Orientador: Alberto Villani / Banca: Roberto Nardi / Banca: Elisabeth Barolli / Banca: Jorge Megid Neto / Banca: Sonia Maria Dion / Resumo: A institucionalização da pesquisa sobre Ensino de Ciências (EC) teve início no Brasil no final da década de 1960 e apenas recentemente, no ano 2000, foi reconhecida como área pela Capes. Durante esse tempo, tivemos a produção de vários trabalhos que buscaram analisar sua história, descrevendo os fatores determinantes de sua constituição e sustentação. Em nossa pesquisa resgatamos alguns desses trabalhos, focando o olhar sobre os aspectos subjetivos que contribuíram para seu desenvolvimento. Elegemos como referências os trabalhos de Nardi (2005) e Villani, Pacca e Freitas (2002), bem como alguns conceitos psicanalíticos desenvolvidos por René Kaes sobre a vida psíquica de grupos e instituições. Esses elementos permitiram interpretar os eventos que marcaram a história da área de EC, considerando que todo grupo se constitui, se organiza e evolui de acordo com a configuração que reveste o sistema de representação de seus membros, da tarefa proposta, do grupo em si mesmo e do contexto social. Após identificarmos os quatro momentos organizadores no desenvolvimento dos vínculos intersubjetivos estabelecidos na instituição - o Momento Originário, o Primeiro, o Segundo e o Terceiro Organizador Grupal - buscamos pelos intermediários que marcaram os intercâmbios, os lugares, as atribuições, a atividade representacional e os afetos. Reconhecemos na História e Filosofia da Ciência (HFC) intermediários fundamentais em cada fase do desenvolvimento da área e buscamos elementos para entender melhos os papéis desempenhados pela HFC na pesquisa, principalmente, suas contribuições para a fundação e sustentação da área. Para obtermos informações com potencial mais subjetivo fizemos entrevistas com pesquisadores da área, cujas produções científicas revelaram aproximação com a HFC. A nossa interpretação avançou quando integramos um novo conceito no suporte... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The establishment of research into Science Education began in Brazil in the end of the decade of the 1960's and only recently, in the year 2000, was it recognized as a field by Capes. During this time, many works tried to analyse its history, describing the determinant factors of its constitution and upholding. In our research we look back on some of these works, focusing on subjective aspects that contributed to its development. We chose as reference the works of Nardi (2005) and Villani, Pacca & Freitas (2002), and some other psychoanalytic concepts developed by René Kaes referring to psychic life of group and institutions. These elements allowed us to interpret the events that highlighted the history in the field of Science Education, taking into consideration that any groups is made up of, organizes itself and develops itself according to the configuration that overlays the representation system of its members, of the task proposed, the group itself and the social context. After we were able to identify the four organizational moments in the development of the intersubjective links existing in an institution which are - the arising moment, the first, the second and the third group organizer, we searched for the intermediates that highlighted the interchanges, the places, the attributions, the representational activities and the affection. One can recognize in the History and Philosophy of Science (HPS) the fundamental intermediary in each developing phase of the field and search for elements to better understand the roles played by the HPS in research, especially its contributions to the foundation and establishment in the field. To obtain more potential and subjective information, many researchers in this field were interviewed whose scientific works showed some proximity with the HPS. Our interpretation took a head start when we integrated a new concept to support... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Este trabalho tem como objetivo abordar a leitura que o jovem Hegel faz da filosofia kantiana, tendo como foco o desenvolvimento da noção de especulação a partir da relação estabelecida com a reflexão, característica fundamental daquela filosofia. Através do reconhecimento da presença de idéias especulativas nessa filosofia, Hegel orienta sua interpretação pela crítica ao caráter formal das filosofias da reflexão e ao princípio da subjetividade no qual elas se enraízam. Sua leitura é conduzida pela tentativa de restituir a idéia da razão, como unidade primordial e absoluta do sujeito e objeto, que na filosofia crítica somente pôde ser vislumbrada enquanto tarefa, mas cuja realização se encontra ali de antemão impedida. Pretende-se, ao longo do trabalho, acompanhar como Hegel chega a constatar a ambigüidade inscrita na reflexão filosófica kantiana e de que maneira ele a submete a uma reinterpretação especulativa que destaca, de sua interpretação finita (crítica), uma reflexão especulativa como instrumento positivo do conhecer absoluto. Através do reconhecimento destas duas formas distintas de interpretar o sentido da reflexão e de sua atividade, voltamo-nos ao modo com que Hegel desenvolve a distinção kantiana entre Razão e Entendimento, porém agora não mais compreendidas enquanto faculdades do espírito, mas como modos distintos de interpretação do real. / The aim of this work is to approach the reading by the young Hegel of the Kantian philosophy, with the focus on the development of the notion of speculation out of the relationship established with the reflection, which fundamentally characterizes that philosophy. Through the recognition of the presence of speculative ideas in this philosophy, Hegel guides his interpretation by a critique to the formal character of the reflection philosophies and to the principle of subjectivity upon which they stand. His reading is guided by an attempt to reestablish the idea of reason as the foremost and absolute unity of the subject and object, which in the critical philosophy can only be envisaged as a task, which can not then be accomplished. The intention along this work is to follow how Hegel arrives at the finding of the ambiguity embedded in Kants philosophical reflection and how he submits it to a speculative reinterpretation, which distinguishes from within its finite interpretation (critical) a speculative reflection as a positive instrument of the absolute knowledge. Through recognizing these two distinct forms of interpreting the sense of the reflection and of its activity, we turn back to the manner which Hegel develops the Kantian distinction between Reason and Understanding, no longer seen as faculties of the spirit, but as two distinct ways of interpreting reality.

Esta tese tem como objeto o processo de institucionalização e profissionalização da Filosofia em Universidades do Nordeste, a partir da análise dos documentos que regulamentam os cursos de graduação em Filosofia no país e das trajetórias dos cursos de Filosofia das seguintes instituições: Universidade Estadual do Ceará UECE, Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA e Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender a estruturação, a concepção de filosofia e o processo de formação nesses cursos. Foram realizadas visitas às instituições para consulta aos documentos dos cursos (decretos, pareceres, propostas de reformulação, grades curriculares, projetos pedagógicos, artigos, etc.) e realização de entrevistas com coordenadores e professores. Objetivamos problematizar a concepção de formação que se consolidou no Brasil tendo como eixo a história da filosofia; para tanto refletimos sobre a origem da filosofia no Brasil a fim de melhor compreender como é assimilada e resignificada. Em seguida discutimos o processo de profissionalização, ou seja, a formação do filósofo e do professor de filosofia. A compreensão desta problemática conduziu-nos a uma reflexão a respeito do pensamento de Kant, Hegel, Shopenhauer, Nietzsche, Severino, Vaz, Paim, Sousa, Ribeiro, Leopoldo e Silva, Cerqueira, dentre outros. Concluímos que, à medida que se consolida o processo de institucionalização e profissionalização da filosofia, com a tradição historiográfica, há um arrefecimento do discurso de formação do filósofo, que passa a ser substituído pelo discurso da formação do profissional de filosofia, do pesquisador em filosofia, aquele que domina a história da filosofia, é capaz de ler e explicar os clássicos. O profissional que deve se adequar às necessidades do mercado de trabalho. Neste sentido, assume-se de forma subliminar a dificuldade de se formar o filósofo num curso de graduação, evidenciando uma crise no Bacharelado. Na trajetória destes cursos a formação do professor de filosofia não é enfrentada filosoficamente. Entretanto, mesmo que não possamos dizer que esta realidade esteja efetivamente mudando, podemos afirmar que, pelo menos no plano do discurso, materializado nas Diretrizes para a Licenciatura e nos projetos de reformulação dos cursos pesquisados, há a preocupação em defender a indissociabilidade entre a pesquisa e a docência e a necessidade da formação de um professor crítico. Neste sentido, concluímos que já se delineia um espaço de reflexão que poderá suscitar novas formas de se pensar e organizar a docência em Filosofia, embora a formação em Filosofia, tanto do filósofo quanto do professor em Filosofia, ainda precisa ser repensada. / This thesis analyzes the institutionalization and the formation process in undergraduate degrees in philosophy taking place in universities located in the Northeast region of Brazil, through the study of documents which regulate these courses as well as the analysis of the trajectory of the Philosophy courses at the following institutions: Ceará State University UECE, Federal University of the State of Paraíba - UFPB, Federal University of the State of Bahia - UFBA and Federal University of the State of Pernambuco UFPE. The objective of the present research is understanding the structure and concept of philosophy in the graduating process at these Universities. To this end, visits were conducted to the universities above with the objective of consulting course documents (decrees, written decisions, reformulation proposals, course requirements, pedagogical projects, articles, etc) and interviewing coordinators and professors. This work discusses the origin of philosophy in Brazil in order to better understand its assimilation and redefinition, and problem poses the concept of higher education which has consolidated itself in Brazil, taking as an axis the history of philosophy. After that, the learning process of the philosopher and the teacher of philosophy are discussed in the light of Kant, Hagel, Shopenhauer, Nietzche, Severino, Vaz, Paim, Souza, Ribeiro, Leopoldo e Silva, Cerqueira, among others. It became clear that as the processes of institutionalization and academic formation in philosophy solidify, there is a cooling down of the idea which defends the academic formation of philosophers. This position is starting to be substituted by another which defends the formation of professionals in philosophy, or researchers in philosophy, as the individual who is in command of the history of philosophy, and capable of reading and explaining the classics and well adapted to the needs of the marketplace. This change in positions exposes a crisis in the undergraduate courses of philosophy, shown by the need to hide difficulties in the process of graduating philosophers. The learning and teaching processes in theses courses are not undertaken philosophically. Although not being able to clearly state that this reality is in a process of change, it is possible to affirm that at least rhetorically there is change as seen in the document Diretrizes para a Licenciatura and in the projects defending course changes. One can see a move toward defending the need to unite research and pedagogy, and the need to educate critical professors. Finally, it is also clear that a new way of thinking and organizing the pedagogy of philosophy is in process, although the learning and teaching processes in philosophy, be it for the formation of philosophers of teachers of philosophy, still needs to be improved.

nÃo hà / Esta dissertaÃÃo à uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, que teve como objetivo caracterizar e analisar a utilizaÃÃo, por professores do Ensino Fundamental, da HistÃria e Filosofia da CiÃncia, HFC, para a contextualizaÃÃo das discussÃes sobre o conhecimento cientÃfico e como estratÃgia didÃtica no ensino e aprendizagem das CiÃncias Naturais. Teve-se, entÃo, a intenÃÃo de investigar as visÃes de professores de disciplinas cientÃficas acerca da utilizaÃÃo da HistÃria e Filosofia da CiÃncia em salas de aulas do Ensino Fundamental como facilitadora para a compreensÃo de conceitos, dos modelos e das teorias cientÃficas. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma escola privada, com professores da 6 à 9 sÃrie do Ensino Fundamental. A metodologia escolhida foi o estudo de caso e as tÃcnicas utilizadas foram o grupo focal com seis professores de CiÃncias e Biologia, com experiÃncia de no mÃnimo dois anos na docÃncia do Ensino de CiÃncias; a entrevista semiestruturada, realizada com duas professoras participantes do grupo focal e a anÃlise documental, que investigou o Projeto PolÃtico PedagÃgico e o Regimento Escolar. No estudo foram abordados autores como Matthews, 1994; Reis, 2011; Oliveira, 2000; Martins, 2007; Carvalho, Cachapuz, Gil-PÃrez, 2012; Schnezler (2002); Delizoicov (2012), dentre outros. Os resultados mostram que a HFC nÃo està inserida no Ensino de CiÃncias, nem como contextualizaÃÃo do conteÃdo e nem como estratÃgia didÃtica no Ensino Fundamental; mostra tambÃm que os professores compreendem conceitualmente o valor e a importÃncia de trabalhar com a HFC para um ensino contextualizado, embora nÃo a utilizem. Mostram, ainda, que hà convergÃncia sobre a importÃncia dos cursos de formaÃÃo em preparar os professores para trabalharem nesta abordagem. Considera-se que o conhecimento do professor sobre a HFC e a sua preparaÃÃo para usÃ-la, poderà favorecer a sua inclusÃo no Ensino de CiÃncias. Por fim, neste trabalho considera-se importante que a formaÃÃo inicial e a formaÃÃo continuada tenham um compromisso polÃtico de preparar o professor de ciÃncias para atuar usando a HFC, com uma base de conhecimentos que integrem o conhecimento cientÃfico ao pedagÃgico, considerando a complexidade da aÃÃo educativa.

This dissertation proposes an exploration of a variety of themes in philosophy of science through the lens of a case study in evolutionary biology. It draws from a careful analysis and comparison of the hypotheses from Bill Martin and Tom Cavalier-Smith. These two scientists produced contrasted and competing accounts for one of the main events in the history of life, the origin of eukaryotic cells. This case study feeds four main philosophical themes around which this dissertation is articulated. (1) Theorizing: What kind of theory are hypotheses about unique events in the past? (2) Representation: How do hypotheses about the past represent their target? (3) Evidential claims: What kind of evidence is employed and how do they constrain these hypotheses? (4) Pluralism: What are the benefits and the risks associated with the coexistence of rival hypotheses? This work both seeks to rearticulate traditional debates in philosophy of science in the light of a lesser-known case of scientific practice and to enrich the catalogue of existing case studies in the philosophy of historical sciences.

In my thesis, I examine the relationship between modern technology and human autonomy from the philosophical perspective of Martin Heidegger. He argues that the essence of modern technology is the Gestell. Often translated as ‘enframing,’ the Gestell is a mode of revealing, or understanding, being, in which all beings are revealed as, or understood as, raw materials. By revealing all beings as raw materials, we eventually understand ourselves as raw materials. I argue that this undermines human autonomy, but, unlike Andrew Feenberg, I do not believe this process is irreversible from Heidegger’s perspective. I articulate the meaning of the Gestell as an historical claim and how it challenges human autonomy, but may never absolutely eradicate it. Contra Feenberg’s interpretation, I argue that Heidegger’s ontology, including the Gestell, provides a crucial ground for understanding how we might salvage autonomy in a culture increasingly dominated by modern technology. Specifically, by drawing on Heidegger’s conception of Gelassenheit, I suggest that salvaging human autonomy requires a calm acceptance and opening up to the challenge of modern technology. This is not, as Feenberg suggests, a passive acceptance of the eradication of human autonomy. Rather, this is the ontological ground that provides us with the possibility of salvaging autonomy. By opening us up to the essence of modern technology, we understand the contingency of the Gestell, its essentially ambiguous nature, and are granted with the freedom to subordinate its reign to other human values and modes of understanding being.

Soren Kierkegaard is presented as a Christian corrective to nineteenth century idealism. The nature of idealism is described as it arises in Hegelianism, the ecclesiastical structure, and the cultural setting. The Hegelian ontology of "pure thought," the principle of "mediation," and the striving for "objectivity" are presented as the fundamental obstacles to the assimilation of Christianity. Kierkegaard approaches these issues maieutically. This method is discussed as it relates to the author and his works. The stages of existence (i.e. Aesthetic, Ethical, Religiousness A, and Religiousness B) are described in relation to Kierkegaard's maieutical approach. Kierkegaard's Christological concern is discussed. Comments are directed to his presentation of God and his view of the historical approach. Christ is presented as the "paradox," "absurdity," and "offense." The nature of Christian existence is described as it relates to ^hrist in contemporaneity and the overcoming of offense in faith.

This essay is a critical interpretation of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, as it attempts to reconcile the tension between moral virtue and intellectual virtue, the two virtues which Aristotle deems characteristic of man. This paper looks to include both moral and intellectual virtue in Aristotle’s conception of the happy life, through the summarization and analyzation of David Keyt, J.L Ackrill, John Cooper and Daniel Devereux’s modern interpretations of the ethics.

In this dissertation, I provide an interpretation and defense of Merleau-Ponty's thesis of the primacy of perception, namely, the thesis that all knowledge is founded on perceptual experience. I take as an interpretative and argumentative key Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological conception of motivation. Whereas epistemology has traditionally accepted a dichotomy between reason and natural causality, I show that this dichotomy is not exhaustive of the forms of epistemic grounding. There is a third type of grounding, the one characteristic of the grounding relations found in perception: motivation. I argue that introducing motivation as a form of epistemic grounding allows us to see how Merleau-Ponty's thesis of the primacy of perception avoids both rationalism and empiricism. Whereas empiricism has argued that all the content of our knowledge is grounded in causal interactions between the world and our senses, and rationalism has held that experience does not suffice as a reason for knowledge, thinking of the relation between experience and knowledge in terms of motivation allows us to see how knowledge can be grounded in experience while at the same time transcending it.

The 1795 rebellion in East Florida was a short lived affair, barely extending south of the St. Johns River, and resulting in the deaths of only three Spanish soldiers. Thirty-three of the sixty-seven people identified as rebels by the Spanish escaped across the St. Marys River into Georgia. The remainder were arrested and temporarily imprisoned in the Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine. Though harsh sentences were handed down by a Spanish court in 1798, none were ever carried out. Almost all of those implicated in the insurrection were Anglo settlers. Some had been in East Florida since the British period of rule (1763-1784), others had entered the province after the Spanish returned in 1784, but the majority of the rebels migrated to East Florida from the United States after 1790 when Spain relaxed immigration laws for the province. This thesis proposes that there were three main causes of the 1795 rebellion. First, it resulted from the liberalization of East Florida's immigration laws in 1790 which attracted many troublesome settlers to the province. Second, it was an eruption of the settlers' pent-up frustration with Spanish rule which impeded their prosperity and infringed upon their security. Finally, the timing of the rebellion was influenced by the activities of French revolutionary agents in Georgia and South Carolina. The most important source of information on the Second Spanish Period in East Florida (1784-1821), is the East Florida Papers deposited in the Library of Congress, microfilm copies of which are located at the PK Yonge Library at the University of Florida. These papers contain the entire collection of government documents for this period. Most are written in Spanish, but many of the bundles used in this thesis also contain letters in English written by the Anglo settlers who could not speak Spanish. The word "Anglo" is used in this thesis to describe East Florida's English-speaking settlers who resided primarily in the St. Johns, Nassau, and St. Marys river valleys. Though a few of these settlers were born in Europe, the vast majority were American-born Protestants. PALMM.