Even though studies of expatriates from Nordic countries have been conducted, qualitative data on expatriates in Sweden has barely been generated. This research is the first explorative study within this context. The authors have chosen a qualitative approach, interviewing both assigned and self-initiated expatriate leaders currently working in Sweden. The data is presented in the form of five case studies including three European and two non-European citizens. The cross-case analysis confirms the GLOBE study’s main finding that leadership effectiveness is contextual. It has become clear that expatriate leaders face several challenges in the Swedish business culture. These are mainly related to the speed of working, the need for consensus in the decision-making process, and the conflict avoiding tendency. These drivers demonstrate that there are certain cultural aspects unique to Sweden. Expatriate leaders need to be flexible in adapting their leadership style and be engaging with their followers in order to work successfully in Sweden.

[pt] No Brasil, as empresas líderes respondem à globalização, formando alianças e redes de relacionamento internacionais. Esta pesquisa pretende verificar se a participação de expatriados na administração de subsidiárias internacionais da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD) constitui um fator crítico de sucesso para a gestão efetiva das redes de relacionamento entre a controladora brasileira e suas controladas internacionais, ao contribuir para uma governança corporativa efetiva dessas redes. Com esse objetivo, um conceito menos tradicional de governança corporativa foi adotado, considerando a existência de mecanismos sociais, complementares aos mecanismos formais de governança. Variáveis pertinentes a tais mecanismos e respectivos indicadores e sub- indicadores foram propostos. Os sub-indicadores permitiram identificar as implicações positivas e negativas de cada variável. Esta pesquisa ampliou o conceito de redes estratégicas, adicionando a perspectiva intra-organizacional, exclusivamente para o relacionamento entre controladora e subsidiárias. Esta quebra de paradigma científico gerou uma nova abordagem para o modelo Strategic Network Analysis de Macedo-Soares, utilizado como ferramental de análise estratégica. O estudo de caso se valeu da triangulação de métodos: pesquisa documental/telematizada, levantamento de percepções com auxílio de questionário e entrevistas. 30 executivos expatriados e 24 executivos das controladas internacionais (respectivas taxas de resposta: 61% e 57%) responderam ao questionário. Os resultados sugerem que a participação de expatriados na administração de subsidiárias internacionais da CVRD contribui para uma governança corporativa efetiva das redes de relacionamento com a controladora. Concluiu-se que os expatriados agregam meios informais (pertinentes aos mecanismos sociais) de governança, com implicações positivas. Este benefício é percebido mais intensamente pela controladora. / [en] In Brazil, leading companies respond to globalization by forming international alliances and networks of relationships. This research aims to verify whether expatriate participation in the administration of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD) international subsidiaries constitutes a critical success factor for the effective management of the networks of relationships between the Brazilian parent company and its international subsidiaries by contributing to an effective corporate governance of these networks. In order to do this, a less traditional concept of corporate governance was adopted, taking into consideration the existence of social mechanisms complementary to formal governance mechanisms. Variables pertinent to such mechanisms and respective indicators and sub-indicators were proposed. The sub-indicators enabled the identification of the positive and negative implications of each variable. This research amplified the concept of strategic networks, adding the intra- organizational perspective, exclusively for the relationship between the parent company and subsidiaries. This rupture in scientific paradigm generated a new approach for the Macedo-Soares Strategic Network Analysis model, used as a tool for strategic analysis. The case study utilized triangulation of methods: documentary/telematics (online) research, surveying perceptions via questionnaire and interviews. 30 expatriate executives and 24 executives of the international subsidiaries responded to the questionnaire (response rates of 61% and 57% respectively). The results suggest that expatriate participation in the administration of CRVD`s international subsidiaries contributes towards an effective corporate governance of networks of relationships with the parent company. It was concluded that the expatriates add informal means of governance (pertinent to the social mechanisms), with positive implications. Perception of this benefit is more intense in the parent company.

This research enquiry explores the life-history narratives of three Pakistani female expatriate tertiary-level English language teachers at Gulf Coeducational University (GCU). The study was conducted in order to investigate the participants’ journeys as learners and how they perceive themselves as teachers. The historical, educational, and linguistic background of Pakistan is provided along with an overview of GCU, where all the participants presently teach. Harré’s conception of personhood (1983) is related to the identity formation of the participants. Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital in society (1986, 2001), applied to the hierarchical status of languages in Pakistan (Rahman, 2004a; Mansoor, 2004), serves as a theoretical framework. A discussion of what Pakistani identity may entail, with emphasis on the significance of language on cultural identity, is given. Narrative research methodology is utilised (Clandinin and Connelly, 1996, 2000), to conduct three in-depth semi-structured interviews with the participants. Emerging themes are explored and research findings discussed with reference to relevant literature. The significance of their cultural capital, experiences of teacher-centred approaches in Pakistan and abroad, and the gender-based constraints the participants experienced during their educational trajectories are analysed. The implications of the study: for professional development, teacher training programmes and for the internationalisation of education can be explored in further research.

Studies related to psychological contracts have made significant contributions to our understanding of the exchange relationship between employees and employers. However, the influence of national/organisational culture on the psychological contract has largely been neglected. The thesis examines the influence of national and organisational culture on the way in which psychological contracts are constituted, and how they may change following international assignments and repatriation. The research examines differences in the nature, and consequences of, psychological contract fulfilment or breach across two Saudi organisations in the petroleum and petrochemicals sectors. A qualitative case study approach was adopted. The data were gathered using multiple methods, including interviews, non-participant observations and analyses of organisational documents. The findings reported in the thesis draw upon 60 semi-structured interviews with employees who had been repatriated within the previous 12 months, and 14 interviews with Human Resource (HR) managers in the two organisations, triangulated with extensive documentary analysis and observations. The research findings demonstrate the influence of strong national cultural values shaping organisational culture and HR practices in both organisations, which, in turn, influence the content of the psychological contract (i.e. expectations and obligations) at an individual level, both pre- and post-international assignment. Differences were identified between the two organisations in terms of the influence of different national cultural values on organisational culture and practices; these differences influenced individuals’ perceptions of whether their psychological contract had been fulfilled or breached post-international assignment. The implications of this research are also considered.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:35:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 7 / Nenhuma / Os encontros mobilizados nas migrações entre culturas são uma temática emergente que envolve muitos cidadãos brasileiros e outros cidadãos do mundo. Este relatório apresenta uma pesquisa que investigou o encontro de brasileiros migrantes com a China, procurando entender os processos, intensidades, afetos e afecções que nesse encontro emergiram. Para tanto utilizamos a carto(foto)grafia, que se constituiu de um entrelaçamento da cartografia com a fotografia. A exploração do campo ocorreu durante nove meses na cidade de Dongguan, situada ao sul da China. Realizamos uma intervenção com dez brasileiros residentes nessa cidade, na qual os migrantes produziram imagens fotográficas sobre seus encontros, imagens que foram discutidas posteriormente em oficinas. A atenção cartográfica permitiu-nos a seleção de algumas fotografias que foram analisadas a partir de processos de criação e significação, bem como foram relacionadas com a observação do campo e as intensidades que apareceram nessa intervenção. Os brasileiros m / The mobilized encounters in the migrations between cultures are an emergent thematic that involve many Brazilian citizens and other citizens of the world. This report presents a research investigating the encounter of Brazilians expatriates with China, seeking to understand the processes, intensities and affections that emerged from this encounter. In such a way we use the carto(photo)graphy, meaning the interlacement of the cartography with the photograph. The exploration of the field occurred during nine months in the city of Dongguan, situated in south China. An intervention was carried through with ten Brazilian residents in this city. Each expatriate produced photographs about their encounters. Images that were later discussed in workshops. The cartographic attention allowed us the election of some photographs that were analyzed by process of creation and meaning. The photographs were also related to field comment. The Brazilian expatriates create an existential territory in which they share the difficu

Com a abertura econômica brasileira, sobretudo após 1990, muitas são as empresas que enviam funcionários para viver e trabalhar no exterior e pouco se explora sobre os casos de mulheres em contexto de expatriação. Neste trabalho, buscou-se analisar as trajetórias de mulheres expatriadas, utilizando como bases conceituais as interfaces de gênero, carreira e expatriação. Diante dos diversos questionamentos emergidos a partir do tema, firmou-se a seguinte questão de pesquisa: como são construídas as trajetórias de mulheres brasileiras expatriadas? Para analisar a construção da trajetória das 19 mulheres pesquisadas e as implicações advindas dessa experiência, a pesquisa iniciou com uma fase de exploração do campo, por meio de entrevista com duas expatriadas. Os relatos destas serviram como um suporte inicial da pesquisa e possibilitaram vislumbrar algumas possibilidades de categorias de análises e pontos a serem explorados. Como técnica de coleta de informações foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade, com base em roteiro semiestruturado, pessoal ou virtualmente e, após transcritas integralmente, foram interpretadas por análise de conteúdo. As vivências das protagonistas dessa pesquisa, embora muitas vezes se aproximem, compõem trajetórias singulares, incluindo campo pessoal e profissional. A análise conjunta das entrevistas permitiu identificar a construção da trajetória de mulheres expatriadas como uma categorial principal. Os elementos que edificam e influenciam essa categoria são: as características pessoais, o apoio e a influência familiar; os relacionamentos afetivos e a maternidade; os planos profissionais e as organizações em que elas trabalham; os países de destino e, por fim e ancorado nesses elementos, destacou-se um modo de ser e portar-se no ambiente de trabalho, compreendido como “o/a” profissional mulher expatriada, que intercala elementos percebidos como “de homens” e/ou “de mulheres”. Com os resultados da pesquisa, vislumbram-se caminhos possíveis para outras mulheres que buscam esta experiência, levando em conta as implicações advindas. / With Brazil's economic opening, especially after 1990, many companies send their employees to live and work abroad, however, few academic research explores the cases of women in expatriation context. This research aimed to analyze the paths of female expatriates, using as conceptual basis the interfaces of gender, career and expatriation. Given several questions that have been emerged from the subject, it was established as the central research problem the following question: how the career path of expatriate Brazilian women are built? To analyze the career construction of the 19 surveyed women and the implications arising from this experience, the research started with an exploration phase of the field, through interviews with two female expatriates. Their reports worked as initial research support, which made possible to preview some possible categories of analysis and points to be explored. As information collection technique, in-depth interviews, taken personally or virtually, were conducted based on a semi-structured script and, after fully transcribed, interpreted by content analysis. The experiences of these research protagonists, though share similarities, compose singular trajectories, including personal and professional field. The interviews analysis allowed the identification of the career path construction of expatriate women as a major category. The elements that build and influence this category are: personal characteristics, support and family influence; affective relationships and motherhood; professional plans and the organizations in which they work; destination countries and, finally, anchoring these elements, stood out a way to be and behave at work, understood as a professional expatriate woman, without an specific gender/sex, that combines elements perceived as of men and/or of women. With the results it is possible to forecast possible paths for other women seeking for this experience, taking into account the resulting implications.

For both large and small companies involved in the internationalisation of world-wide markets, the successful management of expatriate assignment is an important part of overseas commercial activities.This investigation was concerned with expatriate management in fifty, multinational and international organisations in Australia, Singapore and Malaysia to contribute to the enhancement of success and reduction of failure of expatriate assignments.Data was collected to heighten the awareness of practitioners and academics to the value of dealing differently with expatriates. In forecasting the value of expatriates and the importance of global trade in the future, it was shown that the most successful companies are those able to identify and select an ample number of appropriate international managers. Where suitable candidates for relocation are not selected, higher than normal turnover occurs.The unique Australasian models developed and tested in this thesis are a direct response to the results of current research and encourage current practice to be less static. resulting in the rate of expatriate failure being reduced substantially.

ABSTRACT Professor Peter Steele S.J. cuts a fascinating figure both in contemporary scholarship and poetic achievement. His work extends over a vast range of genre from poetry to criticism, public address and intellectual journalism. Some of his huge literary output is published, some of it awaits publication, and much of it is either uncollected or held in archival situations. Steele is a writer who matters today not only by virtue of his leading a distinguished academic career, and being a widely published poet, but also because for some two decades he has been a focal figure in the Society of Jesus in Australia and New Zealand and has had extensive experience as he would say 'plying his priesthood' in various British and American Jesuit institutions. This has resulted in a large volume of mostly unpublished writings ranging from prayers, liturgies and reflections to homilies for private and public occasions. The challenge of addressing Steele�'s literary achievement lies in the fact that his spiritual insights form the basis of his poetic, academic, and ethical imagination. This thesis has attempted to identify the core nature of these insights and to trace the way in which they ramify into the world of people, events, and art, especially literature. The basic issue concerns the principle of radiance, how it finds expression through Steele�s major motifs or figures of Jester, Pilgrim Expatriate, Celebrant and Word or Witness, and how this principal operates as the unifying basis of his thought. The thesis tries to investigate this unifying vision within the subtle diversity of the many ways Steele encounters the modern world. In identifying Steele�s structure of thought as a radiant entity focused on the theocentre of God and emanating to the Incarnate God, to the writers of the gospels and epistles, to St. Ignatius, to St. Edmund Campion and to all people especially artists, it has been necessary to shape each chapter in a roughly parallel manner and to organise it according to these stratafications. Each chapter places the individual motif within Steele�'s individual and Ignatian milieux, and examines the function of the particular figure or motif under investigation. Each chapter will then trace the figure (Fool, Pilgrim / Expatriate, Celebrant or Word Witness), as Steele sees it manifest in God, in Christ, in the scriptures, and as he understands it imparted to Campion, to Ignatius as he writes the Spiritual Exercises and to writers (and readers) of literature. Each chapter also has variations appropriate to its subject matter and medium so that for instance the chapter treating Steele�s Pilgrim figure will consider his treatment of it in both p oetics and homiletics and that treating the Word or Witness will predominantly relate to that figure to his critical appraisal of Peter Porter�s p oetry and the organisation of the latter will break from the established pattern of organisation in several major ways. This thesis offers a study of a rich Australian talent operating intellectually, academically, imaginatively and spiritually. If one were to seek to place Steele amongst similarly minded writers one would have to locate him in the community of writers recognised for their classical and contemporary sophistication, writers such as Peter Porter, Seamus Heaney, Joseph Brodsky, Derek Walcott and Anthony Hecht. In this sense Steele is international rather than Australian in his emphasis; but being a true international he also includes Australia in his thinking.

<p>Uppsatsen behandlar ämnet expatriering. Detta kan beskrivas som en process att sända anställda till ett annat land för att ex. expandera verksamheten och implementera organisationens affärstänkande på nya platser i nya länder. I takt med att det sker fler fusioner och övertaganden av företag finns en tydlig tendens att fler och fler företag låter anställda expatriera. Att skicka anställda utomlands på dessa uppdrag är dock komplicerat för företaget, den anställde och familjen. Forskning har visat att brister i den medföljande partnerns anpassning är den enskilt största orsaken till att så många expatrieringar avbryts i förtid. Vårt undersökta problem har därför varit: Hur upplever den medföljande partnern anpassningen vid expatriering? Vi valde att använda oss av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod då vårt fokus har varit att försöka förstå och tolka partnernas upplevelser. I vårt fall innebar detta att vi genomförde fysiska intervjuer. Sex intervjuer utfördes i USA (Portland) under en vecka i månadsskiftet april-maj 2008. Intervjuerna antog huvudsakligen en semi-strukturerad form kring tre teman som var; Personlig anpassning, Interpersonell anpassning och Omgivningsanpassning. Intervjuerna baserades i huvudsak på partners till anställda inom Adidas, en intervju genomfördes dock med en HR ansvarig på Adidas och en annan med en psykolog som arbetar med anpassningsfrågor. Slutsatserna vi kom fram till var att samtliga tre ovan nämnda aspekter av anpassning visade sig spela roll för hur partnern upplevde anpassningen. De främsta positiva sambanden för den personliga anpassningen erhölls genom underkategorin språk. Positiva samband i den andra aspekten av anpassning, interpersonell anpassning, var exempelvis betydelsen av att vara förälder, support från storfamilj och sociala nätverk. Tredje aspekten av anpassning behandlade underkategorin kulturella nyheter. Den var också den enda av våra kategorier som visade sig ha ett negativt samband med partnerns upplevda anpassning. Visshet om uppdragets varaktighet, som också var en underkategori till denna aspekt, visade sig, å andra sidan, ha en positiv effekt för partnerns anpassning.</p>

<p>This study investigates which out of seven predetermined factors influence the social adjustment of expatriates at a decentralized EU institution. Much of the existing literature that deals with expatriate adjustment departs from the assumption that the expatriates are entering an organization which is greatly influenced by the culture and customs of the country in which it is located, and that the expatriate is in minority in terms of nationality. In the decentralized EU institutions on the other hand (1) the culture of the organization and host country are markedly different from each other, and (2) the organization consists of mostly expatriates rather than host country nationals.</p><p>Three sources of data are used; secondary sources, questionnaires and interviews. The results show that all seven factors which were investigated to some extent influenced social adjustment. The unique nature of the decentralized EU institutions could be the reason to why organizational cultural novelty was perceived as more important for interaction adjustment and general cultural novelty more important for general adjustment. The unique nature also could also be the reason to the negative relationship between spouse adjustment and general adjustment, possibly because the expatriate families are more inclined to live in an international "bubble" when both work and social connections are multicultural.</p>