M.A. / The psychological study of gender has evolved to comprise both dispositional and social cognitive perspectives (Morawski, 1987). Recent theoretical debates within these fields have centred on multifactorial and unifactorial conceptions of gendered factors (Spence, 1993), and the cognitive representation of gender (Howard & Hollander, 1997). This study aimed to investigate specific phenomena implicated in the above approaches. Firstly, it assessed the influence of using gender as a basic-level category (Fiske & Taylor, 1991) for the organisation of person schemas on other elements of the perceivers’ gender belief systems (Deaux & LaFrance, 1998). These elements comprise the use of gender stereotypical perception of others, endorsement of traditional-sexist gender attitudes, and self-identification with expressive and instrumental personality traits (Deaux & LaFrance, 1998). Secondly, the study aimed to explicate the structure of perceivers’ gender belief systems (Deaux & LaFrance, 1998). To this end, multifactorial gender theories (Koestner & Aube, 1995), as explanations of the interrelations of gendered factors, were evaluated. Spence and Sawin’s (1985) multifactorial gender identity theory was specifically scrutinised in this regard. Hypotheses which were informed by sceptical accounts of the theoretical utility of the femininity and masculinity constructs (Spence & Buckner, 1995), gender transcendence theories (Ravinder, 1987c), robust multifactorial findings (Spence & Buckner, 2000), and recent advances in social cognitive theory (Higgins, 2000) were formed based on a review of the relevant literature.. Various self-report measures were utilised to address the research questions. A modified version of Kelley’s (1955) Role Construct Repertory test (Rep test), an Instrumental and Expressive scale (I/E scale) developed by Spence and Buckner (2000), a modified version of the Adjective Check List (ACL-M; Beere, 1990), the Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS; Spence & Helmreich, 1978), and the Macho Scale (MS; Villemez & Touhey, 1977) were administered to a test sample of university students. The results of the study suggested that elements of the gender belief system relate to one another in complex patterns. Perceivers’ use of gender as a basic-level category was found to partially predict, along with their endorsement of traditional-sexist gender attitudes, the degree to which they implemented societal gender stereotyping. In addition, general multifactorial assumptions regarding gender (Koestner & Aube, 1995) were confirmed in that components of the gender belief system (Deaux & LaFrance, 1998) were shown to have varied interrelations depending on their specific properties (Spence, 1993). Multifactorial gender identity theory (Spence & Buckner, 2000; Spence & Sawin, 1985) received less support, and findings obtained suggested that its conceptions regarding femininity and masculinity as ineffable identity factors to be flawed. Alternative explanations of these findings that reflected gender transcendent and social cognitive insights (Frable, 1997; Freedman & Lips, 1996) better accounted for the results. In conclusion, the present study found considerable individual variance among perceivers’ use of gender as an important basic-level category for person perception. These differences in viewing males and females as fundamentally different human beings (Howard & Hollander, 1997) impacted on how targets (both known and less known) were perceived in terms of ostensibly gendered attributes. In addition, multifactorial conceptions of gender were supported as well as the contention that femininity and masculinity are not theoretically useful heuristics (Morawski, 1987).

Titel: Kvinnors upplevelser efter att ha genomgått hysterektomi. Bakgrund: Hysterektomi är ett kirurgiskt ingrepp där livmodern avlägsnas. I Sverige genomgår årligen cirka 10 000 kvinnor hysterektomi. Indikationer för hysterektomi kan vara onormala blödningar, postpartum blödning och myom. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa kvinnors upplevelser efter att ha genomgått hysterektomi. Metod: En litteraturstudie som grundas på åtta kvalitativa studier. Resultat: Resultatet har presenterats i tre huvudkategorier samt sex underkategorier. Anpassning till ett ”nytt liv” – nya möjligheter och att hantera situationen. Förlusten av det reproduktiva organet – infertilitet och kvinnlighet samt sexualitet och relationer. Emotionella påfrestningar – reaktioner och återupplevelser samt bemötande i sjukvården. Konklusion: Upplevelserna bland kvinnor som genomgått hysterektomi är individuella. Det är därför viktigt att sjuksköterskan aktivt lyssnar på kvinnans berättelse om sin situation. Det behövs mer kvalitativ forskning om hur kvinnor upplever bemötandet av sjukvårdspersonal i samband med hysterektomi för att sjuksköterskan ska kunna ge adekvat och personcentrerad omvårdnad. / Title: Women’s experiences after gone through hysterectomy. Background: Hysterectomy is a surgical procedure where the uterus is removed. In Sweden approximately 10 000 women undergo hysterectomy annually. Indications for hysterectomy can for example be abnormal bleedings, postpartum haemorrhage and uterine fibroids. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to illuminate experiences of women who had undergone hysterectomy. Methods: A literature study based on eight qualitative studies. Results: The results were presented in three main categories and six subcategories. Adaption to a ”new life” – new opportunities and to handle the situation. The loss of the reproductive organ – infertility and femininity and sexuality and relationships. Emotional strains – reactions and re-experiences and treatment in healthcare. Conclusion: The experiences of women who have undergone hysterectomy are individual. Therefore, it is of importance that nurses actively listen to the woman's story about her situation. There is a need for more qualitative research regarding women’s experiences of the hospitality from the healthcare providers during hysterectomy so nurses can provide adequate and person-centered care.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, Digital Arts, 2013 / This research report investigates the representations of femininity in the 2012 videogame Mass Effect 3. Using the work of Antony Giddens, Espen Aarseth, Judith Butler, Tracy Dietz, Henry Jenkins, Maja Mikula and Janet Murray, it sets out a theoretical framework of constructions of gender and proceeds to analyse the game in the light of these. The research focuses on the female protagonist and the way in which an alternate representation of femininity is constructed through her. The research takes into account both the narratological and ludological elements in the game and their impact on her performance of gender. In conclusion, the research suggests that due to interactive properties, videogames offer fertile ground for re-examinations of gender.

O que quer uma mulher? Essa questão permaneceu enigmática na obra de Freud. Alguns psicanalistas apontaram a maternidade como uma das respostas para a insondável questão do ser... mulher. O campo privilegiado da discussão desta tese é a articulação entre a feminilidade e a maternidade, num percurso de investigação dos textos freudianos, das teorizações pós-freudianas e das formulações lacanianas. Consiste em um estudo teórico-clínico, motivado por questões surgidas na experiência psicanalítica com sujeitos femininos, diante dos impasses do ser mãe e do ser mulher. Freud entendeu a maternidade como caudatária da função fálica na menina, mas manteve em aberto a questão sobre o enigma da feminilidade. A querela do falo permaneceu com os pós-freudianos; que enfatizaram o papel da mãe, a partir do discurso sobre o amor materno. Lacan, ao postular um mais-além do pai, realizou a promoção da sexualidade da mulher, enfatizando o desejo da mulher na mãe. Para destacar a disjunção entre a mãe e a mulher, esse estudo realiza a análise da histeria no romance Memória de duas jovens esposas (Honoré de Balzac, 1955) e da paranóia, a partir do Emílio (Rousseau, 1762) e do caso Aimée (Jacques Lacan, 1932). Para concluir, salienta a divisão entre a mãe e a mulher, articulando-as às vertentes de desejo e gozo, próprios aos sujeitos femininos. / What does a woman want? This question has remained enigmatic in Freud´s work. Some psychoanalysts indicated maternity as one of the answers for the unsoundable question of being... a woman. The privileged discussion topic of this study is the articulation between femininity and maternity, in an investigation path of Freudian texts, of post-Freudian theories and Lacanian formulations. It consists of a clinical-theoretical study, motivated by questions originated in the psychoanalytical experience with female subjects, in face of the impasses of being a mother and a woman. Freud understood maternity as being submissive to the phallic function of a girl, but kept in open the question related to the enigma of femininity. The indictment of phallus remained with the post-Freudians who emphasized the role of the mother, from the discourse on maternal love. Lacan, when postulating on something else more than a father, promoted women´s sexuality, emphasizing the woman´s wish in the mother. To point out the disjunction between the woman and the mother, this study proposes an analysis of histery in the novel Memoirs of Two Young Wives (Honoré de Balzac, 1955) and of paranóia, from Émile (Rousseau, 1762) and also in Aimée´s case (Jacques Lacan, 1932). All in all, it stresses the division between the mother and the woman, articulating them to the slopes of desire and joy, totally related to female subjects.

This thesis aims to understand how en-wheeled women engaged in hyperfemininity as a stigma management technique in order to diminish asexualization. Grounding my work in the tradition of Goffman and symbolic interaction, I argue that women who do hyperfemininity as a stigma management technique do so in an attempt to make their identity as a woman more salient then their identity as someone who is disabled. As most of the research surrounding disability focuses on masculinity and disabled women‘s heterosexuality it is imperative to continue the expansion of scholarship at the intersection of disability and gender. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:37:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lusimar de Melo Pontes.pdf: 1179086 bytes, checksum: e7e9f15960e1e5fafc4d718b4acac64b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This master thesis aims to investigate the female subject and its issues concerning femininity. In this sense, it discusses the traits that could enhance or contribute to the creation of a network of obstacles or impediments to femininity. The theoretical framework of the dissertation is based on psychoanalysis, especially the work of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. This study aims to address questions arising from clinical practice, since it was a combination of clinical facts that raised the questions which led to the beginning of this path of study. Therefore, this research has clinical experience as a starting point, being conducted on a clinical case specifically chosen for demonstrating the drama of a young woman faced with the issues involving the loss of virginity and the non-recognition of this experience as a mark of the process of becoming a woman before society. The path taken by the young woman toward womanhood marks the psychic nature of this process and shows that on the issues surrounding femininity the logic of recognition may be in check. Psychoanalysis, through Lacan, states that "Woman does not exist," concluding that in the constitution of female sexuality there is something enigmatic and unique, beyond the Oedipal and castration complexes, making it impossible for a single and universal path to be established in the process of becoming a woman. Becoming man or woman is a matter of sexualization, a matter of choice of jouissance. The consequence of this choice is that masculine and feminine are divided according to the castration mode of jouissance in relation to the Other sex: one phallic and the other not-all. The phallus is the signifier of phallic jouissance, which inscribes the logic of phallic signification. The Other jouissance, the feminine one, has to do with a kind of paradox of recognition, unlike the male position. For there is no significant determining the woman in the unconscious and, therefore, every woman is a construction. Women, without a symbolic feature defining them, are required to construct, and create piece by piece, their own version of femininity. Obstacles to femininity can be accentuated if the woman does not accept that this trait is absent, condemning her to an eternal quest for recognition which would point to hysteria / O tema desta pesquisa de mestrado é o sujeito feminino e suas questões em torno da feminilidade. Neste sentido, ela discute os traços que poderiam acentuar ou ajudar a criar uma rede de obstáculos ou de impedimento à feminilidade. Isso é feito a partir do referencial teórico da psicanálise, utilizando prioritariamente a obra de Sigmund Freud e de Jacques Lacan. A pesquisa tem como objetivo pôr em discussão interrogações advindas da clínica, pois foi uma conjunção de fatos clínicos que suscitou os questionamentos que levaram ao início dessa jornada de estudos e de investigação. Portanto, a pesquisa tem como ponto de partida uma experiência clínica, isto é, será direcionada por um caso clínico, cuja escolha se deu, sobretudo, porque ele evidencia o drama de uma jovem frente às questões que envolvem a perda da virgindade e o não reconhecimento desta experiência como uma marca do tornar-se mulher perante o social. O caminho trilhado pela jovem rumo à feminilidade marca a natureza psíquica desse processo e evidencia que nas questões em torno do feminino pode estar em xeque uma lógica do reconhecimento. A psicanálise através de Lacan define que A Mulher não existe conclui daí que na constituição da sexualidade feminina existe algo de enigmático e singular, que se encontra mais além da problemática edípica e da castração, impossibilitando que seja instituído um caminho único e universal no processo de tornar-se mulher. Inscrever-se como homem ou mulher é uma questão de sexuação, quer dizer de escolha de gozo. A consequência desta escolha é que masculino e feminino se repartem segundo o modo de gozar da castração na relação com o Outro sexo: um modo fálico e outro não-todo. O falo é o significante do gozo fálico, que inscreve a lógica da significação fálica. O Outro gozo, o próprio do feminino, tem a ver com uma espécie de paradoxo do reconhecimento, ao contrário da posição masculina. Isso porque não há um significante que determine a mulher no inconsciente e que, portanto, toda mulher é construída. As mulheres, por não contarem com um traço simbólico que as definem, são obrigadas a construir, inventar uma a uma sua própria versão da feminilidade. Os obstáculos à feminilidade podem ser acentuados caso a mulher não aceite que tal traço inexiste, condenando-a a uma eterna busca pelo reconhecimento o que apontaria para a histeria

by Wong Sai Yun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-123). / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Research Problem --- p.1 / Literature Review --- p.2 / Theoretical Framework --- p.5 / Methodology --- p.12 / Organization of the Thesis --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Community of Tuen Mun / Tuen Mun as an Isolated Community --- p.20 / Social Changes --- p.25 / Gender in Tuen Mun --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Structuration of Braveheart Secondary School / The Education System in Hong Kong --- p.31 / The School --- p.34 / Domination: Curricular Streaming and Career Expectations --- p.36 / Legitimation: The Morning Assembly --- p.48 / Signification： The School Uniform --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Sex Segregation in the Classroom / Authorized Gender --- p.60 / Formal and Informal Seating Plan --- p.69 / Marginalization of Female Students --- p.74 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Constructing Adolescent Femininity in Extra-curricular Activities and Leisure / Compulsory Activities --- p.85 / Interest Clubs --- p.95 / Leisure --- p.98 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion： Adolescent Femininity / Socio-Cultural Milieu --- p.108 / The Genderized Ecology of Tuen Mun --- p.109 / Schooling in the Braveheart Secondary School --- p.111 / Teenage Girls as Agents --- p.114 / Glossary --- p.118 / References Cited --- p.119

Background: Historically, female sports have been something strange and different from men's sports, and it has mainly been physical team sports that were considered most inappropriate for women to participate in because of its masculinized effects. Ice hockey is such a team sport that is described as tough and hard with much close contact, and it is still very male dominated today. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate which notions and norms linked to gender that surround female ice hockey players within the masculine coded sport of ice hockey, and also how they handle and are affected by these. Method: This has been studied through qualitative method and through six semi-structured interviews with female ice hockey players who play or have played at a high level in Sweden. Result: In my result I can distinguish two beliefs linked to gender that surround female ice hockey players, those are that everyone is lesbian and masculine. The notion of the female ice hockey player as a lesbian and masculine can be described as a stereotyping. This stereotyping further strengthens the image of female ice hockey players as aberrant in relation to the normative men's hockey, but also in relation to normative femininity. When it comes to body and ideals, all informants agree that the normative and ideal female body is a slim but trained body, but also that it differs from the strong and muscular ice hockey body.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:35:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 29 / Nenhuma / Este estudo objetiva discutir como o conceito de mascarada lacaniano é estruturado a partir da obra de Joan Rivière, intitulada “feminilidade como mascarada”, de 1929. Pensar as mulheres como tributárias de uma falta não mais pensada determinada anatomicamente, mas culturalmente construída, permite que se possa refletir sobre a construção de uma feminilidade a partir das vertentes da arte e da revolução. É proposta uma reflexão acerca das mudanças proporcionadas pela contemporaneidade as quais influenciam a construção da identidade feminina. Para isto, exemplificam-se as implicações do contemporâneo no laço social a partir do discurso de mulheres participantes de um grupo terapêutico. Busca-se, sobretudo, compreender o construto referente à feminilidade a partir das teorizações de Freud e Lacan, para, em seguida, articulá-lo ao que é veiculado no discurso feminino contemporâneo. / This study aims to discuss how the lacanian masquerade concept is structured from Joan Riviere’s work entitled “Femininity as masquerade”, of 1929. To think women as contributaries of an absence considered not anatomically determined anymore, but culturally constructed, allows it to be reflected about the building of a femininity from the slopes of art and revolution. We purpose a reflection concerning the changes caused by contemporaneity which have influenced the buildings of the feminine identity. In order to do so, exemplifications of the implications of the contemporary in the social bonds were made, taken from the speeches of women who were part of a therapeutical group. Aiming for, in this study above all things, to comprehend the concept that refers to the femininity, from theorizations made by Freud and Lacan in order to connect it to what is vehicled in the contemporary feminine speech.

This thesis analyzes how Latinas on Instagram actively resist social and cultural conventions of sexuality, propriety and femininity through the adornment and arrangement of their bodies. Taking into account expectations of women's behavior in public spaces, I examine the ways social media as a digital public sphere reliant upon user-generated visual content creates opportunities for rejecting mutually exclusive understandings of womanhood. The Latina users in this study employ raunch aesthetics and the performance of productive perversity, as theorized by Jillian Hernandez (2014) and Celine Parreñas Shimizu (2007) respectively, via accessories and nonverbal behavior to problematize racialized and classed representations of gender.