Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-14T18:16:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ GORETE PEDROZA DE LACERDA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2018..pdf: 627104 bytes, checksum: 45e4786f3d9dfa64c01ee838695e2239 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T18:16:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ GORETE PEDROZA DE LACERDA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2018..pdf: 627104 bytes, checksum: 45e4786f3d9dfa64c01ee838695e2239 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-05 / Este trabalho investigar a síntese do biodiesel proveniente do óleo de fritura através da reação de hidroesterificação, utilizando como suporte catalítico heterogêneo, a vermiculita. A hidrólise foi efetuada em reator de autoclave numa temperatura de 300 ºC por 3 h, e em seguida, a esterificação foi realizada sob razão molar do álcool etílico/ácido graxo na proporção 6:1, na presença de 5% do catalisador em relação à massa do óleo. Tanto o biodiesel e o óleo de fritura foram caracterizados por meio de parâmetros físico-químico, térmicos e por espectrofotometria de absorção na região do UV-Visível com fins de melhor compreensão. O rendimento reacional em relação à massa do óleo de fritura residual para o biodiesel foi de 66,65%. A curva termogravimétrica referente ao biodiesel apresentou duas etapas de decomposição, sendo a primeira etapa com 83,1% de perda de massa, indicando a conversão em monoacilglicerideos, e a segunda com 14,3% de perda de massa, atribuída a presença de traços de diacilglicerídeos e/ou triacilglicerídeos não convertida em ésteres de ácidos graxos etílicos. Os espectros de absorção na região do infravermelho confirmaram a presença dos ésteres de ácidos graxos etílicos em 1749,7 cm-1, no entanto, também verificou presença de banda vibracional correspondente ao estiramento do grupo OH, em 3600 a 3300 cm-1, confirmando presença de umidade e/ou a não conversão total da hidrólise de glicerídeos. Por fim, este trabalho demonstrou ser satisfatório em termos de conversão, embora requeira um estudo mais aprofundado, manipulando as condições reacionais. / This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of biodiesel from frying oil through the hydroesterification reaction, using as heterogeneous catalytic support – vermiculite. Both the biodiesel obtained and the raw material (frying oil) were characterized by physical-chemical, thermal and absorption spectrophotometry in the UV-Visible region for better understanding. The synthesis of biodiesel by hydroesterification involved two steps: hydrolysis and esterification, whereby the residual frying oil was subjected to the step of hydrolysis in an autoclave reactor at a temperature of 300 ° C for 03 hours. After the hydrolysis, the glycerin was removed and the fatty acids generated were subjected to the esterification step and processed under the following conditions: 6: 1 molar ratio of the ethyl alcohol / fatty acid in the presence of 5% of the catalyst (vermiculite) relative to the mass of the oil. Subsequently, the mixture was subjected to the stirring process and transferred to the autoclave reactor at 200°C for 01 hour. After that, the mixture was decanted for 2 hours and the phases were separated. The dense phase – biodiesel – was characterized according to the standards of the National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuel. Thus, the reaction yield in relation to the initial mass of the residual frying oil for biodiesel was 66.65%. It is suggested that this yield was compromised by the acidity of the obtained biodiesel (0.61mg KOH/g), contributing to the release of the free fatty acids in the medium. Regarding the thermal study, the thermogravimetric curves showed that biodiesel is more volatile compared to the frying oil and presented two stages of decomposition: the first probably corresponding to the ethyl ester volatilization, with 83.1% of mass loss, indicating the conversion to monoacylglycerides; and the second stage with 14.3% of mass loss, attributed to the presence of diacylglyceride and/or triacylglyceride traces not converted to esters of ethyl fatty acids. The absorption spectra in the infrared region confirmed the presence of the strongly acidic fatty acid esters of 1749.7 cm-1; however, the presence of medium-sized vibrational band, corresponding to OH group stretching, is also present at 3600 to 3300cm-1, corroborating the thermal and physicochemical profile, confirming the presence of moisture and/or total nonconversion of glyceride hydrolysis. Finally, according to the results presented, this study proved to be feasible in terms of conversion, although it requires further investigation, manipulating the reactional conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 4834263 bytes, checksum: 9a0661df73e9955af44f0e37d15bf261 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The heterogeneous catalysis is a promising alternative to solve the environmental problems found in homogeneous catalysis, because it allows the continuous use of the catalyst until its deactivation and minimizes the generation of effluents. Thus, this work aims to synthesize, optimize and evaluate the activity of heterogeneous catalysts, using PET bottles as a starting material in the synthesis of the active phase and SiO2 as catalyst support for the transesterification reaction of soybean oil. The the catalysts were obtained by a impregnating reaction using methanol. The active phase, the catalysts and catalyst support were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDS, thermal analysis (TG) and measurement surface area (BET). The biodiesels has been synthesized using a molar ratio of 1:9 (soybean oil: methanol), 0,1 g of active phase as catalyst (room temperature) and 1,2 g of the catalysts synthesized at 75 °C, where its kinematic viscosities were measurements. All catalysts were effective in the synthesis of biodiesel because the viscosity reduction of soybean oil used was very significant, indicating that may have occurred the transesterification process, among all biodiesels synthesized the catalyst that stood out was the 30%-K2CO3/70% SiO2, which was obtained greater viscosity reduction at a lower reaction time. The quality tests were made for 1h Bio-30%, which proved be inside the parameters established by the Agência Nacional de Patróleo (ANP). The experiment reuse of the catalyst used in the synthesis of Bio-1h 30%, showed that the catalytic activity is reduced due to possible leaching phenomenon, then preliminary studies have been proposed to study the possible leaching of the active phase. / A catálise heterogênea é uma alternativa promissora para resolver os problemas ambientais encontrados na catálise homogênea, pois permite o uso continuo do catalisador até sua desativação e minimiza a geração de efluentes. Neste sentido, este trabalho visa em sintetizar, otimizar e avaliar a atividade de catalisadores heterogêneos, utilizando a garrafa PET pós-consumo como matéria prima na síntese da fase ativa e SiO2 como suporte catalítico para a reação de transesterificação com óleo de soja. Os catalisadores foram obtidos pela o método de impregnação utilizando o metanol como solvente. A fase ativa, os catalisadores e o suporte catalítico foram caracterizados por difração de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (IV), espectroscopia Raman, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e EDS, análise térmica (TG), e medida de área superficial (BET). Os biodieseis foram sintetizados utilizando uma razão molar de 1:9 (óleo de soja: metanol), 0,1 g da fase ativa como catalisador a temperatura ambiente e 1,2 g dos catalisadores sintetizados a 75 °C, onde suas viscosidades cinemáticas foram medidas. Todos os catalisadores foram efetivos na síntese do biodiesel, pois promoveu a redução de viscosidade do óleo de soja utilizado, no qual mostrou um indicativo que a reação de transesterificação ocorreu, dentre todos os biodieseis sintetizados o catalisador que mais se destacou foi o 30%-K2CO3/70%-SiO2, onde obteve-se a maior redução de viscosidade com um menor tempo reacional. Os testes de qualidade foram feitos para o Bio 1h-30%, o qual mostrou estar dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos pela Agência Nacional de Petróleo (ANP). O experimento de reuso do catalisador utilizado na síntese do Bio 1h-30%, mostrou que a atividade catalítica é reduzida devido ao possível fenômeno de lixiviação, então estudos preliminares foram propostos para estudar a possível lixiviação da fase ativa.

Un des enjeux actuels pour la production d’énergie propre est la transformation de la biomasse en hydrogène. Dans cette optique, la production d’hydrogène est étudiée par vaporeformage oxydant de l’éthanol (OSRE) à basse température sur des catalyseurs oxydes mixtes CeNixOy, dopés ou non avec Al ou Zr. Ces catalyseurs ont été synthétisés par coprécipitation puis caractérisés via différentes techniques physico-chimiques. L’influence de différents paramètres a été étudiée comme les rapports O2/EtOH et H2O/EtOH, ou la teneur en nickel dans les catalyseurs. De bons résultats ont été obtenus en vaporeformage autotherme de l’éthanol à 300°C. A une température de four de 50°C, ces catalyseurs nano-oxyhydrures riches en espèces hydrures permettent une activité extrêmement intéressante du catalyseur même avec des concentrations élevées en eau. En effet, dans les conditions EtOH/H2O/O2 égales à 1:7:1,6, les catalyseurs ternaires CeNixM0,5Oy (M = Al ou Zr), prétraités sous H2, permettent une conversion en éthanol supérieure à 90 % avec un pourcentage d’H2 de 50 à 60% dans la distribution de produits. L’augmentation du rapport en eau diminue cependant la température du catalyseur, ce qui diminue le pourcentage de CO dans la distribution de produits en augmentant la formation de carbone. Les caractérisations mettent en évidence l’importance de la présence d’interactions fortes entre Ce et Ni (et Al ou Zr dans le cas des catalyseurs ternaires), en accord avec la présence d’une solution solide Ce-Ni-(M)-O (M = Al ou Zr). Finalement, un site actif comportant des cations en interaction forte et un mécanisme réactionnel faisant intervenir des espèces hydrures peuvent être proposé / Nowadays, one of the main challenges for green energy production is biomass transformation into hydrogen. To this purpose, hydrogen production is studied by low temperature oxidative steam reforming of ethanol (OSRE) over CeNixOy (with or without Al or Zr) mixed oxide catalysts. These catalysts have been synthesized by coprecipitation and characterized by different physicochemical characterizations. The influence of different parameters has been studied such as O2/EtOH and H2O/EtOH ratios as well as the nickel content in the catalysts. Good results are obtained in autothermal steam reforming of ethanol at 300°C. With an oven temperature at 50°C, the nano-oxyhydrides catalysts containing high amounts of hydride species allow very interesting activities even in presence of high concentration of water. Indeed, in EtOH/H2O/O2 = 1:7:1.6 conditions, pretreated in H2 CeNixM0.5Oy (M = Al or Zr) ternary catalysts, allow an ethanol conversion higher than 90%, with a H2 formation between 50 to 60% in the products distribution. A high water content (H2O/EtOH) decreases the catalyst temperature, and leads to low CO formation but raises carbon formation. The characterizations evidence the importance of the presence of strong interactions between Ce and Ni species (and Zr or Al for ternary catalysts), in agreement with the presence of a Ce-Ni-(M)-O (M = Al or Zr) solid solution. Finally, an active site involving cations in strong interaction and a mechanism involving hydride species can be proposed.

De nos jours, l’industrie chimique est de plus en plus confrontée à la question de son impact environnemental. Dans le même temps, elle doit faire face à la diminution des ressources de matières premières importantes tels que les métaux de transition, tout en respectant des contraintes économiques. Ces travaux de thèse avaient pour but de tenter de répondre à ces exigences, par le développement de méthodologies de synthèse basées sur l’utilisation de catalyseurs hétérogènes recyclables. En combinant les propriétés catalytiques de certains ions métalliques avec les propriétés de catalyseurs solides tels que les polyoxométallates ou les zéolithes, nous avons pu mettre au point de nouveaux outils pour la synthèse organique. Les polyoxométallates dopés à l’argent ont démontré leur efficacité dans le réarrangement d’alcynyloxiranes en furanes. La synthèse de spiroacétals et d’acétals par dihydroalkoxylation d’alcyne diols a été effectuée pour la première fois en catalyse à l’argent, via l’utilisation de zéolithes. En perspective, nous avons mis en évidence les applications potentielles de ces procédés verts dans la synthèse totale de molécules plus complexes. Les premiers résultats suggèrent que de telles synthèses plus respectueuses de l’environnement ont tout intérêt à être davantage utilisées à l’avenir. / Nowadays, the modern chemical industry has to deal with increasing environmental concerns, including the disposal of waste and its economic impact, or the diminution of important worldwide resources such as transition metals. In this Ph.D. thesis, we aimed to bring improvement in this area by the development of green processes, based on the use of recyclable heterogeneous catalysts. By combining the catalytic properties of several metal cations with the properties of solid catalysts such as polyoxometalates or zeolites, we were able to set up new tools for organic synthesis. Silver-doped polyoxometalates proved to be very efficient catalysts in the rearrangement of alkynyloxiranes to furans. Acetals and spiroketals were synthetized by dihydroalkoxylation of alkynediols under catalysis with silver-zeolites. As a perspective, we highlighted the potential applications of such green procedures in the total synthesis of more complex molecules. The first results suggested that these environmental friendly processes should gain increasing interest in the future.

Abstract Recent advances in materials synthesis resulted in a rediscovery of the low cost copper in its one and two-dimensional forms and project newer applications of this metal in fields not considered before. In this thesis, one-dimensional copper, i.e. nanowires are synthesized by a hydrothermal route and explored for their chemical, electrical, catalytic and plasmonic properties with highlighted advantages, benefited from their size and shape compared to thin film and bulk copper. Characterization of copper nanowires and their native oxides were performed using a number of analytical techniques such as X-ray photoelectron and Auger spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction as well as scanning probe and electron microscopy techniques to elucidate the oxidation mechanism and to assess the feasibility of the oxidized materials for various applications. A few atomic layers of cuprous oxide seem to form on the surface of the nanowires instantly, maybe already during synthesis, which then slowly grows further when exposing the nanowires to ambient air leading to the appearance of cupric oxide as well. Because of the surface oxides, individual nanowires and their bundled networks exhibit semiconducting behavior, which complicates the direct use of such materials for interconnections in electronics. However, even with the presence of native oxides, copper nanowires hold promise in many other applications such as the ones explored here for plasmonics and heterogeneous catalysis. As demonstrated in this work, surface plasmon absorption properties of the nanowires can be exploited for chemical sensing of surface adsorbed molecules (model compound Rhodamine 6G) by efficiently amplifying its Raman spectrum without using any lithographically defined sensor template. Further, it is shown that phenol contamination in water may be efficiently eliminated by converting it to nontoxic polyphenol as well as to CO2 owing to the highly efficient catalytic property of the mixed oxide phases on the surface of the nanowires. The results published in this thesis contribute to the understanding of the chemical and physical behavior of copper nanowires and other low dimensional copper nanostructures that undergo rapid surface oxidation. / Tiivistelmä Jatkuva elektronisten laitteiden ja anturien pienentäminen on hyvin linjassa teknologian kehittymisen kanssa. Pyrkimys monitoimisiin ja tehokkaisiin materiaaleihin on muuttanut tavanomaisten materiaalien käsitystä. Viimeisimmät edistysaskeleet materiaalisynteesissä ovat johtaneet edullisen kuparin uudelleenlöytämiseen sen yksi- ja kaksidimensionaalisissa muodoissa ennustaen metallille uusia sovellutuksia alueilla, joissa sitä ei ole aiemmin hyödynnetty. Tässä väitöstyössä on tutkittu hydrotermisesti syntetisoitujen yksiulotteisten kuparinanojohtimien kemiallisia, sähköisiä, katalyyttisiä ja plasmonisia ominaisuuksia sekä näiden pieneen kokoon ja muotoon perustuvia etuoja ohutkalvo- ja bulkkikupariin verrattuna. Kuparinanojohtimia ja niiden luonnollisia oksideja karakterisoitiin useilla analyysitekniikoilla kuten röntgenelektroni- ja Auger-eletronispektroskopialla, Raman-spektroskopialla, röntgendiffraktiolla sekä pyyhkäisykärki- ja elektronimikroskopialla selvittäen hapettumismekanismeja ja oksidien soveltuvuutta eri käyttötarkoituksiin. Muutaman atomikerroksen paksuinen kupari(I)oksidikerros havaittiin muodostuvan välittömästi, luultavasti jo materiaalisynteesin aikana nanojohtimien pinnalle. Nanojohtimien altistuessa ympäröivälle ilmalle oksidikerros kehittyi hitaasti johtaen kupari(II)oksidin muodostumiseen. Pintaoksidien johdosta yksittäiset nanojohtimet ja niistä yhteenkasautuneet verkostot käyttäytyvät puolijohdemaisesti mikä monimutkaistaa näiden materiaalien käyttöä sellaisenaan elektroniikan johtimissa. Luonnollisista oksideista huolimatta kuparinanojohtimet ovat lupaavia monissa muissa sovelluksissa, kuten tässä työssä tutkituissa plasmonisessa ja heterogeenisessä katalyysissä. Väitöstyössä osoitetaan, että nanojohtimen pintaplasmonisia absorptio-ominaisuuksia voidaan hyödyntää pintaan absorboituneiden molekyylien kemiallisessa havainnoinnissa (mallinnettu yhdiste rodamiini 6G) vahvistamalla Raman–spektriä käyttämättä lainkaan litografiapohjaista anturisapluunaa. Myöskin vesien fenolikontaminaatio voidaan tehokkaasti muuntaa myrkyttömiksi polyfenoleiksi ja hiiidioksidiksi hyödyntämällä nanojohtimien pinnalla olevia oksideja tehokkaana katalyyttinä (jopa parempi kuin kaupallisten kupariin pohjautuvat katalyytit). Tässä väitöstyössä julkaistut tulokset edistävät kuparinanojohtimien sekä muiden pienikokoisten ja nopeasti hapettuvien kuparinanorakenteiden kemiallisen ja fyysisen käytöksen ymmärtämistä. Tieteellisten kehitysaskeleiden lisäksi tämä väitöstyö voi myös toimia lähteenä pienirakenteisten yleisten metallien sovelluksille.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-18T12:53:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Fábio Junior Mota dos Santos.pdf: 16470271 bytes, checksum: 931fe4e9cb3a582ced25e4d4c19d1ffc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-18T12:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Fábio Junior Mota dos Santos.pdf: 16470271 bytes, checksum: 931fe4e9cb3a582ced25e4d4c19d1ffc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / There are countless researches related to the treatment of waste water because they contain large amounts of recalcitrant chemicals, such as p-Nitrophenol widely used in the industry in dyeing leather. Because it is a very toxic substance even at low concentrations, its total removal and / or transformation into other less polluting substances becomes an urgent environmental issue. Gold nanoparticles because they have great catalytic potential besides being non-toxic can somehow contribute to the minimization of the environmental effects caused by nitrophenols. Reactions using homogeneous catalysts are not very feasible in some cases, they present great difficulty during the separation of the catalysts from the rest of the reaction medium. In this context, this work aimed at the development of a catalyst based on gold nanoparticles impregnated in polystyrene foams an industrial waste, using thermally induced phase separation as the method of obtaining the same. It is then tested for catalytic reduction of p-Nitrophenol. The gold nanoparticles of different diameters were obtained using different synthesis conditions and characterized by spectrophotometry in the region of the visible for the size measurement, whereas for the already impregnated foams the characterization techniques used were the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). The catalyst was tested using as a model reaction the reduction of p-Nitrophenol to p-Aminophenol, the whole process was accompanied by UV-vis and what is concluded is a variation in the reaction velocities as a function of the variation of the particle size present in the foam and / or their concentrations therein. / Já são inúmeras as pesquisas relacionadas ao tratamento de águas residuais pelo fato de as mesmas conterem grandes quantidades de substancias químicas recalcitrantes, a exemplo do p-Nitrofenol muito utilizado na indústria no tingimento de couro. Por se tratar de uma sustância muito tóxica mesmo em baixas concentrações sua total remoção e/ou transformação em outras menos poluentes, torna-se uma questão ambiental urgente. As nanopartículas de ouro por apresentarem grande potencial catalítico além de não serem tóxicas, podem de alguma forma contribuir para a minimização dos efeitos agressivos ao ambiente causados por nitrofenóis. Reações que utilizam catalisadores homogêneos são pouco viáveis em alguns casos, apresentam grande dificuldade durante a separação do catalisados do restante do meio reacional. Nesse contexto esse trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de um catalisador a base de nanopartículas de ouro impregnadas em espumas de poliestireno um rejeito industrial, utilizando como método de obtenção para o mesmo a separação de fases induzida termicamente. Para então testa-lo na redução catalítica do p-Nitrofenol. As nanopartículas de ouro de diferentes diâmetros foram obtidas utilizando-se diferentes condições de síntese e caracterizadas através da espectrofotometria na região do visível para a aferição do tamanho, enquanto que para as espumas já impregnadas as técnicas de caracterização utilizadas foram a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raio-X (DRX), analise termogravimétrica (TG) a derivada da analise termogravimétrica (DTG). O catalisador foi testado utilizando como reação modelo a redução do p-Nitrofenol a p-Aminofenol, todo o processo foi acompanhado por UV-vis e o que se conclui é uma variação nas velocidades das reações em função da variação do tamanho de partículas presente na espuma ou/e de suas concentrações na mesma.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-08-29T13:43:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Clementino Mourão - 2018.pdf: 2137358 bytes, checksum: fb0f843e55d7839ce63dfaae63046a2b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-08-29T14:13:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Clementino Mourão - 2018.pdf: 2137358 bytes, checksum: fb0f843e55d7839ce63dfaae63046a2b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-29T14:13:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Clementino Mourão - 2018.pdf: 2137358 bytes, checksum: fb0f843e55d7839ce63dfaae63046a2b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The great environmental concern, coupled with the risk of depletion of non-renewable raw material, has driven the search for new sustainable technologies with major concern to the reduction of pollutant emissions. Hydrogen, a chemical of enormous importance to industrial plants, stands out as a clean and renewable energy source. This chemical is commonly produced from non-renewable sources, such as natural gas reforming. Due to specific reaction conditions, the supercritical water gasification of wet biomass is a promising way for the production of hydrogen and others high added value fuel gases. Ethanol is an attractive material because it is renewable, has low toxicity compared to other resources and has high hydrogen content in its molecule. In order to become this technology viable, a decisive point is the development of a catalyst aiming at cost reductions and high selectivity to the products of interest. In this work, ethanol gasification was carried out in supercritical water with heterogeneous catalysts. The tests were performed on an Inconel Alloy 625 tubular reactor under the following operating conditions: temperatures of 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 and 650 ºC, pressure of 250 bar, 5 g loading of heterogeneous catalyst, reactor feed: ethanol/water molar ratio of 1:10 and mass flow rate of 5 g/min. The catalysts were synthesized by wet impregnation method using aqueous solutions of Cu, Co and Zn nitrates as precursors for the active phase and spherical pellets of Al 2 O 3 as catalytic support. The catalysts and the catalytic support were characterized by Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), textural analysis by Adsorption/Desorption Isotherms of N 2 at 77 K and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The gasification results indicated that H 2 production was mainly due to ethanol dehydrogenation. The catalysts showed higher conversions than observed for catalytic support only. The CuAl catalyst showed higher H 2 selectivity as well as higher H 2 molar flow at 650 °C. The CoZnAl catalyst showed a high tendency for C 2 H 4 formation at any reaction temperature, especially at 650 °C. / A grande preocupação ambiental, junto da possibilidade de insuficiência de matéria prima não renovável, tem estimulado a busca de novas tecnologias sustentáveis com maior atenção à emissão de poluentes. O hidrogênio, substância química de enorme importância nas industriais, destaca-se como uma fonte de energia limpa e renovável. Hidrogênio é comumente produzido a partir de fontes não renováveis, como na reforma à vapor do gás natural. Devido a características reacionais específicas, a gaseificação de biomassas úmidas em meio contendo água em condições supercrítica é um caminho promissor para a produção de hidrogênio e outros gases combustíveis com alto valor agregado. O etanol se mostra um material atraente pois é renovável, apresenta baixa toxicidade em comparação com outros recursos e possui alto teor de hidrogênio em sua molécula. Em busca de viabilizar tal tecnologia um ponto determinante é o desenvolvimento de catalisadores visando reduções de custo e aumento de seletividade aos produtos de interesse. Neste trabalho foram realizados testes de gaseificação de etanol em água supercrítica com catalisadores heterogêneos. Os testes foram executados em reator tubular feito de Inconel 625 sob as seguintes condições operacionais: temperaturas de 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 e 650 ºC, pressão de 250 bar, carga de 5 g de catalisador heterogêneo, alimentação do reator com razão molar de Etanol:Água de 1:10 e vazão mássica de alimentação de 5 g/min. Os catalisadores foram sintetizados a partir do método de impregnação de soluções aquosas dos nitratos precursores de Cu, Co e Zn com excesso de solvente e usando como suporte catalítico pellets esféricos de Al 2 O 3 . Os catalisadores e o suporte catalítico foram caracterizados por Termogravimetria e Análise Térmica Diferencial (TG/ATD), Fluorescência de Raios X (FRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), análise textural por Isotermas de Adsorção/Dessorção de N 2 a 77 K e Difração de Raios X (DRX). Os resultados de gaseificação indicaram que a produção de H2 se deu principalmente a partir da desidrogenação de etanol. Os catalisadores demonstraram conversões maiores ao observado apenas para o suporte catalítico. O catalisador CuAl apresentou maior seletividade a H 2 bem como maior vazão molar de H 2 à temperatura de 650 ºC. O catalisador CoZnAl apresentou elevada tendência a formação de C 2 H 4 em qualquer temperatura de reação, especialmente à temperatura de 650 ºC.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-07T20:19:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Letícia Gomes do Nascimento - 2017.pdf: 6868423 bytes, checksum: 7a54ea8b28095c4c81126f3998e87c13 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-10T11:16:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Letícia Gomes do Nascimento - 2017.pdf: 6868423 bytes, checksum: 7a54ea8b28095c4c81126f3998e87c13 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T11:16:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Letícia Gomes do Nascimento - 2017.pdf: 6868423 bytes, checksum: 7a54ea8b28095c4c81126f3998e87c13 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Biginelli reaction involves the cyclocondensation of three reagents in the presence of an acid catalyst to obtain dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs).This compound and its analogues are widely known to possess various pharmacological properties, such as antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer and antihypertensive. This reaction is usually carried out via homogeneous catalysis, which presents, however, some difficulties, such as regeneration of the catalyst and difficult separation of the final product, thus becoming an obstacle for industrial use. In the present work, it was proposed the use of two classes of heterogeneous catalysts, which are: metal oxides and acid carbons in order to achieve attractive characteristics in the Biginelli reaction, as a reduction of reaction time and increase in yield. The acidic carbons were prepared by carbonization by impregnation of agroindustrial residues with sulfuric acid at a temperature of 200 °C in the mass ratio of 1:10 (precursor: H2SO4) for 6 h. The pure HY-340 and Nb2O5 were both tested and chemically treated with a solution of 30% sulfuric acid. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), textural adsorption/desorption analysis of N2 at -196 °C and desorption of ammonia at programmed temperature (DTP-NH3), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Dispersive Energy Spectrometry (EDS). The contents of C, N, O and S present on the surface of the coals were quantified by Elementary Analysis (CHNS-O). Exploratory catalytic tests were carried out to define the best experimental conditions of solvent, temperature, molar ratio and amount of catalyst. The results obtained allowed to establish the best experimental conditions for the realization of the Biginelli reaction. Thus, the following parameters were adopted to evaluate the performance of the different catalysts. These are: 5% catalyst content (by mass), molar ratio of 1 Benzaldehyde: 1,5 Methyl acetoacetate: 1,5 Urea, without solvent and temperature of 130 °C. The best catalyst was Nb2O5 treated with sulfuric acid, whereby a yield of 94% of dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs). / A reação de Biginelli envolve a ciclocondensação de três reagentes na presença de um catalisador ácido para a obtenção de Dihidropirimidinonas (DHPMs). Este composto e seus derivados são amplamente conhecidos por possuir diversas propriedades farmacológicas e terapêuticas. Esta reação é geralmente realizada via catálise homogênea, que apresentam, no entanto, algumas dificuldades, como regeneração do catalisador e difícil separação do produto final, tornando-se dessa forma um obstáculo para utilização industrial. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar diferentes catalisadores ácidos heterogêneos na produção de dihidropirimidinonas, como óxidos de nióbio sulfonados e carvões sulfonados produzidos a partir de resíduos agroindustriais (casca de arroz e bagaço de tomate). Os carvões ácidos foram preparados por carbonização, por meio da impregnação de resíduos agroindustriais com ácido sulfúrico a uma temperatura de 200 °C na proporção mássica de 1:10 (precursor: H2SO4), por 6 h. Testou-se, também, o ácido nióbico (HY-340) e Nb2O5 ambos puros e tratados quimicamente com uma solução de 30% de ácido sulfúrico. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por Difração de Raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho (IV), Termogravimetria (TG), Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA), Análise Textural por Adsorção/Dessorção de N2 a -196 °C, Dessorção de Amônia a Temperatura Programada (DTP-NH3), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectrometria de Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDS). Os teores de C, N, O e S presentes na superfície dos carvões foram quantificados por Análise Elementar (CHNS-O). Foram realizados testes catalíticos exploratórios para definir melhores condições experimentais de solvente, temperatura, razão molar e quantidade de catalisador. Os resultados obtidos permitiram estabelecer as melhores condições experimentais para a realização da reação de Biginelli. Desse modo, adotaram-se os seguintes parâmetros para avaliar o desempenho dos diferentes catalisadores. São estes: teor de 5% de catalisador (em massa), razão molar de 1 Benzaldeído: 1,5 Acetoacetato de metila: 1,5 Ureia, sem solvente e temperatura de 130 °C. O melhor catalisador foi o Nb2O5 tratado com ácido sulfúrico, em que obteve-se um rendimento de 94% de dihidropirimidinonas (DHPMs).

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-08-23T19:33:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 chrishebertdejesusfranco.pdf: 4893679 bytes, checksum: 66f0f0a8b8adf726daadd7a28c127959 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T15:56:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 chrishebertdejesusfranco.pdf: 4893679 bytes, checksum: 66f0f0a8b8adf726daadd7a28c127959 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T15:56:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 chrishebertdejesusfranco.pdf: 4893679 bytes, checksum: 66f0f0a8b8adf726daadd7a28c127959 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-23 / Este trabalho aborda a síntese e caracterização estrutural de três novos polímeros de coordenação derivados da combinação dos íons lantanídeos, neodímio(III) e lantânio(III), com o ácido 5-sulfoisoftálico nomeados como Nd-5sis-gel, La-5sis-gel e Nd-5sis, além da síntese de outros dois compostos derivados do ácido p-sulfobenzoico combinado com os íons lantanídeos nomeados como Nd-psb e La-psb. Os compostos foram sintetizados, principalmente, por meio de reações solvotérmicas que se mostraram mais eficientes e com maior reprodutibilidade e por meio de cristalização em gel, em que a metodologia apesar de favorecer a formação de cristais, não se mostrou adequada para garantir a reprodutibilidade das sínteses. Todos os compostos apresentados foram caracterizados por técnicas espectroscópicas de absorção na região do infravermelho e de espalhamento Raman e análise elementar de carbono, hidrogênio e nitrogênio. As estruturas cristalinas para os polímeros de coordenação Nd-5sis-gel, La-5sis-gel e Nd-5sis foram determinadas por difração de raios X por monocristal, em que uma correção de absorção de raios X no conjunto de reflexões coletadas se mostrou adequada para a determinação estrutural desses compostos. Análise termogravimétrica e difração de raios X por policristais com variação de temperatura para o polímero bidimensional, Nd-5sis, foram realizadas e os resultados mostram uma estabilidade térmica até 550 °C, com um ligeiro ganho de massa em atmosfera de oxigênio após o processo de desidratação após 150 °C referente à formação de fases cristalinas de carbonatos e óxido carbonato de neodímio na estrutura. Estudos em relação a efeitos de estrutura e superfície foram desenvolvidos para o composto Nd-5sis utilizando um modelo de reação com peroxido de hidrogênio, a formação do complexo neodímio-hidroperoxo na superfície permitiu a determinação da quantidade de sítios na superfície do polímero bidimensional. Foram ainda desenvolvidos dois testes catalíticos utilizando o composto Nd-5sis como catalisador heterogêneo nas reações de condensação cíclica de glicerol e ureia e na oxidação de linalol. As características do polímero de coordenação permitiram a obtenção de valores de conversão e seletividade para a reação de condensação cíclica comparáveis com vários catalisadores descritos na literatura e a partir dos dados experimentais foi possível determinar a taxa da reação e estimar a taxa de produção e consumo de glicerina e carbonato de glicerina em um processo catalítico. A estabilidade química e estrutural do polímero bidimensional foi avaliada até o quarto ciclo de reação e foi observado que o polímero apresenta uma boa atividade catalítica após um processo de recristalização adequado entre um ciclo e outro da reação. Os testes catalíticos para oxidação de linalol se mostraram viáveis apresentando bons valores de conversão e seletividade para a reação. Sendo que a formação do complexo neodímiohidroperoxo na superfície foi fundamental para garantir a atividade catalítica. Além disso, o caráter heterogêneo da reação foi avaliado e os resultados indicam que o composto Nd-5sis atua como catalisador heterogêneo da reação, uma vez que a remoção do polímero na reação de oxidação interrompe o processo de conversão. A estabilidade estrutural do composto Nd5sis foi avaliada, após o primeiro ciclo, e os resultados indicam uma estabilidade da estrutura cristalina ao final da reação. / This work deals with the synthesis and structural characterization of three new coordination polymers derived from lanthanum(III) and neodymium(III) ions with 5-sulfoisophthalic acid, named as Nd-5sis-gel, La-5sis-gel and Nd-5sis, in addition to the synthesis of two other compounds derived from p-sulfobenzoic acid combined with these lanthanide ions named as Nd-psb and La-psb. The compounds were synthesized mainly by solvothermic reactions, which were efficient and with greater reproducibility and by gel crystallization, in which the methodology, despite of favoring the formation of crystals, it was not suitable to security the reproducibility of the syntheses. All the compounds were investigated by spectroscopic techniques of infrared absorption and Raman scattering and elemental analysis of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. The crystalline structures for the coordination polymers Nd-5sis-gel, La-5sis-gel and Nd-5sis were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, in which a X-ray absorption correction applied to the collected reflections proved to be appropriate for the structural determination of these compounds. Thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction of polycrystalline materials with temperature variation for the two-dimensional polymer, Nd-5sis, were performed and the results show a thermal stability up to 550 °C, with a slightly increased in weight in oxygen atmosphere after the dehydration process after 150 °C, related to the formation of crystalline phases of neodymium carbonates and oxocarbonate in the structure. Studies on the structural and surface effects were carried out for the Nd-5sis by means of a reaction model with hydrogen peroxide. The formation of the neodymiumhydroperoxide complex on the surface allowed the determination of the amount of sites on the surface of the two-dimensional polymer. Two catalytic tests were also performed for the Nd-5sis as a heterogeneous catalyst in the cycloaddition reactions between glycerol and urea and for the oxidation of linalool. The properties of the coordination polymer allowed getting conversion and selectivity values for the cycloaddition reaction comparable with several catalysts described in the literature and from the experimental data it was possible to set the reaction rate and to estimate the production and consumption rate of glycerol and glycerol carbonate in a catalytic process. The chemical and structural stability of two-dimensional coordination polymer was evaluated up to the fourth cycle of reaction and it was observed that the polymer shows a good catalytic activity after a suitable recrystallization process between one cycle and another of the reaction. The catalytic tests for linalool oxidation show viably good conversion and selectivity values for the reaction. The formation of the neodymium-hydroperoxide complex on the surface was essential to ensure catalytic activity. In addition, the heterogeneity of the reaction was evaluated and the results show that the Nd-5sis acts as a heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction, since the removal of compound, in the oxidation reaction, stops the conversion process. The structural stability of Nd-5sis was evaluated after the first cycle and the results indicate that at the end of the reaction the crystalline structure is preserved.

Les réactions de catalyse hétérogène impliquant un gaz et un liquide sont mises en oeuvre dans des réacteurs à lit fixes. Ces réacteurs peuvent être assimilés à un milieu poreux. La nature complexe de ce milieu rend la compréhension des interactions entre phases difficile, et nécessite une étude exhaustive à l’échelle globale et locale afin d’identifier les paramètres clés de l’hydrodynamique, des transferts de chaleur et de matière. Nous avons donc développé une cellule miniaturisée bidimensionnelle transparente, qui permet l’observation directe des écoulements avec une très bonne résolution spatiale et temporelle. En faisant varier le débit total et le rapport des débits gaz/liquide, nous avons mis en évidence l’apparition des régimes ruisselant et pulsé, observés par ailleurs dans des systèmes tridimensionnels. Grâce à une méthode d’analyse d’image, nous sommes capables de quantifier et cartographier la saturation liquide locale apparente et la morphologie des phases. L’analyse des variances a permis d’étudier les transitions de régimes pour différentes propriétés de la phase liquide. Cette approche a permis de comparer avec la littérature, mais aussi de s’intéresser aux mécanismes de génération et propagation des instabilités lors des transitions. Il a été mis en évidence que l’apparition des instabilités responsables de la déstabilisation du régime ruisselant intervient pour un nombre deWeber liquide fixé, indiquant que le régime pulsé apparait suite à la déstabilisation des interfaces gaz /liquides par les forces inertielles. Enfin, une étude préliminaire des transferts thermiques dans la cellule a été réalisée. La cellule est utilisée pour réaliser la réaction exothermique d’hydrogénation de l’alpha-methylstyrène. Un modèle simple de transferts thermique a été utilisé pour caractériser l’augmentation de température dans la cellule. Bien que cette approche ne permette pas des mesures quantitatives, elle ouvre à la perspective de suivi de transferts thermiques par caméra infra-rouge. / Heterogeneously catalyzed reactions involving a gas and a liquid phase are frequently achieved in fixed bed reactors. These reactors can be described as a porous medium. The complex nature of this medium makes the understanding of the interplay between phases difficult, and requires a thorough study at the global andlocal scale to identify the key parameters of hydrodynamics, mass and heat transfers. Therefore, we have developed a miniaturized two-dimensional system that is transparent to allow the direct observation of the flow with very high spatial and temporal resolution. While varying the total flow rate and the gas/liquid flow rate ratio, we observe the appearance of the trickle and the pulse flow regime, which can be observed in threedimensional beds. Thanks to some image analysis techniques, we are able to quantify and to map the local apparent liquid saturation and the morphology of the phases. Variances analysis allowed the study of the transition for different liquid properties. This approach allowed the comparison with the existing state of art, but also the study of the onset and propagation mechanisms of the instabilities during the transition. We report that the onset of instabilities responsible for the destabilization of the trickle flow regime occurs at a fixed Weber number. This indicates that the pulsed regime is due to the destabilization of the gas/liquid interface by inertial forces. Finally, a preliminary study of thermal transfers in the device was realized. The device was used to perform the exothermic hydrogenation of alpha-methylstyrene. A simple model is used to characterize the temperature increase in the device. Although this approach does not allow quantitative measurements, it opens up the perspective of monitoring thermal transfers with an infra-red camera.