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As the number of Internet-connected devices rapidly grows, it has become ever more challenging to develop and maintain purpose-made tightly integrated distributed embedded systems. Instead, the Internet of Things (IoT) approach, based on standardized interfaces and open communication protocols, enables support for various applications with the possibility of extension to provide additional services that were not necessarily available at the initial deployment.This thesis presents methods and tools for the development of standard-based Web services for the Internet of Things. Some of the key challenges in using Web services on resource-constrained devices are due to the overhead of the communication protocols, which leads to the need for greater network bandwidth, processing power, and memory usage. A common solution to these problems is to use gateways that translate between the protocols used on one end of the connection (i.e. low-capability devices) and those on the other end (i.e. powerful Web servers). However, this increases the overall complexity of the system. The work presented herein answers the following research questions: 1) Is it feasible to deploy standard Web services on IoT systems without using application layer gateways? 2) What are the trade-offs in using Web services for end-to-end interoperability of resource-constrained embedded systems? 3) What levels of efficiency and functionality can be achieved using binary coding schemes for XML data exchange?The research questions are tested by building and evaluating several prototype IoT systems. These evaluations show that the use of Web services requires more powerful hardware (i.e. CPU and RAM) and a larger form factor in exchange for better interoperability compared to the use of ad hoc application protocols. The main challenge in employing embedded Web services is the large size of the messages, which is due to the use of verbose data formats such as XML. Although it is shown that it is possible to deploy XML-based Web services on low-capability devices without application layer gateways, this approach has severe performance limitations. Using the Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) binary coding scheme overcomes some of these limitations by substantially reducing the size of the XML messages. The main outcome of this thesis is the design and implementation of a software toolkit, called EXIP, for building EXI-based embedded Web services.The trade-offs in the use of embedded Web services are likely to change in the near future as the importance of application layer interoperability increases and IoT devices become faster, more energy efficient, and equipped with more memory. The dominating importance of interoperability can be seen in highly heterogeneous systems such as energy management systems (i.e. smart grids), where embedded Web services are already in use today. With this in mind, future research directions and extensions of this work include the development of performance optimization strategies for the EXIP toolkit to foster the expansion of embedded Web services to an even wider range of IoT applications. / Godkänd; 2014; 20140909 (rumkyu); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Rumen Kyusakov Ämne: Industriell elektronik/Industrial Electronics Avhandling: Efficient Web Services for End-To-End Interoperability of Embedded Systems Opponent: Dr Frank Golatowski, Institute of Applied Microelements and CE, University of Rostock, Rostock-Warnemüende, Germany Ordförande: Biträdande professor Jens Eliasson, EISLAB, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, Luleå tekniska universitetet, Luleå Tid: Tisdag den 4 november 2014, kl. 13:00 Plats: A109, Luleå tekniska universitet / Embeddable EXI implementation in C, Architecture for Service-Oriented Process – Monitoring and Control, Arrowhead

Sistemas de software estão cada vez mais presentes na sociedade, bem como são componentes imprescindíveis no mundo contemporâneo, uma vez que facilitam e fomentam as praticidades que os cidadãos e desenvolvedores necessitam. Esses sistemas tornam-se muito mais eficientes quando conseguem interoperar com outros, de forma que troquem recursos e não necessitem implementar essas funcionalidades de maneira individual. Os stakeholders desses sistemas buscam cada vez mais métodos que facilitem essa comunicação, de um jeito prático e sem perder a independência gerencial de cada um. Desse modo, a classe emergente de Sistema de Sistemas (SoS) ganhou uma atenção considerável, por causa de suas características intrínsecas que promovem a interoperabilidade de sistemas distintos e heterogêneos. No entanto, essa comunicação não é trivial, em razão das diferentes interfaces de cada sistema, além da presença de vários stakeholders e a falta de documentação dos sistemas constituintes, dificultando assim, a busca e o uso de cada capacidade. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho de mestrado é estabelecer uma abordagem baseada em serviços que visa auxiliar os engenheiros de SoS, principalmente na falta de ferramentas de suporte e no esforço para procurar, compreender e adaptar componentes reutilizáveis. A abordagem proposta possui elementos fundamentais que foram utilizados como base para o desenvolvimento de um repositório para engenheiros de SoS e proprietários de sistemas constituintes, de forma organizada e bem documentada, visto que pode ser usado tanto pela comunidade de pesquisa quanto por instituições privadas. / Software systems are increasingly present in society, and consist in indispensable components in the contemporary world, since they facilitate and foster the practices that citizens and developers need. These systems become much more efficient when they can interoperate with others, so that they exchange resources and do not need to implement these features individually. Stakeholders of these systems increasingly seek methods that facilitate such communication in a practical way and without losing the managerial independence of each one. Therefore, the emerging System Of System class (SoS) gained considerable attention, because of its intrinsic characteristics that promote the interoperability of distinct and heterogeneous systems. However, this communication is not trivial, due to the different interfaces of each system, besides the presence of several stakeholders and the lack of documentation of the constituent systems, making it difficult to search and to use each capacity. Thus, the aim of this masters project is to establish a service-based approach that aims to assist SoS engineers, especially in the lack of supporting tools, in the effort to search, understand and adapt reusable components. The proposed approach has fundamental elements that were used as the basis for the development of a repository for SoS engineers and owners of constituent systems, in an organized and well documented way, since it can be used by both the research community and private institutions.

A alta disponibilidade de informações em saúde por meio de sistemas de informação só pode ser proporcionada com a utilização de sistemas que sejam capazes de trocar dados de forma segura e consistente. Para isso, estes sistemas necessitam ser interoperáveis, capazes de trocar informações. Uma das características mais importantes de tais sistemas é a utilização de terminologias em saúde, permitindo a codificação dos termos clínicos de maneira robusta e consistente. Algumas das terminologias mais conhecidas e utilizadas são: SNOMED-CT, ICD-CM, ICD, LOINC, NANDA, TUSS, CBHPM, Tabela de Procedimentos SUS, entre outras. Quando os sistemas não se utilizam de uma mesma terminologia para codificação de um mesmo conceito é necessário a realização de mapeamentos e traduções entre as terminologias. O mapeamento entre terminologias consiste em estabelecer as associações pertinentes às terminologias para que cada termo pertencente a uma possa ser associado a algum termo da outra. Este mapeamento, geralmente, é criado por especialistas de domínio, que atuam analisando as duas terminologias em questão e estabelecendo manualmente estas associações. Neste trabalho, propomos uma metodologia que visa facilitar a realização deste tipo de mapeamento, por meio da utilização de dois recursos: Regras de Associação, para extração das associações preexistentes entre as terminologias em registros clínicos; e Busca Textual, para pareamento entre conceitos das duas terminologias baseado na identificação de termos comuns. O auxílio à criação destes mapeamentos é proporcionado por meio de sugestões de relações existentes entre as terminologias. Como resultado deste trabalho obtivemos uma metodologia genérica de mapeamento entre terminologias capaz de auxiliar com sucesso os especialistas. Em aproximadamente 40% dos casos os especialistas concordaram com uma das sugestões apresentadas. De forma complementar, obtivemos o mapeamento parcial entre duas terminologias: a ICD9-CM e a TUSS, utilizadas como caso de uso para validação da metodologia. / The high availability of health information through information systems can be provided only with the use of systems that are able to exchange data securely and consistently. To this end, these systems need to be interoperable, capable of exchanging information that is understood both at one end as the other. One of the most important characteristics of such systems is the use of terminologies in health, allowing the coding of clinical terms in a robust and consistent manner. Some of the most known and used terminologies are: SNOMED-CT, ICD-CM, ICD, LOINC, NANDA, TUSS, CBHPM, and SUS Procedures Table, among others. When systems do not use the same terminology for encoding the same concept, it is necessary to perform mappings and translations between the terminologies. The mapping between terminologies consists on establishing the relevant associations present in terminologies, so that each term belonging to one can be associated unambiguously to the terms belonging to another. This mapping is typically created by domain experts who work analyzing the two terms in question and manually setting these associations. In this paper, we propose a methodology that aims to facilitate this type of mapping, through the use of two frameworks: Association Rules, for the extraction of preexisting associations between the terminologies in clinical records; and Textual Search, for pairing between the two terminologies concepts based on the identification of common terms. The creation of these mappings by experts is aided by the method suggesting links between the terminologies through the Association Rules or Textual Search. As a result of this work we obtained a generic methodology for mapping between terminologies able to successfully assist the experts. In approximately 40% of cases the experts agreed with the suggestions. As a complement, we obtained a partial mapping between two specific terminologies for coding surgical procedures: the ICD9-CM and TUSS, used as use case to validate the methodology.

As organizações precisam trocar informações de forma simples e eficiente, com custos tão baixos quanto possível. Essas informações às vezes são apresentadas na forma de documentos com formato e conteúdos pré-definidos. Esses documentos podem ser equivalentes ou quase equivalentes, porém bastantes distintos em diferentes organizações. Numa mesma organização, os documentos podem ser diferentes em contextos históricos. O propósito deste trabalho é facilitar a distribuição dos documentos, superando o problema dos formatos com os quais foram criados. O objetivo é possibilitar a interoperabilidade de documentos e atingir a portabilidade simples e confiável de documentos através da reutilização de formatos e conteúdos, em diferentes combinações plausíveis. Propomos, usar ontologias como solução ao problema da falta de interoperabilidade nas implementações de formatos de documentos. Como prova de conceito consideramos a portabilidade entre os formatos padrão ODF(Open Document Format) e (Office Open XML). / Organizations need to exchange information simple and efficient, with costs as low as possible. Such information is sometimes presented as documents and with pre-defined content. These documents may be equivalent or nearly equivalent, but quite distinct in different organizations. In the same organization, documents can be different historical contexts. The purpose of this work is to enable interoperability of documents and achieve portability of digital documents through the reuse of content and format in different plausible combinations. We propose the characterization of digital documents using ontologies as a solution to the problem of lack of interoperability in the implementations of document formats. As proof of concept we consider the portability between ODF(Open Document Format) and OOXML (Office Open XML) document formats.

Na área de emparelhamento de ontologias, são utilizadas algumas métricas para avaliar os alinhamentos produzidos. As métricas baseadas em alinhamento têm como princípio básico confrontar um alinhamento proposto com um alinhamento de referência. Algumas destas métricas, entretanto, não têm alcançado êxito suficiente porque (i) não conseguem discriminar sempre entre um alinhamento totalmente errado e um quase correto; e (ii) não conseguem estimar o esforço do usuário para refinar o alinhamento resultante. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma nova abordagem para avaliar os alinhamentos de ontologias. A nossa abordagem apresenta uma métrica na qual utilizamos as próprias consultas normalmente já realizadas nas ontologias originais para julgar a qualidade do alinhamento proposto. Apresentamos também alguns resultados satisfatórios de nossa abordagem em relação às outras métricas já existentes e largamente utilizadas. / In the ontology matching field, different metrics are used to evaluate the resulting alignments. Metrics based on alignment adopt the basic principle of verifying a proposed alignment against a reference alignment. Some of these metrics do not achieve good results because (i) they cannot always distinguish between a totally wrong alignment and one which is almost correct; and (ii) they cannot estimate the effort for the user to refine the resulting alignment. This work aims to present a new approach to evaluate ontology alignments. Our approach presents a measure that uses the usual queries in the original ontologies to assess the quality of the proposed alignment. We also present some satisfactory results of our approach with regard to widely used metrics.

付記する学位プログラム名: デザイン学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第22097号 / 情博第707号 / 新制||情||121(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒田 知宏, 教授 吉川 正俊, 教授 矢守 克也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

The aim of this thesis is to create a concept of semi-centralized cryptocurrency that supports external interoperability. It is assumed that semi-centralized cryptocurrency is the future of cryptocurrencies in the banking sector, because even at the cost of partial centralization, the concept brings the benefits of a decentralized ledger. Since the simultaneous deployment of their own cryptocurrencies by various central authorities, such as central bank, it is necessary to establish a communication protocol for interbank transactions. The work is thus focused on extending the existing Aquareum solution with an interoperability protocol.

Les modélisations 3D de ville se multiplient à travers le monde et deviennent aujourd’hui accessibles grâce à la volonté des communes de les proposer librement. Il est ainsi aujourd’hui possible d’accéder à plusieurs milliers de kilomètres carrés de territoires urbains modélisés en 3D. Nous présentons dans cette thèse un ensemble de méthodes permettant d’enrichir un modèle virtuel 3D de ville, de l’organiser afin de faciliter son utilisation, puis de l’analyser en détectant les changements entre deux millésimes ou en mesurant son ambiance visuelle selon les besoins de l’utilisateur. Nous proposons dans un premier temps un algorithme permettant de compléter un modèle 3D en y adjoignant une définition sémantique grâce au cadastre, ainsi qu’une méthode de calcul de la canopée végétale 3D par croisement de données. Puis nous proposons des stratégies d’organisation du modèle 3D de la ville selon des critères géométriques et sémantiques afin de faciliter son parcours. Nous présentons ensuite des méthodes comparant deux millésimes de données représentant un même territoire dans le but de produire un unique modèle temporel contenant un ensemble de versions. Enfin, nous cherchons à mesurer l’ambiance visuelle de la ville via l’analyse de la composition d’un champ de vision ainsi que de l’ensoleillement et des ombres portées présentes sur un territoire. Ces mesures peuvent être liées à des données externes afin de proposer de multiples interprétations en fonction des besoins de l’utilisateur.Tous ces travaux se font dans un contexte d’interopérabilité et de généricité puisqu’ils ont pour objectif de pouvoir être utilisés avec des jeux de données provenant du monde entier. Nous basons donc nos méthodes sur l’utilisation de standards internationaux aussi bien pour les données en entrée que pour les résultats en sortie. Il est ainsi possible, dans le cadre d’une approche voulue dans un contexte de pluralité scientifique au sein du LabEx IMU, de mettre à disposition de la communauté les résultats mais aussi nos algorithmes proposés au sein d’un logiciel développé en open source. / 3D virtual models of cities are multiplying throughout the world and now become accessible thanks to the will of the communes to propose them freely. Today, it is possible to access several thousand square kilometres of urban territories modelled in 3D.We present in this thesis a set of methods to enrich a 3D virtual city model, organize it to facilitate its use and then analyse it by detecting changes between two vintages or by measuring its visual atmosphere according to the user’s needs. We first propose an algorithm to complete a 3D model by adding a semantic definition thanks to the cadastre, and a method to compute the 3D plant canopy by crossing data. Then we propose strategies to organize the 3D model of the city according to geometric and semantic criteria in order to facilitate its browsing. We then present methods comparing two vintages of data representing the same territory in order to produce a single temporal model containing a set of versions. Finally, we try to measure the visual atmosphere of the city by analysing the composition of a field of vision as well as the amount of sunshine and the shadows on a territory. These measurements can be linked to external data in order to propose multiple interpretations according to the user’s needs.All this work is done in a context of interoperability and genericity since it aims to be used with datasets from all over the world. We therefore base our methods on the use of international standards for both input and output data. It is thus possible, in a context of scientific plurality within the LabEx IMU, to make available to the community the results but also our algorithms proposed within an open source developed software.

Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit befasst sich mit dem Learning Tools Interoperability Standard, kurz LTI Standard. Ziel ist es hierbei nicht nur den LTI Standard an sich in seiner Anwendung zu evaluieren sondern ebenso eine eigene Implementierung dieser Schnittstellendefinition zu erarbeiten. Um eine solche Implementierung zu erreichen wird sich Eingangs intensiv mit dem Standard in seinen verschiedenen Versionen auseinandergesetzt und anschließend der praktische Einsatz dieser Schnittstelle durch die Evaluation bestehender Kopplungsmöglichkeiten erprobt. Zur Evaluierung wird eine Auswahl von Lehrumgebungen und Lernanwendungen, bei welchen im Anschluss unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten die Kopplungen betrachtet und diskutiert werden.