número de ensaios em que foram verificados. A camada quantitativa de análise forneceu dados que levaram à segunda camada de análise qualitativa, que, por sua vez, permitiu uma compreensão mais precisa do objeto em relação ao que constitui um ensaio de admissão excelente para a Universidade Johns Hopkins. Os resultados apontam para o ensaio de admissão como um gênero complexo e de raízes profundas, cuja construção se baseia em um discurso destinado a veicular, por meio de uma demonstração emblemática, o éthos do enunciador, bem como o alinhamento de um conjunto de valores identitários específicos com o quadro axiológico da instituição. Este estudo pioneiro contribui para a compreensão dos ensaios autobiográficos que integram o corpus quanto ao seu conteúdo e expressão. Os escritos analisados sugerem um plano discursivo em que identidade, valores identitários e éthos desempenham um papel crucial em um processo no qual o candidato, investido em seu enunciador, é reconhecido como merecedor de integrar a instituição. O estudo também demonstra a utilidade de combinar abordagens assistidas por computador e ferramentas computacionais com estudos discursivos, pois permitem a visualização e organização de dados que não seriam naturalmente acessíveis ao pesquisador. / This study conducts the discursive analysis of the corpus comprised of thirty-two personal statements by students admitted to The Johns Hopkins University in the United States of America. The texts were submitted to the institution between 2012 and 2016 and chosen as examples to be followed by candidates to the undergraduate programs. Considering that the essays have been validated by an institution where admission is highly competitive, the writings constitute a valuable source and provide a deeper understanding of the admission essay, both as an instrument of admission to The Johns Hopkins University as well as American institutions of higher education in general. The study utilized a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis approach with the first layer consisting of qualitative analysis with manual demarcation and subsequent coding of segments conveying meaning effects. In a second stage, the assigned codes were submitted to the computational analysis which informed the relevance of the demarcated segments as a function of their total number of occurrences and number of essays in which they were verified. The quantitative layer of analysis provided data that prompted the second layer of qualitative analysis, which, in its turn, allowed a more precise comprehension of the object regarding what constitutes an excellent admission essay for The Johns Hopkins University. The results point to the admission essay as a complex and deep-rooted genre whose construction is based on a discourse designed to convey, through an emblematic demonstration, the ethos of the enunciator as well as the alignment of an array of specific identity values with the axiological framework of the institution. This pioneering study contributes to the understanding of the autobiographical essays which integrate the corpus regarding their content and expression. The writings analyzed suggest a discursive plan in which identity, identity values, and ethos play a crucial role in a process in which the candidate, invested in his enunciator, is recognized as deserving of integrating the institution. The study also demonstrates the utility of combining of computer-assisted approaches and computer tools to discursive studies, since they allow the visualization and organization of data that would not be naturally accessible to the researcher.