Unser tägliches Umfeld ist heute mehr als jemals zuvor durch die Präsenz von Medien geprägt. Wir begegnen ihnen in schulischen Einrichtungen, am Arbeitsplatz, im häuslichen Bereich oder in unserer Freizeit und nutzen sie gleichermaßen zu Informations- und Unterhaltungszwecken. Dass sich dieser Trend im Laufe der nächsten Jahre weiterhin fortsetzen und verstärken wird, steht außer Frage. Auch in Bezug auf Vor- und Grundschüler lässt sich diese Tendenz beobachten. Um die jüngsten Mitglieder unserer Informationsgesellschaft vor eventuellen medienbezogenen Risiken zu schützen, wird diese Entwicklung durch eine in öffentlichen Diskussionen vielfach zu vernehmende Forderung nach Medienkompetenz begleitet. Allerdings beruht die Mehrheit von Modellen und Konzepten zur Entwicklung und Förderung von Medienkompetenz im Kindesalter nahezu ausschließlich auf theoretischen Annahmen. Aus diesem Grund sollten mittels des durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) geförderten Projekts "Der Erwerb medialer Zeichenkompetenz im Vor- und Grundschulalter: Grundlagen und Förderung", welches zugleich die Grundlage der vorliegenden Dissertation darstellt, folgende Forschungsfragen beantwortet werden: a) Wie lassen sich kindliche Fähigkeiten in Bezug auf Medienkompetenz erfassen?, b) Wie entwickelt sich Medienkompetenz im Verlauf der (frühen) Kindheit? und c) Welcher Zusammenhang besteht zwischen Medienkompetenz und anderen relevanten kognitiven und akademischen Fähigkeiten und der Kompetenz, aus medial vermittelten Inhalten zu lernen? Zu diesem Zweck wurden drei empirische Studien mit Vor- und Grundschülern durchgeführt, die sich mit der Entwicklung der medialen Zeichenkompetenz beschäftigten. Es stellte sich heraus, dass sich die mediale Zeichenkompetenz, welche ab circa. vier Jahren erworben wird, förderlich auf den Erwerb von Lesekompetenz und mathematischen Kompetenzen, auf ihre Vorläuferfähigkeiten sowie auf medienvermitteltes Lernen auswirkt. Zudem zeigte sich, dass die mediale Zeichenkompetenz als ein, zumindest partiell, eigenständiger, symbolisch-kognitiver Bereich zu interpretieren ist, welcher zwar gewisse Verbindungen zu Intelligenzleistungen aufweist, aber dennoch als von ihnen verschieden betrachtet werden muss. Aus den Resultaten folgt somit, dass es günstig wäre, mit Kindern zwischen vier bis sechs Jahren ein Training der medialen Zeichenkompetenz durchzuführen.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / A group of well-to-do women formally organized the Indianapolis Free Kindergarten and Children’s Aid Society with the goal to open kindergartens for children like Onis Williams. Reverend Oscar C. McCulloch, a social gospel proponent, was influential in organizing these women as well as several other Indianapolis charitable organizations. The clubwomen of the Indianapolis Free Kindergarten and Children’s Aid Society collected funds and goods from local businesses and wealthy businessmen to support their work; the clubwomen also hosted teas, parties, and an annual ball to raise money. At first, the women of the Indianapolis Free Kindergarten and Children’s Aid Society (hereafter IFK) opened kindergartens and distributed clothing to young children in the poorest districts of the city. Over time, however, IFK expanded to include adult programs, programs for children of all ages, and opened a teachers’ training school. This thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter will focus on the Indiana Primary and Normal Training School, the teacher training school run by IFK. The second chapter will discuss the various social and academic programs available to Indianapolis children, including the actual kindergarten. The third chapter will focus on six different programs available to mothers whose children attended kindergartens and other programs. This thesis will show how some Indianapolis clubwomen used the teacher’s school, the kindergartens, and the programs for mothers of IFK to create a successful Progressive program that endured for nearly seventy years.

The purpose of this study was to get an in-depth, complete picture of a social worker and child/family advocate in Guatemala City, Guatemala. The intent was to study the participant’s work and responsibilities in order to examine how she processed and completed her dual role as social worker/advocate and mother to a group of children in a children’s home. A focus on responsibility, the effect of her dual role, and the influence of her personal and religious convictions emerged throughout the study. The participant’s unique position in a dual role offered insight into the various aspects of advocacy and intervention in the developing county of Guatemala.

本研究旨在探討臺北市幼兒園家長對男性幼教師專業素養的認同度及在幼兒園任職角色的接受度。本研究採問卷調查法，問卷調查樣本以臺北市十二行政區共十五所幼兒園，含國小附設幼兒園、市立幼兒園、公辦民營幼兒園及私立幼兒園。共計抽取450位幼兒園家長，樣本回收418份，回收率為92.88%；樣本可用405份，可用率90%。研究工具包含自編之「臺北市幼兒園家長對男性幼教師專業素養與任職角色之調查研究」。本研究統計方法包含描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關分析、多元逐步迴歸分析。研究結果顯示家長教育程度與子女就讀幼兒園所在行政區及園所類型在家長對男性幼教師專業素養認同度、任職角色接受度及在自己子女就讀之幼兒園任職角色接受度等構面有顯著影響；子女就讀之幼兒園內是否有男性幼教師任職，會影響家長對男性幼教師在幼兒園任職的接受度。由研究結果得知，男性幼教師的專業能力是得到肯定的，但仍必須仰賴實際的接觸經驗與相關資訊的透明化，因此男性幼教師需要政府的相關協助包括獎助學金與保障就業等，方能有投入幼教環境的動機，幼兒園主管機關則必須藉由教學分享平台、教學觀摩與親師溝通平台等方式讓男性幼教師能與女性幼教師及家長密切交流，減低家長對男性幼教師的疑慮並增進對男性幼教師的肯定。本研究係以台北市為研究範圍，且僅以問卷調查評估男性幼教師的專業接受度，建議未來研究可將範圍擴大，及可採取質性訪談方式，以訪談或者開放性問卷等方式取得資料，並將研究對象擴及幼兒園管理階層與女性幼教師等層次。 / The study aims to explore the identity of male kindergartens teachers professionalism and their occupational roles in respect to their acceptance by the parents of kids. This study conducts questionnaire solicitation from fifteen kindergartens in twelve districts in Taipei City. 418 sampling questionnaires were collected from a total of selective 450 parents of kindergarten kids. Among those samples 405 are used for this research study. The feedback rate is 92.88% and the available rate is 90%. The fundamental research tools include "The Survey of Professionalism and Occupational Role on Male Kindergarten Teachers by Parents of Preschool Kids in Taipei", which was originated by author. The adopted statistic methods are descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlations and multi-step regressions. The conclusion of study can be summarized as follows. The education degree of parents, the districts where kids studied and the pattern of kindergarten affect significantly in recognition of professionalism on male kindergarten teachers, acceptance of occupational role and acceptance of occupational role in the kindergartens kids studied. Besides, the male teachers are in kindergarten or not affected the acceptance of occupational role in kindergarten kids studied in. According to the results, the abilities of male teachers is approved. But the acceptance is still restricted by the experiences of parents and the information they received. Thus, the government can offer guarantee, awards and subsidy to promote male teachers; institutions of preschool teacher education and kindergartens management can create teaching platform and communication platforms, host teaching observation to promote the interaction between parents, male and female teachers. Due to the sample region restricted in Taipei, the researchers can increase the regions and choose Stratified random sampling. Besides, because other professional domains in male kindergarten teachers and the view of male teachers in female teachers are not the content in the research, they can be added in the framework in the future. The future researcher can adopt qualitative research method and increase open questionnaires for parents, and collect dynamic data. Finally, the management in kindergartens, female teachers and male teachers can be added to the object of study.

published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

In an inner-city elementary school, students continue to lag in reading proficiency, and implementation of research-based, district-mandated teaching strategies is not well understood. The purpose of this case study was to explore teachers' perceptions of mandated, read-aloud expository text strategies in K-2 classrooms. The conceptual framework was Vygotsky's social constructivism model of learning, which envisions students learning by interacting with teachers and peers, in this case, using read-aloud strategies, until they become autonomous, expository readers. The research questions focused on benefits and challenges of the implementation of read-aloud expository text by K-2 teachers who were given a 5-year mandate by the school to use strategies of scaffolding, graphic organizers, think-alouds, and text talk. Data were gathered from 5 teachers who volunteered to participate and were trained in the strategies. Data collection included individual interviews, collaborating interviews, reflective journals, and field notes. Open coding and thematic analysis identified 6 themes of teacher perceptions, including benefits, situational strategies, and explanations for use, challenges, support, and implementation. Throughout the data collection process, teachers suggested the use of Text Talk Kit materials. These kits, in use by other districts, may be beneficial to all teachers and may lead to social change by allowing teachers to access materials to better instruct all struggling readers, a benefit across all curricular areas and for all students.

As an exploration of some of the major provisions of NCLB, this dissertation applies the resource substitution perspective (Mirowsky & Ross, 2003) to the early years of elementary school and examines various forms of teacher human capital (e.g., educational background, certification, experience) to capture the pool of potential compensatory resources for segments of the child population deemed at-risk for academic problems because of their race/ethnicity and/or economic status. The research literature concerning teacher effects on academic performance and disparities in the elementary grades (vs. later levels of schooling) is limited, and the prevailing research on teacher effects in general either focuses on factors that are less relevant to early childhood education or provide mixed results. Applying multilevel modeling and other statistical techniques to data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort, I found that poor and non-poor Black children are consistently the most at-risk groups in math between kindergarten and third grade and in reading by the end of third grade. Poor Black and poor Hispanic children appear to benefit more from teachers who have regular and/or elementary certification than their non-poor White peers. In general, Hispanic children tend to be more responsive to resources in the early grades than other at risk groups. / text

本研究旨在探討幼稚園園長持續專業發展與園長專業能力的關係。本研究方法為文獻分析法、問卷調查法及同步訪談。問卷調查樣本以台灣地區宜蘭縣、基隆市、台北縣、台北市、桃園縣之公私立幼稚園園長為研究對象，共592人，樣本回收297份，可用296份，可用率達50％。訪談對象為3位現職之公私立幼稚園園長。研究工具包含「幼稚園園長持續專業發展調查問卷」、「幼稚園園長專業能力調查問卷」「幼稚園園長持續專業發展之研究訪談大綱」。本研究統計方法為描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關分析、多元逐步迴歸分析及內容分析等方法進行分析討論。根據研究結果及分析後歸納之研究結論如下： 一、幼稚園園長持續專業發展，以「確認及分析持續專業發展需求」向度得分最高，而「監控及評估持續專業發展後之影響」向度得分最低 二、幼稚園園長專業能力的現況得分程度佳，並以「專業責任」能力表現最佳 三、園長背景變項中，年齡、園所性質對知覺園長持續專業發展的差異達顯著水準，但最高學歷、服務年資、園所區域未達顯著差異 四、園長背景變項中，年齡、服務年資、園所性質，對知覺園長專業能力的差異達顯著水準，最高學歷、園所區域未達顯著差異 五、幼稚園園長對持續專業發展得分程度高分組者，在園長專業能力的得分顯著優於中、低分組，中分組又顯著優於低分組 六、園長持續專業發展與園長專業能力間呈顯著正相關 七、園長持續專業發展對園長專業能力具有預測作用 最後，本研究依研究結果，提出以下建議： 壹、對教育行政機關的建議 一、依班級規模建立園長專任制度，走向專責專職 二、建立園長儲訓制度與持續專業發展評估輔導機制 三、與學術機構合作，暢通持續專業發展管道 貳、對幼稚園園長的建議 一、檢視自我專業能力之優劣勢，作為進修研習之參考依據 二、組成參與園長專業社群，以增進經驗交流、互動與成長 / The main purpose of this research is to study the relationship of kindergarten directors’ continuing professional development and professional competence. The research methods used was literature analysis, questionnaires investigation, and synchronal interviews. The research instrument was distributed to 592 kindergarten directors in Yilan Country, Keelung Country, Taipei City, Taipei Country and Taoyuan Country and 296 valid samples were used in this study. The data obtained was interpreted using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé posteriori comparison, Pearson’s product-moment correlation, Multiple Regression and content analysis. The conclusions drawn from the study were as follows: 1. Kindergarten directors’ continuing professional development “identifying and analyzing the need of continuing professional development” rank first and “monitoring and evaluating effect of continuing professional development” rank last. 2. All the kindergarten directors’ professional competence received a positive outcome and “professional responsibility” ranks the highest. 3. The kindergarten directors’ background demography age and kindergarten category of public or private incurred a significant difference with all the directors’ continuing professional development. 4. The kindergarten directors’ background demography age, years of service and kindergarten category of public or private incurred a significant difference with all the directors’ continuing professional development. 5. Kindergarten directors who got high score on the continuing professional development were gotten better score in the professional competence than low and middle ones, who got middle score on the continuing professional development were gotten better score in the professional competence than low ones. 6. The kindergarten directors’ continuing professional development is positively correlated with the professional competence. 7. The kindergarten directors’ continuing professional development could positively predict. In the last, based on the research results, the researcher propose some suggestions for “Educational Administrative Agencies” and “kindergarten directors”, hoping to benefit the of the school principal preparation systems in the future.

綜觀歷年來多篇的空間環境與學習之相關研究，可以了解學習會直接與間接的受到外在環境的影響。因此學校建築空間甚至是校園創意設計若規劃完善，不僅是安全、舒適的學習環境，本身更是一套豐富且吸引人的教材，能夠激發幼兒的學習興趣與動力。幼稚園是學前階段的幼兒除了家庭以外接觸時間最長的地方，整體空間與情境的設計，應具活潑生動、自由開放的學習氣氛，這皆有助於幼兒發展想像力與創造力。 本研究目的旨在發現臺灣地區之公立專設幼稚園在校園創意設計上的表現情形，並探討這些公立專設幼稚園在校園創意設計規劃的現況，試擬具體之建議，希望能提供國內幼教經營者及教師在幼稚園校園創意設計與規畫時之參考。 本研究調查對象為臺灣地區14所公立專設幼稚園，訪談對象為該園所的園長及兩位教師，共計12位園長（臺南市三所幼稚園為同一位園長）及28位教師。實地觀察各幼稚園校園創意設計的表現情形，並訪問園長及教師對該園校園創意設計的意見與想法，以對校園創意設計規劃歷程進行了解。在資料分析上，觀察與訪談主要以描述性的方式記錄，校園創意設計的運用情形使用次數分配及皮爾森相關係數進行分析。 本研究結果如下： 一、幼稚園校園創意設計求新、求變原則最容易施作表現最多；求精原則 若妥善保存及維護，則將成為具價值性之教育設施；求進原則融入課 程與教學掌握得當；求絕與求妙原則表現較少，若能掌握要訣，則可 節省經費、增益設施功能。 二、校園創意設計的規劃理念與原則，強調自然豐富的教育環境，依園所 的物理條件進行規劃，重視安全性、教育性、多元性、多用性，並達 到節約資源的效果。 三、校園創意設計在園舍建築等硬體上主要由建築師決定，園長及教師表 達需求、參與討論，園內的校園創意設計主要由園長及教師設計，幼 兒主要參與班級空間及與課程相關的作品上。 四、園長及教師對校園創意設計規劃時的建議，面臨困境轉換正面的想 法，持續的思考與相互觀摩，考量幼兒的發展與需求則相信能造就園 所特有的創意設計特色。 最後依據本研究結果的分析與結論，對於教育當局、幼稚園及後續的研究者提出具體建議以茲參考。 / After making a comprehensive survey of learning environment, we can come to the conclusion that the external environment will influence learning conditions through direct and indirect ways. That is, if it plans well in school environment or school creative design, not only a safe and comfortable learning space it will be, but also a unit of abounding and attractive teaching materials. It can help young children develop their interests and enthusiasm. Kindergarten is, undoubtedly, the place that young children in preschool stage spend almost the most time to stay, if the family part is excluded. Therefore, the atmosphere of overall environment design should be active, colorful and free so that it will be helpful to develop children’s imagination and creativity. The purpose of the research is to probe into the recent situation of school creative design in independent public kindergartens in Taiwan. Ultimately, the researcher provides some suggestions to preschool workers and teachers as reference while they carry school creative design into execution after all. In this study, 12 kindergarten directors (3 kindergartens in Tainan were the same one) and 28 teachers of 14 independent public kindergartens would be interviewed and inquired about the concepts, ideas and feelings about school creative design of their kindergartens, to obtain a complete personal conceptions of school creative design. In data analysis, the data of observation and interview is recorded descriptively mainly. The statistics is gathered by calculating the numbers of how each school matches the principle of school creative design, and Pearson’s correlations coefficient is used as well to analyze the relationship between each principle, the category in campus, and kindergarten background items. The research results are listed as follows: 1. In the application of school creative design in independent public kindergartens, the principle of innovation is much easier to practice, so the statistics results are much higher than others. The principle of variety has better performance by holding the characteristic of adding or transferring the function. If the principle of elegance has a well policies of maintenances to keep and maintain, that will be valuable education facilities. The principle of improvement get well done by space or facilities to enter teaching and course. The principle of excellence and delicacy perform less in this study. After all, if policy makers take notice of the action points above, it will not only save money, but contribute to the function of facilities. 2. The concepts and principles of school creative design is to design the kindergarten in accordance with conditions of geographical and material features, attach importance of safety, education, variety, multi-function, and achieve the effect of resources economizing after all. The ultimate purpose is to provide a natural and abounding education environment. 3. The school buildings of school creative design are decided by the architect for the most part, kindergarten directors and teachers also express their need, and participate in discussion. Inside the kindergarten, learning environment of school creative design is planed mainly by the directors and teachers, while children mainly participate in classroom, hallway of class space, and works related to the courses. 4. That kindergarten directors and teachers’ suggestions for school creative design, communicating with each other while under difficulties, continuous thinking and learning from others. taking account of the development and need of young children is believed to create their features of individual school creative design. After all, according to the analysis and results of the study, some suggestions are offered to educational authorities, kindergartens, directors, teachers, and those who go further studies.

本研究採實驗研究法，旨在探討電子童書中，動畫與文本一致性及年齡對幼兒閱讀理解的影響。實驗採用的研究工具為Living-books系列之「小馬斯特上學去」的電子童書，研究樣本以台北縣市四所公私立幼稚園中大班幼兒為實驗對象，中班受試樣本30人，隨機選取各班人數分派至實驗二中；大班受試樣本60人，隨機選取各班人數分派至實驗一與實驗二中，實驗一分為實驗組（30人）與對照組（30人），實驗組閱讀動畫與文本一致之電子童書，對照組閱讀動畫與文本較不一致之電子童書。 本研究之實驗研究分為實驗一與實驗二，實驗一旨在分析大班幼兒閱讀動畫與文本一致性與否對閱讀理解的影響；實驗二旨在探討中班與大班幼兒閱讀電子童書時，其閱讀理解的差異。 閱讀理解評量以個別施測方式進行故事回憶測驗及故事理解測驗，其中故事理解測驗分為文意理解測驗及推論理解測驗。將所得的資料以單因子變異數及二因子混合設計變異數進行統計分析，以了解研究之結果。 研究結果顯示： 一、在閱讀動畫與文本一致性高之電子童書時，對於故事回憶測驗的得分，實驗組得分顯著高於對照組得分。 二、在閱讀動畫與文本一致性高之電子童書時，對於故事理解測驗的得分，實驗組不論在文意理解或推論理解上，得分皆顯著高於對照組得分。 三、大班組幼兒在故事回憶測驗上的得分顯著高於中班組幼兒的得分。 四、大班組幼兒在故事理解測驗上的總分顯著高於中班組幼兒。在文意理解測驗中，大班組得分顯著高於中班組得分，而推論理解的得分則未達到顯著性的差異。 五、故事回憶與故事理解的相關，在實驗一與實驗二中，不論是文意理解或推論理解，與故事回憶皆呈現顯著正相關。換句話說，閱讀動畫與文本較不一致之電子童書時，故事回憶量低，故事理解得分亦較低；而閱讀動畫與文本一致之電子童書時，故事回憶高，故事理解得分則較高。 研究者根據研究結果與限制，提出對教師、父母、出版商及未來研究方面的建議。 關鍵字：閱讀理解、動畫與文本一致性、電子童書、幼兒 / This study has two parts: one is to research the impact of coherence between text and animation on children’s reading. The other is to analyze the effect of ages on children’s reading comprehention while they read electronic story books. The research adopted one of a series of Living-books, called Little Monster At School. 30 aged 4 and 60 aged 5 children from public and private kindergartens of Taipei city and County participated in the study. There were 2 tasks. Tesk one was coherent text for experimental group. Task 2 was incoherent text for control group. The content of the two tasks was the same. After reading the electronic book, all children took memory test and comprehension test which was devided into 2 sub-score: fact comprehension and inference comprehension. Results are: 1. Memory test’s scores of experimental group is obviously higher than that of control group. 2. Reading comprehension scores of experimental group is also higher than that of control group. 3. Memory test’s scores of age 5 children is higher than age 4 children. 4. Age 5 children get higher total reading comprehension scores than age 4 children. Furthermore, they get higher score on fact questions. Scores of inference questions however, do not show age difference. 5. Memory and story reading comprehension scores have positive correlation. It reveals that children reading coherent animation and text have higher memory scores and higher comprehension scores. On the other hand, children who had the incoherent text had poor scores of both. Based on the results, researcher provides suggestions for teachers, parents and book publisher. Key words: reading comprehension, animation of electronic storybooks, coherence of text, kindergarten children.