O presente trabalho faz uma análise, sob o aspecto do direito internacional e do direito brasileiro, do instituto do contributo mínimo em direito de autor, a qual pouquíssima atenção foi dada pela doutrina e jurisprudência brasileiras. Trata-se da análise do mínimo grau criativo que uma criação deve possuir para ensejar proteção por direito de autor esse é o sentido que damos à expressão contributo mínimo.Devido ao caráter internacional do direito de autor, fazemos a análise sob esse aspecto, passando por um pouco da história em âmbito global e tratando de que modo esse instituto é previsto e assegurado através do direito internacional público e do direito internacional privado. Como o tema é ainda novo no Brasil, fazemos observações de ordem terminológica, diferenciando o instituto do contributo mínimo de demais institutos do direito de autor. Durante todo o trabalho são feitas diversas menções e citações a doutrina, jurisprudência e normas estrangeiras, com objetivo de analisar da forma mais ampla possível o modo como tem sido tratado e discutido esse instituto.Por fim, são apresentados problemas clássicos e muitos práticos em matéria de direito de autor, tais como (i) definição de obra protegida, (ii) delineamento de requisitos para proteção aquisição de proteção por direito de autor, (iii) questões envolvendo plágio e obras derivadas e (iv) balanceamento justificador entre o exclusivo do direito de autor e os todas as formas de direito de acesso às criações. Em todas essas questões, são apresentadas as formas em que o contributo mínimo está presente e como é dada sua influência e contribuição para resolução das mesmas. / In the present work we make an international analysis of international law and Brazilian law about the minimum contribute, a requirement for copyright and authors rights protection that almost all the time has the same meaning as the originality requirement. Since the word originality not always mean the minimum degree of creativity that a creation must to bear in order to gain copyright or authors right protection, we preferred to use here, with this connotation, the expression minimum contribute. This subject still has not received much attention from Brazilian commentators and case law, in spite of its importance.The analysis focuses on the international dimension of this subject in attention to the copyrights / authors rights international character. We start with a little bit of history on the global dimension and then present the way the minimum contribute is found and guaranteed on public international law and on private international law. Thus, since the minimum contribute study is still new on Brazil, we make some terminology distinction between this expression and its meaning from other often apparent similar meaning terms and expressions on copyright. During all the work we present a lot of information and make quotation on foreign commentators, case laws and laws, in pursue of analyzing, in the broadest way possible, how the minimum contribute has been treated and discussed.Finally, we present typical and practical matters on copyright, like (i) definition of protected work, (ii) delineation of copyright requirements, (iii) plagiarism, (iv) derivative works and (v) copyright central balance. When we talk about each one of these matters, we also analyze how the minimum contribute appears and how it can influence and make contribution in finding solutions to them.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Poliana Mendes.pdf: 900873 bytes, checksum: 549aa0a8671a1a0cdfa3dc72f555ddc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-04 / The species loss in recent decades can be comparable to a mass extinction event. This scenario emphasizes the need for biodiversity conservation before it disappears, but the resources devoted to this purpose are limited. In this context, identifying species that possess characteristics that predispose them to a greater sensitivity to environmental changes may help understanding how species losses occur. In addition, proposals for conservation strategies from existing knowledge about species are practical ways of minimizing the loss of biodiversity. The greater ecological diversity of the order Chiroptera, when compared with other groups of mammals, suggests that this may be a good study group to research in conservation biology. In this scenario, Chapter 1 uses a scoring methodology that considered four parameters to define priorities for conservation of bats: risk of extinction, endemism, originality and the public interest. Later, we checked if priority species and areas are covered by any protected areas. It was also verified if priority areas for bats are more congruent with global priorities, focused on pro-active or reactive strategies. The three species with the highest score for conservation priority were Acerodon humilis, Acerodon jubatus and Latidens salimali. The priority areas for bat conservation are in South Amercia, Madagascar, some spots in Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Indonesian Islands. The sites covered by reactive strategies have greater priority level for conservation of bats, but we observed both reactive and pro-active strategies, within priority boxes. Only one quarter of the priority squares for bats have 10% or more of conserved areas within I-IV criteria, idealized values for 2010 Conservation Biodiversity (CBD). The results suggest that tropical areas, which also have more species of bats, are the ones that require more attention from conservation programs and much of these areas are minimally represented by conservation units, emphasizing the importance of investments for biodiversity conservation in these locations. Both reactive and pro-active strategies are important for biodiversity maintenance of bats, despite the reactive strategies being more representative in grid cells with the highest values of priority. In chapter 2, we checked if there is a relationship between bats biological features and extinction risk. Features used were: body mass, litter size, forearm size, wing length, gestational length and age of sexual maturity. Since the relationship between these features and the risk of extinction may be biased by phylogenetic relationships, we used a Phylogenetic Eigenvectors regression analysis (PVR) to remove the phylogenetic components of predictors. All variables addressed except gestational length are phylogenetically structured. Body mass, forearm length, wing length and litter size are related to the extinction risk. Since higher residual values for body mass and forearm size are associated with extinction risk and lower residual values for wing length and litter size are more related to the extinction risk. Smaller wing length as predictor of extinction risk may be associated with the species largest mobility capacity with larger wings. Body mass is a commonly associated feature with extinction risk, and this relationship can be explained by the relationship of this variable with slow life history features, higher species threat due to hunting, greater environmental resource acquisition or larger life area. Despite the small body size in mammals is associated with the lower extinction risk, bats unlike most small mammals have a slow life history, a factor that increases the susceptibility to species extinction. / A perda de espécies das últimas décadas é equiparável a um evento de extinção em massa. Esse cenário enfatiza a necessidade da conservação da biodiversidade antes que ela desapareça, porém os recursos destinados a esse propósito são limitados. Sob esse contexto, identificar espécies que possuem características que as predispõe a uma maior sensibilidade a alterações ambientais pode auxiliar no entendimento de como ocorre a perda de espécies. Além disso, propostas de estratégias de conservação, a partir do conhecimento já existente sobre as espécies, são maneiras práticas de tentar minimizar a perda da biodiversidade. A grande diversidade ecológica da ordem Chiroptera, quando comparada com outros grupos de mamíferos, sugere que este pode ser um bom grupo de estudo para a pesquisa em biologia da conservação. Diante deste cenário, no Capítulo 1 utilizamos uma metodologia de pontuação que considerou quatro parâmetros para definir prioridades de conservação para morcegos: risco de extinção, endemismo, originalidade e interesse público. Posteriormente, verificamos se áreas e espécies prioritárias são cobertas por alguma área protegida. Foi também verificado se as áreas prioritárias para morcegos são mais congruentes com prioridades globais, focadas em estratégias proativas ou reativas. As três espécies com maior pontuação de prioridade de conservação foram Acerodon humilis, Acerodon jubatus e Latidens salimali. As áreas prioritárias para a conservação de morcegos estão na América do Sul, Madagascar, alguns locais na África, Austrália, Nova Zelândia e Ilhas da Indonésia. Os locais cobertos por estratégias reativas possuem maior valor de prioridade de conservação para morcegos, porém observamos tanto estratégias proativas quanto reativas, dentre as quadrículas prioritárias. Somente um quarto das quadrículas prioritárias para morcegos possuem 10% ou mais de áreas preservadas dentro dos critérios de I a IV, valor idealizado para 2010 na Convenção da Biodiversidade (CBD). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as áreas tropicais, onde também existem mais espécies de morcegos, são as que necessitam mais atenção dos programas de conservação e grande parte destas áreas ainda não estão minimamente representadas por unidades de conservação, enfatizando a importância de investimentos para a conservação da biodiversidade nesses locais. Tanto estratégias de conservação reativas como proativas são importantes para manter a biodiversidade prioritária de morcegos, apesar das estratégias reativas serem mais representativas nas quadrículas com os maiores valores de prioridade. No Capítulo 2 verificamos se há relação entre características biológicas dos morcegos e o risco de extinção. As características utilizadas foram: massa corporal, tamanho da ninhada, tamanho do antebraço, comprimento da asa, duração da gestação e idade da maturidade sexual. Como a relação entre essas características e o risco de extinção pode estar enviesada pelas relações filogenéticas, utilizamos uma Análise de Regressão por Autovetores Filogenéticos (PVR) para retirar o componente filogenético das variáveis preditoras. Todas as variáveis abordadas, exceto duração da gestação estão estruturadas filogeneticamente. Massa corporal, tamanho do antebraço, comprimento da asa e tamanho da ninhada estão relacionados com o risco de extinção. Sendo que maiores valores residuais para massa corporal e tamanho do antebraço estão relacionados com o risco de extinção e menores valores residuais para comprimento da asa e tamanho da ninhada estão mais relacionados com o risco de extinção. Menores comprimentos da asa como preditor do risco de extinção pode estar associado com a maior capacidade de locomoção de espécies com maiores asas. A massa corporal é uma característica comumente associada com o risco de extinção, e essa relação pode ser explicada através da relação desta variável com características relacionadas a uma história de vida lenta, maior ameaça das espécies maiores devido a caça, maior aquisição de recursos do ambiente ou maior área de vida. Apesar do pequeno tamanho corporal em mamíferos ser associado com menor risco de extinção, os morcegos ao contrário da maioria dos mamíferos de pequeno porte, possuem história de vida lenta, fator que aumenta a predisposição de espécies à extinção. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que é possível utilizar características intrínsecas das espécies para predizer o risco de extinção, e isso pode ser útil para estabelecer estratégias de conservação para espécies classificadas como Deficientes de Dados, pois devido a suas características elas podem ser aproximadas das espécies ameaçadas ou não ameaçadas. Além disso, é possível propor estratégias para estabelecer prioridades de conservação de forma simples através da metodologia de pontuação, apesar da arbitrariedade dessa metodologia ao definir as pontuações para cada parâmetro.

La prescription extinctive a fait l’objet de nombreuses études en droit privé ou en droit pénal. Elle constitue à l’inverse un angle mort de la recherche en droit public. La réforme opérée en matière civile par la loi du 17 juin 2008, ainsi que le renouveau contemporain du débat sur l’existence d’une théorie générale des obligations publiques, justifient pourtant une analyse approfondie en droit public. Prenant ses racines dans le Code civil, la prescription extinctive tient une place non négligeable dans les rapports obligataires des personnes publiques. La multiplication des prescriptions propres au droit public, notamment en raison d’impératifs budgétaires, oblige toutefois à identifier ce qu’elle recouvre précisément. Fondée sur la sécurité juridique, elle se distingue d’autres mécanismes similaires en emportant l’extinction de l’exigibilité de l’obligation. De ce fait, elle connaît un essor important et s’étend à la plupart des obligations publiques, même si elle doit être conciliée avec la nécessité d’intérêt général d’obtenir le paiement des obligations.Si la prescription extinctive existe bien en droit public, elle a toutefois été adaptée aux caractéristiques propres de cette matière. Bien que le Code civil ait longtemps imposé le recours aux règles du droit privé, le juge administratif n’en avait pas moins conservé une certaine autonomie. En supprimant l’application du droit privé aux rapports obligataires des personnes publiques, la réforme du 17 juin 2008 a rendu le droit public de la prescription autonome. Cette autonomie devrait néanmoins être consolidée par la voie d’une réforme législative, réorganisant les prescriptions disparates, et comblant les lacunes existantes. Une telle intervention serait également l’occasion de constater l’originalité de la prescription extinctive en droit public. Son fonctionnement (point de départ, suspension, interruption, opposition, renonciation, etc.) reste gouverné par de nombreuses spécificités dues à la double appartenance de la prescription aux règles de la légalité administrative et financière. Elle souligne en définitive l’irréductible spécificité du droit public. / Extinctive prescription has been the subject of numerous studies both in public and private laws. In contrast it is a dead angle in Public Law research. The reform put in place in the civil domain by the June 17, 2008 Act, as well as a renewed interest in the debate about the existence of a general theory of public obligations, warrant a deep analysis. Having its roots in the civil code, the extinctive prescription holds an important place among the contractual or legal relationship of public persons. The significant increase of prescriptions specific to public law, partly due to budgetary need, however requires identifying what it exactly entails. Based on legal certainty, it differs from other mechanisms that are close to it, by leading to the termination of liability for payment. Hence, it sees a significant expansion and now extends to most public obligations, even though it has to be reconciled with the need of general interest to get payment of obligations.If the extinctive prescription does exist in public law, it has however been adapted to the inherent characteristics of this subject. Even though the Civil Code has imposed the use of private law rules for long, the administrative judge had retained some autonomy. By removing the use of private law from contractual or legal relationship of public persons, the June 17, 2008 reform has made prescription in public law independent. This autonomy should be enhanced through a legislative reform, both reorganizing the existing prescriptions and filling existing gaps. Such intervention would be an opportunity to observe the originality of extinctive prescription in public law. Its operation (starting point, suspension, interruption, waiver, etc.) remains governed by numerous characteristics due to dual ownership of prescription to the rules of administrative and financial legality. It eventually highlights the undeniable specificity of public law.

in English Fine Arts and other types of Visual Arts Copyright This dissertation deals with copyright law with a special focus on fine art and modern forms of contemporary visual art. The introduction describes in brief the copyright, especially its inclusion in the law system, the definition of basic principles and sources of law. Further it concentrates on personal and property authors' rights in its specific forms. The next chapter deals thoroughly with the legal definition of fine art, including both its traditional and modern forms. The following part summarizes the means of legal protection of fine art, by both private and public actions. The fifth chapter presents a legal and philosophical reflection on the protection of art in public space, street art and graffiti, the unique art forms that come often into conflict with the third parties' rights. The sixth chapter is a follow-up to the previous and addresses the legal regulation of urban art (street art and graffiti) in France. The seventh chapter analyses the well-known cases related to copyright disputes in Czech legal environment. The next part is focused on copyright and its concept in France, the historical and philosophical context, the definition of copyright and the obligatory conditions of protection. This chapter also contains a...

in English Painting as an Object of Jurudical Acts The work is focused on individual types of legal proceedings connected with the painter's artwork. First, it offers an excursion to the basics of copyright, its development and contemporary issues. The work provides classification of copyright in the system of intellectual property rights and briefly explains the differences between continental and Anglo-American concepts. The following chapters attempt to define the terms "author", "work" and "painting". Then, it deals in more detail with specific types of artworks, such as restoration, book illustrations, derived works, parody and cartoon and street-art. In the next chapter, the thesis explains the relationship between the author and the owner of the work and some copyright restrictions that this situation brings, in the subchapter the work analyzes the export of painting artworks abroad. In its main part, the work gradually focuses on the individual types of legal proceedings connected with the painting, their characteristics and their adaptation. In the sorting of different ways of using it proceeds according to the system of the law, the largest range is devoted to the sale and purchase of the painter's artwork. In the subchapters, the work deals with the issue of pricing of painting artworks,...

This study seeks to investigate the origin and development of the thinking, make up, evolution, meaning, impact, essence of originality, and attempts to reclaim the true identity of African music of South Africa from 1963 to date by Philip Tabane through his concept of Malombo Music. This study introduces Philip Tabane’s biographical background, and sketches out the socio political milieu in which he has had to do creative work, maps out stages of development of Malombo music, and investigates how media was bent on shaping a particular public opinion about Malombo music. The latter is juxtaposed against Philip Tabane’s own philosophy of music making. The research further investigates what Tabane’s own definition of Malombo is. Primary and secondary sources of data are consulted, including a collection of primary data drawn from continuous dialogue with Dr Philip Tabane himself from 1990 to 2008, and getting to do media scan of public statements made in interviews with journalists. One on one discussions were held with Dr Philip Tabane in order to understand and verify popular views held about him and about his work. Secondary sources included newspaper articles, journals, policy documents, and internet survey. Findings of this research are a record of Philip Tabane’s life, discography; philosophy; compositions; key debates on the management of heritage; rights and ownership of intellectual property in South Africa; analysis of Tabane’s compositional and stylistic format; Tabane’s national and international profile; and suggestions for the development of true national heritage and culture. Above all the research findings will help in providing necessary understanding of South African music history, especially future challenges on concept development in music, ownership and rights, recommended amendments to the existing legislative framework that governs broadcast and copyrights, as well as the very history of one of the least celebrated but honoured son of the soil, Dr Philip Nchipi Tabane. Additional information available on a CD, DVD stored at the Merensky Library on Level 3 Copyright / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Music / unrestricted

El presente artículo analiza el plagio y la intención detrás del plagio en la industria publicitaria. Estos son temas poco investigados en el área de las comunicaciones, que no tienen una definición precisa, son entendidos de distintas formas por los profesionales de la industria y muchos de ellos sienten pudor al hablar al respecto. Por ello identificaremos qué entienden los publicistas por plagio en relación con el caso de estudio “Forte: Security Doors”, gráfica de la agencia Circus GREY (Perú, 2017). Pieza ganadora de Cannes que fue acusada de ser plagio de una gráfica de la marca Abus, hecha por la agencia chilena Leche. Este es un caso relevante, ya que, a pesar de ser piezas prácticamente iguales, hay profesionales que consideran que no hubo plagio y todo fue una casualidad. Por ello se realizará un análisis cualitativo mediante la teoría fundamentada para llegar a una definición del plagio publicitario que tome en cuenta el rol de la intención detrás de esta práctica. Todo en base a las opiniones de los profesionales entrevistados. / This paper is focused on analysing plagiarism and plagiarism intention in advertising. This are problems that are not very documented in the area of communication, they doesn´t have acurate definitions, they are understood in different ways by the professionals of the industry and a loto f them feel shame to talk about them. That´s why this paper will identify what the creative advertisers understand as plagiarism in relation with the case of study “Forte: Security Doors”; print of the agency Circus GREY (Peru, 2017). A campaing that won in Cannes awards and was acused of being a copy of a print of a brand called Abus, made by Leche, an agency from Chile. This case is relevant, because, despite the ads look almost exactly the same, some profesionals consider that there was no plagiarism and all was just a coincidence. Therefore, this paper will present a qualitative analysis by grounded theory design to create a definition of plagiarism that considers plagiarism intention based in the opinion of the interviewed professionals. / Tesis

Kreativitet är en av de mest eftertraktade och värderade mänskliga förmågorna, särskilt inom konst, teknologi och vetenskap. Vetenskapliga studier av kreativitet har visat svaga samband med personlighet och intelligens, egenskaper som annars är starka prediktorer för prestation. Kreativitet är dock rimligtvis kopplad till någon typ av prestationsaspekt av hjärnans funktion. En sådan aspekt är förmågan till timing, dvs beteenden och bedömningar som har med tid och tidsprecision att göra. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om timing är associerat med kreativitet, kontrollerat för personlighet och intelligens. Guilford’s Alternative Uses Task användes för att mäta kreativ originalitet och Inventory of Creative Activities and Achievements för att mäta kreativ effektivitet på 66 personer mellan 20-40 år som även testades för timingförmåga, psykometrisk intelligens och personlighet (the Big Five). Trots en signifikant korrelation mellan kreativ effektivitet och timing visade en multipel regression att personlighetsdimensionen öppenhet (O) förklarade mest varians (R2 = 13%) varvid timing utgjorde 2% (icke-signifikant) av den totalt drygt 30% förklarade variansen. Kreativ originalitet uppvisade inga signifikanta korrelationer med någon annan variabel. Ytterligare forskning kring tänkbara egenskaper som skulle kunna bidra med förståelse för kreativitet är önskvärd. / Creativity is one of the most desired and valued human abilities, particularly within art, technology and science. Scientific studies of creativity exhibit weak associations with personality as well as intelligence, traits that are otherwise strong predictors for achievement. Creativity is, however, reasonably linked to some performance aspect of brains function. One such aspect is timing ability, behaviours and assessments that include time and temporal precision. The purpose of this study was to assess whether creativity is associated with creativity, controlling for intelligence and personality. Guilford’s Alternative Uses Task was used for measuring creative originality and Inventory of Creative Activities and Achievements was used for measuring creative effectiveness for 66 participants between 20 and 40 years of age, who were also tested for timing ability, psychometric intelligence, and personality (the Big Five). While there was a significant correlation between creative effectiveness and timing, multiple regression showed that the personality dimension openness (O) explained most of the variance (R2 = 13%), wherewith timing accounted for 2% of about 30% explained variance for all other variables. Creative originality exhibited no significant correlations with any other variable. Further research on traits that may influence creativity is desirable.

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[pt] Refletir sobre a figura autoral na literatura contemporânea: este é o objetivo da presente pesquisa. Revisitamos, num primeiro momento, alguns casos que servem de referência para a produção atual, tendo em mente a hipótese de ser o autor um articulador de realidades inventivas. Nesse sentido, trabalhamos com noções como cópia e semelhança, aparentes falseadores de uma atitude autoral se nos afiançamos na concepção de autor como criador original, mas encarados aqui como recursos para uma produção literária provocativa e instigante. Em seguida, procuramos tratar da imagem do autor no terreno extratextual, ou seja, a construção do personagem autor na vida pública com relação à sua obra e ao possível ou efetivo leitor. Busca-se, nessa parte, pensar de que forma se concretiza certa função autor, resgatando o conceito foucaultiano, através do contato direto do escritor com o leitor para falar da obra. Finalmente, trazemos para a discussão a construção do autor junto a outros personagens que formam o mercado literário, como agentes, editores e profissionais ligados ao texto, de maneira a pensar como tanto a figura autoral quanto a produção ficcional são construções coletivas. A proposta portanto é entender o lugar ocupado pelo autor a partir dos recursos intra e extratextuais que lhe cabem em um contexto de arte interessada na sociedade. / [en] To think about the author in contemporary literature, that is the goal of this research. In the first chapter, working with the hypothesis that the author acts like a creative realities weaver, some cases are revisited as references to present literary writing. Here we bring concepts like copy and similarity, at first sight trickeries of a false authorial attitude if we believe in the idea of an original creator. But these concepts are considered in this dissertation as legitimate assets for a provocative and exciting literature. The second chapter treats the author in the extratextual field, which means we discuss how, as a social character, he is formed in public life, being related with his oeuvre and his possible or effective reader. Our intent is to understand how the foucaultian author function emerges through the contact between writer and reader. In the last part, we bring other agents of the literary market who participate in the construction of the author, like literary agents, editors and other publishing professionals. The idea is to think about the author, and also the fiction itself, as a collective construction. With these three formulations, we try to comprehend where the author is placed from both intra and extratextual resources, always having in mind that we consider art as involved with society and its issues.