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One of the main characteristics of German technical language is the nominal style, which includes complex pre-nominal and post-nominal extended modifiers. A commonly held view is that these are less common in Swedish due to language-specific restrictions and preferences. As such, they may pose a challenge to Swedish translators. This essay examines this particular problem and focuses on the translation of four different complex extended modifiers: adjectival, participial, genitival and prepositional.The aim of this study was to determine which syntactic structures are used when these modifiers are translated into Swedish and to identify shifts using the concept “grammatical metaphor”, thereby focusing on the degree of grammatical metaphoricity. For the purposes of this study, a chapter of the technical book Neues Bauen mit Stroh in Europa by Gruber, Gruber and Sentler was translated into Swedish and then analysed with the above-mentioned aims in mind.The study showed that out of the 117 noun phrases with extended complex modifiers in the source text 21 were transposed into a less explicit, direct structure and more metaphorical language. The metaphorization was in some cases a result of simplification/omission of less dense semantic material and/or the translation into compounds. In 46 cases, the extended modifiers showed the same degree of grammatical metaphoricity as the source language expression and thus were re-metaphorized. In the remaining cases, a verbal or more explicit structure was chosen in the translation. This especially proved to be the case with pre-nominal extended adjectival and participial modifiers.

In this dissertation, I explore to address the problem of the identity of Paul’s interlocutor(s) in Rom 1–3 and the subsequent issue of whether Paul only includes non-Jewish Gentiles as recipients of his gospel teaching. In order to deal with the research question in a linguistically informed manner, I draw from Systemic Functional Linguistics and use two related notions of cohesive chains and grammatical metaphor (nominalization). By applying both methods to the text, I identify twenty-three active cohesive chains and five most important instances of nominalization in the text. Based on the linguistic data elicited solely by examining the interaction patterns among the chains and by explicating the various textual effects that nominalization brings about, I conclude that the linguistic evidence points to the possibility that the interlocutor is an ethnically Jewish man and Paul thus does not exclude his fellow Jews from his presentation of the gospel in Rom 1–3.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar processos verbais nominalizados e analisar suas funções na produção textual de alunos do Ensino Médio, considerando-se o uso de nominalizações do ponto de vista da oração como mensagem, que se organiza em torno do sistema de Tema e Rema. A pesquisa baseia-se na teoria sistêmico-funcional (Halliday, 1994, Halliday e Matthiessen, 2004) para o estudo da metáfora gramatical através da identificação de formas metafóricas que apresentam variação léxico-gramatical na expressão de um dado significado e são consideradas como mais elaboradas do que as formas congruentes. Essas transformações na estrutura lingüística têm início a partir da adolescência e variam em função de contextos que demandam novos usos da língua. Para analisar o uso de formas nominalizadas na escrita escolar, cinquenta textos dissertativo-argumentativos em língua portuguesa, produzidos por alunos da terceira série do Ensino Médio, foram coletados em uma escola pública e uma particular. Além disso, os participantes da pesquisa responderam a um questionário socioeducacional cujos resultados foram quantificados visando a evidenciar fatores individuais e/ou sociais que pudessem estar relacionados à sua produção textual. A análise qualitativa identificou o uso de nominalizações (Basilio, 2003) com diferentes funções discursivas. Em relação à estrutura temática, observou-se que as nominalizações estabelecem relações lógicas e favorecem o fluxo das informações no texto. A comparação entre textos evidenciou uma variação no uso da linguagem metafórica nos diferentes contextos educacionais. A partir desses resultados, propõe-se a conscientização de alunos e professores quanto aos efeitos textuais e discursivos que certos mecanismos linguísticos podem criar, visando evitar a produção de textos pouco proficientes para a finalidade a que se propõem. / [en] The aim of this study is to identify nominalized verbal processes and analyze their functions in the written production of secondary school students. These nominalizations are examined in clauses viewed as messages, which are organized according to the Theme and Rheme system. The research is based on systemic-functional theory (Halliday, 1994, Halliday e Matthiessen, 2004) for the study of grammatical metaphor through the identification of metaphorical constructions which present lexico-grammatical variation in the expression of meaning, being therefore considered as more complex than congruent forms. These transformations within linguistic structures start to appear in early adolescence, varying according to new contexts that require specific uses of the language. In order to study the use of nominalized forms in school writing, fifty argumentative essays in Portuguese were collected among 12th grade students from public and private secondary schools. Research participants also answered a socioeducational questionnaire that generated quantitative data so that social and/or individual features could be associated with students textual production. Qualitative analysis led into the identification of nominalizations (Basilio, 2003) with different discursive functions. Concerning the thematic structure, it was observed that nominalizations establish logical relations and help develop the flow of information in texts. A comparison between texts pointed out variation in metaphorical language use in different school contexts. These results indicate that it is important to make students and teachers aware of the textual and discursive effects that some linguistic mechanisms can produce, and based on this knowledge possibly avoid the production of texts that are not adequate to their intended purpose.

The concepts of text, discursive practice and social practice of the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) are connected to the notions of recontextualization and interdiscursivity. In the discursive, social and ideological practice of popularization of Science (PC), the academic discourse is recontextualized in the journalistic discourse. Both PC genres and academic genres participate in the circulation of the knowledge and are part of a same genre system "that (re)creates and maintains Science" (MOTTA-ROTH; SCHERER, 2012). One way to verify the interdiscursivity between these genres is the identification of the deverbal nominalization (NDV), a brand of the science discourse. The NDV is a type of experiential grammatical metaphor (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004) and as such works as an index of abstraction (FAIRCLOUGH, 2003). Listeners and readers lose part of the information on this type of nominalization, which requires an exercise in abstraction. Therefore, this thesis aims to map the NDV phenomenon as a discursive constitution of the process of science recontextualization. The interdiscursivity is the analytic category lexically and grammatically mapped through the linguistic exponent of the NDV in news which recontextualize different knowledge areas in Brazilian journalistic media. The results show that identifying the density of NDV in PC discourse is one way to identify how journalistic media recontextualizes the ideational content of Science: if in the direction of a discourse more abstract and more objective, or if in the direction of a discourse less abstract and more subjective. The analysis of the nominalization as experiential grammatical metaphor in the context of PC, therefore, collaborates on characterization of genres and registers (GOUVEIA, 2012) involved in the system of genres that participate in the circulation of knowledge. / As concepções de texto, prática discursiva e prática social da Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD) estão conectadas às noções de recontextualização e interdiscursividade. Na prática discursiva, social e ideológica de popularização da ciência (PC), o discurso acadêmico é recontextualizado no discurso jornalístico. Tanto gêneros de PC quanto gêneros acadêmicos participam da circulação do conhecimento e integram um mesmo sistema de gêneros que (re)cria e mantém a ciência (MOTTA-ROTH; SCHERER, 2012). Um modo de se verificar a interdiscursividade entre os gêneros desse sistema é a identificação da nominalização deverbal (NDV), uma marca do discurso da ciência. A NDV é um tipo de metáfora gramatical experiencial (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004) e, como tal, funciona como um índice de abstração do discurso (FAIRCLOUGH, 2003). Perde-se parte da informação na nominalização, o que requer um exercício de abstração. Dessa forma, esta tese se propõe a mapear o fenômeno da NDV como uma constituição discursiva do processo de recontextualização da ciência. A interdiscursividade é a categoria analítica mapeada lexicogramaticalmente por meio do expoente linguístico da NDV em notícias que recontextualizam diferentes áreas do conhecimento na mídia jornalística brasileira. Os resultados apontam no sentido de que a identificação da densidade de NDV no discurso de PC é um modo de se identificar como a mídia jornalística recontextualiza o conteúdo ideacional da ciência: se na direção de um discurso mais abstrato e mais objetivo, ou se na direção de um discurso menos abstrato e mais subjetivo. A análise da nominalização como metáfora gramatical experiencial no contexto de PC, portanto, colabora na caracterização dos gêneros e registros (GOUVEIA, 2012) envolvidos no sistema de gêneros que participam da circulação do conhecimento.

[pt] Este trabalho trata do uso de estruturas alternativas ao período hipotético eventual (ou potencial), construído, na oração subordinada, com a conjunção se e com o futuro do subjuntivo e, na oração principal, com o futuro do indicativo. Com base em conceitos do Funcionalismo e da Pragmática Intercultural e por meio de um questionário aplicado a falantes de português do Rio de Janeiro, objetiva-se construir uma escala de congruência com as estruturas em foco; verificar se as estruturas alternativas testadas são, de fato, alternativas; analisar em que medida os fatores proximidade, intimidade, hierarquia e formalidade influenciam o uso do período em questão e das estruturas alternativas testadas; e determinar em que contextos de fala as estruturas alternativas são preferidas pelos falantes do português do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados apontam que o período hipotético é preferido pelos falantes, embora as estruturas alternativas ocorram com maior frequência em contextos de maior intimidade e de menor formalidade, distanciamento e hierarquia entre os participantes. Pretende-se, assim, contribuir com o ensino de português como língua estrangeira, oferecendo um estudo de diferentes formas de construção do referido período amplamente empregadas pelos cariocas. / [en] This study deals with the use of alternative structures to hypothetical sentences called eventual (or potential), built, in the subordinate clause, with the conjunction if and with the future subjunctive, and, in the main clause, with the future indicative. Based on concepts of Functionalism and Intercultural Pragmatics and through a questionnaire applied to Portuguese speakers from Rio de Janeiro, the objectives are to build a congruence scale with structures in focus; to verify if the tested alternative structures are, in fact, alternatives; to examine to what extent the factors closeness, intimacy, hierarchy and formality influence the use of the period in question and the tested alternative structures; and to determine in which speech contexts the alternative structures are preferred by speakers of Portuguese in Rio de Janeiro. The results show that the hypothetical sentences is preferred by speakers, although the alternative structures occur most often in contexts of greater intimacy and less formality, distance and hierarchy among the participants. The aim is thus to contribute to the teaching of Portuguese as a foreign language, offering a study of different forms of constructions of this sentence, which are widely used by locals.

Scientific language, in contrast to general language, is characterised by its abstract and implicit style of expression, known as nominal style. A typical feature of this style is the frequent use of nominalizations which tend to be more common in German than in Swedish. This study will investigate whether these differences are also present in highly specialized medical texts. The quantitative and qualitative analysis is based on the translation of two medical articles from Swedish to German. The aim is to find out how often a nominalization in the source text corresponds to a nominalization in the target text, which structural shifts occur and how they influence the degree of nominal style. For this purpose, the concept of the “grammatical metaphor” was applied. The results show that the Swedish source text contains less nominalizations than the German target text. In 30% of the cases, less explicit and more metaphorical information was conveyed in the target text. In most of these cases a Swedish verbal construction was translated into a German nominalization. The metaphorization was often optional and guided by the conventions of medical texts. 65% of the occurrences showed the same degree of grammatical metaphoricity and were thus re-metaphorized. In the remaining 5%, the target text was less explicit and thus de-metaphorized. The Swedish source text proved to be less nominal than the target text.