O trabalho abordará o estudo das criações intelectuais não protegidas pelo Direito de Autor, as diferentes terminologias adotadas pela doutrina, suas peculiaridades, a proposta de uma terminologia mais abrangente e a importância do estudo das fontes do direito para a validação dos pressupostos à proteção, formulados pela doutrina e jurisprudência, com destaque em capítulo próprio para as denominadas normas técnicas. / This present dissertation will address the study of intellectual creations that are not protected under copyright law, the different terminology adopted by the doctrine, its peculiarities, the proposed terminology and the importance of more comprehensive study of sources of law to validate the protection assumptions, formulated by doctrine and jurisprudence, especially in a separate chapter to the so-called technical standards

[pt] Prisioneiro da urgência do momento, libertado pela antena que tudo capta e sente, o artista enxerga além. Alimentado pelo repertório de transformações que outras gerações imprimiram à arte, instigado pela busca do que falta ao presente e pela necessidade de produzir o novo, o inventor (delira) e idealiza outras realidades. Na hipérbole do mundo contemporâneo, imerso em velocidade, interatividade e informação, o artista convive com novos desafios. O compositor popular brasileiro trabalha em meio à proliferação de estilos musicais de fronteiras pouco definidas e usufrui novas tecnologias no processo de criação. As portas do novo século abrem ilimitados horizontes para a invenção musical. Mergulhado neste emaranhado de possibilidades, o artista filtra elementos que podem virar matéria-prima para sua expressão. Acreditando que a transformação da música depende das escolhas, consciência e talento do artista, este estudo pretende investigar o contexto cultural deste início de século e a herança legada pelos inventores da MPB, repensando o sistema da música urbana brasileira e elegendo influências para serem aproveitadas. Pensar caminhos para fugir da música gastronômica (na expressão de Umberto Eco) e chegar à canção crítica e inventiva é uma forma de acreditar que o inusitado é viável mesmo nos dias saturados de informação como os de hoje. / [en] Prisoner of the urgency of the moment, freed by the antenna, which catches and feels everything, the artist looks beyond it all. Fed by the repertoire of transformations that other generations have printed to the art, instigated by the search of what he lacks in the present and by the necessity to produce the new, the inventor (he is delirious) and he idealizes other realities. In the hiperbolic days of the contemporary world, immersed in speed, interactivity and information, the artist faces new challenges. The Brazilian popular composer works within the proliferation of musical styles which come from hardly defined borders and makes use of new technologies in the creation process. The doors of the new century open unlimited horizons for the musical invention. Among this confusion of possibilities, the artist filters elements that can become raw material for his expression. Believing that the transformation of music depends on the choices, conscience and talent of the artist, this study intends to investigate the cultural context of the beginning of this century and the inheritance bequeathed by the inventors of Brazilian Popular Music. It also rethinks the system of Brazilian urban music and elects influences to be used. To think about ways to escape from gastronomic music (in the expression of Umberto Eco) and to get to the critical and inventiveness song is a form of believing that the unusual is feasible even in the days of saturated information like nowadays.

This project is intended to serve as an exploratory investigation of inquiry-based teaching in an Advanced Placement (AP) literature and composition course. The rigid curricular constraints of AP courses and the assessment-based guidelines for teaching such courses can challenge the value placed in teaching students to think critically. This project seeks to draw attention to the difficult terrain that teachers navigate when trying to foster environments that facilitate inquiry-based learning while at the same time holding students to the standards set by the curriculum. As an exploratory study, the project aims to identify important issues and questions concerning inquiry-based learning as they have been disclosed by a specific classroom context, that of a twelfth-grade AP literature and composition course I have taught. In addition to drawing from information and insights, along with personal experiences, derived from a specific classroom context, I examine research and scholarship on the concept of inquiry-based learning. In particular, I consider the scholarly work on invention, discourse communities, and critical pedagogy to offer the most relevant insights to the issues I identify and the questions I raise. The first part of this study consists of examining such areas of scholarship in “dialogue” with one another. That is, I consider the implications the various scholarly works have for one another, ii i particularly in the context of the AP course I teach. Because this study is exploratory in nature, the second part of my project consists of detailed summaries of the major scholarly works I have examined. Thus, this project serves as a preliminary inquiry for future study, and it serves to help teachers make informed decisions about developing and implementing inquiry-based teaching strategies that can take root in the rocky terrain of assessment-based curricula.

The evaluation of originality becomes the priority in the abundant market of various things, services and ideas. In our modern surroundings we can find everything that could meet almost all our needs and fancies, so, very often, we have to make a well motivated personal decision. The increasing demand for originality requires a deeper understanding of it. The main objective of this study is to find out what properties reflect the originality of ideas, things and activity and how children (teenagers) express their originality stepping into the world of adults. Expression of originality of 7 - 8 form students during the technology lessons was chosen as a subject matter of originality research, because the program of technological subjects (nutrition, textile, construction materials) give an opportunity to develop the expression of originality of students not only in the technological activity, but also to form their inclination to originality in private life, meeting the everyday demands for food, clothes, living space and communication. After generalization of analysis of scientific literature was disclosed the model of the meaning of originality. The following three main indicators are characteristic to originality, as the main aspect of creative activity: novelty, truthfulness and peculiarity. It also became clear that originality as a characteristic of a creative personality can be achieved by any individual. The teenager period is particularly favorable for developing... [to full text]

Ikimokyklinis amžius yra visos asmenybės ateiteis pagrindas. Tiriamajame darbe siekta išsiaiškinti vaikų mąstymo stadijas, kūrybinio mąstymo ypatumus, tirta vaikų, lankančių dieninę bei savaitinę darželio grupes bei vaikų, lankančių privatų ugdymo centrą, kūrybinio mąstymo ypatumai. / Having generalized the obtained results, I can presume that abilities of creative thinking of both children groups are distributed in a slight discrepancy. Those children who attend a weekly group of the nursery-school can do more in the creative activity, which is of verbal format. Thus, they shine at a better originality. However, when these children get a task, which requires knowledge and not originality, it is more difficult for them to accomplish it.

Auganti intelektinės nuosavybės svarba šiandienos visuomenėje skatina valstybes imtis įvairių teisinių priemonių, sukuriant intelektinės nuosavybės teisinės apsaugos mechanizmą. Nors Lietuvoje galioja daug tarptautinių, Europos Sąjungos bei nacionalinių teisės aktų intelektinės nuosavybės apsaugos srityje, tenka pastebėti, kad teismams santykinai retai tenka nagrinėti bylas, kuriose asmenys kaltinami BK 191 straipsnyje numatytos veikos padarymu. Kartu didesnio dėmesio šiai nusikalstamai veikai pasigendama ir akademinėje visuomenėje, todėl galima teigti, kad ši nusikalstama veika yra mažai nagrinėta tiek doktrininiu, tiek praktiniu lygiu. Tačiau viešoje erdvėje pasirodanti vis nauja informacija apie autorystės pasisavinimo atvejus patvirtina, kad autorystės teisės apsauga išlieka aktuali. Tokia situacija labiau rodo šios nusikalstamos veikos latentiškumą, nei retumą, o vykstantys socialiniai procesai duoda pagrindo tikėtis, kad netolimoje ateityje Lietuvos visuomenės pakantumas bei abejingumas intelektinės nuosavybės pažeidimams mažės, kartu skatindamas vis daugiau asmenų kreiptis dėl savo pažeistų intelektinės nuosavybės teisių gynimo baudžiamojo proceso tvarka. Šio darbo tikslas – įvertinti baudžiamosios atsakomybės už autorystės pasisavinimą teisinį reglamentavimą Lietuvos Respublikoje doktrininiu bei teisminiu praktiniu aspektais. Darbe apžvelgiama autorystės apsauga Lietuvoje nacionaliniu ir tarptautiniu lygiu, analizuojama autorystės pasisavinimo veika doktrininiu bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / -. / Die wachsende Bedeutung des geistigen Eigentums in der heutigen Gesellchaft fördert die Staaten an verschiedene gesetzliche Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, um ein Mechanismus für den Rechtschutz des geistigen Eigentums zu schaffen. Obwohl in Litauen viele internationale, europäische und nationale Rechtsvorschriften für den Schutz des geistigen Eigentums gültig sind, muß man feststellen, daß im Gericht relativ selten solche Sachen, in denen die Personen wegen der in dem SGB Artikel 191 vorgesehenen Tat beschuldigt sind, verfahren werden. Man vermißt auch grössere Aufmerksamkeit von der Seite der akademischen Gesellschaft für diese Straftat, darum kann man behaupten, dass diese Straftaten sehr wenig in der dogmatischen als auch in der praktischen Ebene behandelt sind. Aber die in der Öffentlichkeit immer wieder erscheinenden Informationen über die Fälle der Aneignung der Urheberschaft bestätigen, dass Schutz des Urheberrechts aktuell bleibt. Solche Situation zeigt mehr auf die Latenz solcher Straftat als auf die Seltenheit, und die laufenden sozialen Prozesse lassen vermuten, dass in der nahen Zukunft Toleranz und Gleichgültigkeit der Gesellschaft Litauens wegen der Verletzung des Rechts des geistigen Eigentums sich vermindern wird und dadurch werden sich mehrere Personen wegen der Verteidigung ihrer verletzten Rechte des geistigen Eigentums zum Gericht wenden. Das Ziehl dieser Arbeit ist Beurteilung der gesetzlichen Regelung der strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit wegen der Aneignung... [der volle Text, siehe weiter]

I det rådande informationssamhället där utbytet av information och digitalt material har blivit mer framträdande än någonsin tidigare har även upphovsrättsfallen kring dess användande och återanvändande blivit allt mer aktualiserade. I denna uppsats har vi sökt att studera hur normer kring skapande och originalitet har påverkat kreativa aktörers syn på återanvändning och rekontextualisering under det senare 00-talet och tidiga 2010-talet. Genom att utveckla metoden interkontextualitet har vi studerat hur människan och hennes kognitiva processer influerar rättsfall som rör just deriverade verk och/eller rekontextualisering. Den digitala tekniken har fört med sig nya normer kring skapande tillika hur information förmedlas mellan människor, vilket resulterat i förändrade konsumtionsmönster och en remixkultur där individuella verk inte ses som statiska enheter utan som levande, sammanlänkade uttryck. Kognitiva processer kan ha bidragit till denna remixkultur och i sin tur mer generaliserade attityder från mediadistributionsbolag och myndighetsorganisationer. Med bakgrund av detta söker vi att förespråka en mer öppen syn på de interkontextuella samband som binder kreativa verk och deras bakomliggande kreatörer till varandra. Att se kreativa uttryck som en del i den globala meme-pool,där människor tillsammans bygger vidare på vårt kulturella arv, kan vara ett steg i att motverka skadlig egoism kring det egna skapandet. / In the current information society where the exchange of information and digital material has grown to become more prominent than ever before, so has the copyright cases regarding the usage and reusage of said materials become increasingly actualized. In this thesis, we’ve sought to study how norms surrounding creation and originality has affected the views on reuse and recontextualization of creative actors during the latter parts of the 2000’s as well as the early 2010’s. By developing the method intercontextuality, we’ve been studying how mankind and her cognitive processes influence court cases concerning derivative works and/or recontextualization. The digital technology has brought forth new norms surrounding creation as well as how information is mediated between people, which has resulted in changed consumption patterns and a remix culture where individual works are no longer viewed as static entities, but as living, interconnected expressions. Cognitive processes may have contributed to this remix culture and in turn more generalising attitudes from media distribution companies and government organizations. We proceed to advocate a more open view on the intercontextual connections that bind all creative works and their underlying creators together. To view creative expressions as a part of the global meme-pool, where together people keep building on our cultural heritage may just be a step towards preventing harmful egoism surrounding one’s own creations.

O romance The Recognitions (Os Reconhecimentos) do escritor norte-americano William Gaddis é um texto auto—reflexivo que retrata a trajetória de Wyatt Gwyon da infância à maturidade, na medida em que ele rejeita e busca a originalidade. O presente trabalho analisa The Recognitions enfocando a problematização dos conceitos de originalidade e autoria propostos pelo romance através de debates sobre a falsificação e o plágio, que remetem a duas noções maiores e mais importantes: autoria e originalidade. O romance questiona a presente demanda por originalidade e discute a possibilidade de ser original. Ele formula uma estética baseada em reconhecimentos que é defendida no romance e usada pelo autor na tessitura do texto. A fim de atingir seus objetivos, este trabalho apresenta os diferentes conceitos associados aos termos originalidade e original, assim como alguns das principais violações relacionadas a eles na sociedade contemporânea. Também oferece um histórico do desenvolvimento dos conceitos de originalidade e autoria na sociedade ocidental, mostrando a crescente importância da figura do autor e o desenvolvimento paralelo dos conceitos de plágio e direito autoral. Os capítulos seguintes dedicam-se a tentar fornecer um relato do romance enfocando os principais personagens, todos artistas, e também uma análise do romance à luz do background histórico e teórico apresentado nos dois primeiros capítulos. O primeiro desses capítulos de análise enfoca a trajetória de Wyatt e suas concepções artísticas. O segundo os reflexos de Wyatt na narrativa, que reforçam a estrutura auto-reflexiva do romance. E o terceiro exemplifica e analisa a estética de Wyatt baseada na noção de reconhecimento, que nada mais é do que a própria estética usada por Gaddis na composição de sua ficção. / William Gaddis’s The Recognitions (1955) is a selfreflexive novel that portrays Wyatt Gwyon’s trajectory from childhood to maturity, as he rejects and searches for originality. The present work bestows an analysis of William Gaddis’s The Recognitions focusing on the problematization of originality and authorship proposed by the novel by means of the central issues of forgery and plagiarism, which bring with them two larger and more important sister-notions: authorship and originality. The novel questions the prevailing demand for originality and discusses the possibility of being original. It formulates an aesthetics of recognitions defended in the novel and used by the author in the making of this text. In order to do that, this work provides a view on the different concepts associated with the terms originality and original, as well as some of the main infringements related to them in contemporary society. It also offers an account of the development of the concepts of originality and authorship in Western society, showing the growing importance of the figure of the author and the parallel development of the concepts of plagiarism and copyright. The next three chapters are dedicated to attempt to provide an account of William Gaddis’s The Recognitions focusing on the main artist characters and an analysis of the novel in the light of the theoretical and historical background provided. The first of these chapters focuses on Wyatt’s trajectory and his visions of art. The second identifies and analyses Wyatt’s mirrors in the narrative, which reinforce the self-reflective structure of the novel. And the third chapter exemplifies and analyses Wyatt’s aesthetics of recognitions, which turns out to be Gaddis’s own aesthetics in the making of his fiction.

In arder ro identifY rhe most important characrerisrics rhat describe rhe Latín American Psychology ar rhe end of rhe century, six main issues áre discussed: rhe scientific orienration, the dependency characteristic, the lack of an original arproach, the social meaning, the politic permeabiliry, rhe emphasis on applied research, and the interest in the person as the central object of study. The fact that these observations are based on the more active nations in rhe generation of psychological knowledge could be a limitation in rhe generalization of rhe findings. / Con el propósito de identificar las características más relevantes que tipifican a la psicología latinoamericana hacia fines del siglo XX, se señalan y discuten seis notas dominantes: su orientación científica, el carácter dependiente, la escasa originalidad, la relevancia social y su permeabilidad política, la preferencia por la investigación aplicada y su interés por el hombre como objeto central de sus trabajos. Se señala como limitación para establecer generalizaciones, el que las observaciones se basan solamente en las naciones latinoamericanas más activas en la generación de conocimientos psicológicos.

This research studied children’s educational outdoor environments in order to understand which contexts and environmental characteristics support children’s creativity in play. Creativity is an important factor in children’s cognitive development; children’s creativity can flourish in outdoor environments as they can engage in free play. Accordingly, this research had two central aims: Aim 1: To classify and assess children’s levels of creativity during play. Aim 2: To develop design principles for educational outdoor environments in order to nurture children's creativity in play. Initially, behaviour observation and the Leuven Wellbeing and Involvement Scale were used to collect data for a pilot study. Children’s play behaviours were observed and analysed, and based on the Evaluation of Potential for Creativity, the Creative Play Taxonomy was designed in relation to the first aim of the study. Then, at two study sites, experimental research was designed. At both study sites, children were observed in four different play contexts. At Study Site One, duration recording was used and the videorecorder observations were coded with the Creative Play Taxonomy using the software The Observer from Noldus. At Study Site Two, narrative recording was used in the observation sessions and focus group discussions were held with the children. The findings from both study sites achieved the second aim of this study. The current research makes two main contributions to knowledge. Firstly, it introduces the Creative Play Taxonomy, which can be used by researchers, psychologists, educationalists and related disciplines to understand, categorise and assess children’s creativity in play. Secondly, it increases the understanding of the particular play contexts that support children’s creativity in play, and the environmental characteristics that enhance these types of play. Accordingly, this research suggests that: - Outdoor play spaces should include a variety of different play contexts to encourage creative play amongst different groups of children. - The most effective play contexts for children’s creativity are those facilitated with flexible, changeable, mouldable, movable, multi-functional and open-ended play materials. - Children’s outdoor play spaces should be facilitated with loose parts, both natural and synthetic, as they are highly supportive of children’s creativity. - Natural outdoor environments and elements highly encourage creative play behaviours amongst children. The findings are intended to guide landscape architects and playground design professionals to produce informed design decisions based on the framework of creativity, in order to nurture children's creative thinking abilities.