本文從官僚體制的形成、擴張開始討論起，同時也說明過去一段時間，各國政府努力進行各種改革，終至徒勞無功的原因。官僚體制這個誕生於工業革命、資本主義社會的組織體制，倘若想要鞏固其既有的正當性地位，則必須重新認識環境，以及瞭解本身的困境所在。後官僚典範的形成，正代表著行政學者、管理學者，以及組織論者對官僚體制的批判與反省。企業型官僚體制是後官僚革新典範策略之一，她不僅是理論的建構，更是實際行政革新工作的範例。將企業精神引進公共部門以重建政府的能力，已是當代各國政府實施行政革新的主要策略。本文內容共計五章，第一章緒論，旨在說明本研究之動機、目的、範圍、架構、方法和主要概念之界定。第二章官僚體制的典範移轉，旨在說明官僚體制的形成及其因外部環境變遷下的種種限制，而既往針對官僚體制改革的成效並不理想，希望藉由理解官僚典範已經移轉的意義，更新採取後官僚革新途徑來加以活化官僚體制。第三章企業型官僚體制理論探討，旨在深入探討企業精神成為行政革新動力的原因、障礙、及其突破，並試初步進行企業型官僚體制的建構，說明企業型官僚體制的創新職能，和如何營造利於企業型組織發展的環境。第四章企業型官僚體制評估，旨在從價值、理論及實務三個面向，評估企業型官僚體制作為行政革新策略的可行性和作用程度。第五章結論部分，則就研究發與檢討加以說明，並提出後續研究建議。

<p>In order to make development aid more efficient, a large number of donors, including Sweden, signed the so called Paris Declaration in 2005. The Declaration gives the partner countries more responsibility for their own development and aims to make he development aid provided by donor countries more measurable. It has been referred to as a paradigm shift within this policy area due to its far‐reaching goals.</p><p>The Declaration has consequences for all actors in the development aid community, and this thesis aims at outlining and analyzing the effects of the Declaration on the Swedish non‐governmental organisations which hold a frame agreement with the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA). As an increasing part of evelopment aid is being channelled through NGOs and they hold an important role in the area, they are interesting subjects of study.</p><p>The analysis is conducted from a society‐centred governance perspective, which focuses on how different actors in society shape public policy. The perspective hallenges the view on the state as dominating unilaterally and takes into account the diversity of actors involved in policy‐making, such as NGOs.</p><p>The result of the study is, among other things, that the character of the relationships and interactions between Swedish NGOs and SIDA varies, and can be described as either a more traditional hierarchical model or co‐governing. Furthermore, the Paris Declaration is perceived by the NGOs as being a step in the right direction rather than a paradigm shift at all level.</p><p> </p> / <p>För att göra utvecklingsbistånd effektivare, undertecknade ett stort antal givare, däribland Sverige, den så kallade Parisdeklarationen 2005. Deklarationen ger samarbetsländerna ett större ansvar för sin egen utveckling och syftar till att göra biståndet från givarländerna mer mätbart. Man har kallat detta ett paradigmskifte inom området på grund av sina långtgående mål.</p><p>Deklarationen har konsekvenser för alla aktörer inom området utvecklingsbistånd, och denna uppsats syftar till att beskriva och analysera de effekter som deklarationen har på de svenska icke‐statliga organisationer som har ett ramavtal med SIDA. Eftersom en allt större del av utvecklingsbiståndet kanaliseras genom enskilda organisationer och de innehar en viktig roll i området, är de intressanta att studera.</p><p>Analysen görs utifrån ett samhällsorienterat governance perspektiv som fokuserar på hur olika aktörer i samhället utformar den offentliga politiken. Perspektivet utmaningar uppfattningen om att staten ensidigt dominerar och tar hänsyn till mångfalden av aktörer i det politiska beslutsfattandet, till exempel icke‐statliga organisationer.</p><p>Resultaten av undersökningen är bland annat att karaktären av de relationer och interaktioner mellan svenska icke‐statliga organisationer och SIDA varierar, och kan beskrivas som traditionellt hierarkisk, eller samarbetsbaserad (co‐governing). Vidare uppfattas Parisdeklarationen av icke‐statliga organisationer som ett steg i rätt riktning, snarare än ett paradigmskifte på alla nivåer.</p>

<p>The paper discusses the problems contemporary Swedish art criticism faces when judging performance art and interactive art. Problems include among others that performance art is collectively ignored in Swedish newspaper art criticism. This prevents art critics from fair contextualising of contemporary performance art. Down in the rabbit hole, performance by Tris Vonna-Michell and its reception exemplifies these problems. Performance and interactive art seems to be disturbing art critics. Works of art which demands the viewer to take active part in its realisation makes it hard – not to say impossible - to maintain an objective point of wiew. Objectivity has been a condition to be able to judge a work of art since Kant’s theories 1791. In order to isolate all the problems concerning performance art and interactive art, the conditions of contemporary Swedish newspaper art criticism are described. To show that the general conditions and its problems have been discussed earlier, the paper also includes the latest big debate about Swedish art criticism. The paper shows that the problem for art critics to remain objective and independent from the work of art presented is not exclusive for performance and interactive art. It is an emblematic problem for Swedish art criticism 2006. This problem includes economic and careerist opportunities witch makes it hard for Swedish art critics to remain independent.</p>

The purpose of this investigation is to discuss the relevance of Black theology in light of the emergence of reconstruction theology. It offers a critical survey of a range of contributions on this issue, questioning whether scholars who have used Black theology as a form of self description should shift emphasis, from the paradigm of liberation to reconstruction. The significance of this study has to be understood within the context of the proposal to redirect African theological initiatives from liberation theologies to reconstruction theology. The basis for this call was the end of apartheid in South Africa, which signalled the independence of all countries on the African continent.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the conception of time in six books of poems by José Hierro (1922-2002): Tierra sin nosotros (1947), Alegría (1947), Con las piedras, con el viento… (1950), Quinta del 42 (1952), Cuanto sé de mí (1957) and Libro de las alucinaciones (1964). It is suggested that the theme of time in Hierro´s poetry can be approached from three different points of view: existence, essence and consciousness. Furthermore, these three different perspectives are reflected in a chronological division of Hierro´s books of poems into three periods: existential poetry, intimist poetry and hallucinatory poetry. In order to develop and reinforce the thematic study, on the one hand, a comparative study is carried out that focuses on the relationship between poetry and philosophy, and, on the other, the thematic configuration on the surface level is considered. The methodological foundations that make it possible to achieve this objective are provided by Jean-Pierre Richard´s thematic criticism, Edmund Husserl´s phenomenology and Paul Ricoeur´s phenomenological hermeneutics. The dissertation concludes that Tierra sin nosotros and Alegría represent Hierro´s existential poetry, written during the post-war period and the reigning atmosphere of existentialism. Alegría, Con las piedras, con el viento… and Quinta del 42 constitute his intimist poetry. The second book, Alegría, is described as a “bridging book” between the first two periods. When the immediacy of the Civil War begins to fade, the literary scene shifts towards the more intimate theme of knowledge, and in Hierro´s poetry especially the phenomenon of time. In Quinta del 42, Cuanto sé de mí and Libro de las alucinaciones the reader encounters Hierro´s hallucinatory poetry. Quinta del 42 is another example of a “bridging book” between two periods. His hallucinatory poems transmit an extreme form of the search for inner truth which entails the deconstruction of time and space.

A Journey from the Wordless is a study of the development of the author’s own professional knowledge.  After an introductory chapter on theory and method, there are four chapters treating of the author`s academic training as an artist (Ch. 2), a presentation and analysis of his own exhibitions (Ch. 3), a chapter on a cooperative effort entitled Pompeii in Time and Space (Ch. 4), and a concluding discussion of the nature of personal knowledge (Ch. 5). Questions are addressed concerning artistic knowledge; how it is built and transferred and how it is developed and transformed. Since the author`s own professional knowledge is the object of the research, special perspectives on personal experience emerges that otherwise would be difficult to articulate. The thesis is also a contribution to the debate surrounding artistic research in the visual arts, focusing on the importance of reflection and analysis in art education and creative art work. / QC 20100824

Fluctuations in protein structure are vital to function. This contrasts the dominating structure-function paradigm, which connects the well-defined three-dimensional protein structure to its function. However, catalysis is observed in disordered enzymes, which lack a defined structure. Disordered proteins are involved in molecular recognition events as well. The aim of this Thesis is to describe the structural changes occuring in protein structure and to investigate the mechanism of molecular recognition. Protein architecture is classified in a hierarchical manner, that is, it is categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. One of the major questions in biology today is how proteins fold into a defined three-dimensional structure. Some protein folding models, like the framework model, suggest that the secondary structure, like α-helices, is formed before the tertiary structure. This Thesis raises two questions: First, are structural fluctuations that occur in the protein related to the folding of the protein structure? Second, is the hierarchic classification of the protein architecture useful to describe said structural fluctuations? Kinetic studies of protein folding show that important dynamical processes of the folding occur on the microsecond timescale, which is why time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy was chosen as the principal method for studying structural fluctuations in the peptides. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy offers a number of experimental advantages and is useful for characterizing typical structural elements of the peptides on the sub-microsecond timescale. By observing the fluorescence lifetime distribution of the fluorescent probe, which is a part of the hydrophobic core of a four-helix bundle, it is shown that the hydrophobic core changes hydration state, from a completely dehydrated to a partly hydrated hydrophobic core. These fluctuations are related to the tertiary structure of the four-helix bundle and constitute structural transitions between the completely folded four-helix bundle and the molten globule version. Equilibrium unfolding of the four-helix bundle, using chemical denaturants or increased temperature, shows that the tertiary structure unfolds before the secondary structure, via the molten globule state, which suggests a hierarchic folding mechanism of the four-helix bundle. Fluctuations of a 12 amino acid long helical segment, without tertiary structure, involve a conformational search of different helical organizations of the backbone. Binding and recognition of a helix-loop-helix to carbonic anhydrase occurs through a partly folded intermediate before the final tertiary and bimolecular structure is formed between the two biomolecules. This confirms the latest established theory of recognition that the binding and the folding processes are coupled for the binding molecules.

The paper discusses the problems contemporary Swedish art criticism faces when judging performance art and interactive art. Problems include among others that performance art is collectively ignored in Swedish newspaper art criticism. This prevents art critics from fair contextualising of contemporary performance art. Down in the rabbit hole, performance by Tris Vonna-Michell and its reception exemplifies these problems. Performance and interactive art seems to be disturbing art critics. Works of art which demands the viewer to take active part in its realisation makes it hard – not to say impossible - to maintain an objective point of wiew. Objectivity has been a condition to be able to judge a work of art since Kant’s theories 1791. In order to isolate all the problems concerning performance art and interactive art, the conditions of contemporary Swedish newspaper art criticism are described. To show that the general conditions and its problems have been discussed earlier, the paper also includes the latest big debate about Swedish art criticism. The paper shows that the problem for art critics to remain objective and independent from the work of art presented is not exclusive for performance and interactive art. It is an emblematic problem for Swedish art criticism 2006. This problem includes economic and careerist opportunities witch makes it hard for Swedish art critics to remain independent.

Using Hebb’s (1961) paradigm, it has been shown that older adults (OAs) fail to learn recurrent visuospatial supra-span sequence information (Turcotte, Gagnon, & Poirier, 2005); a deficit which has not been demonstrated on verbal versions of the same task or in younger adults (YAs). Since the Hebb paradigm is thought to rely on working memory and thus attention (Conway & Engle, 1996), one interpretation concerns an OA’s capacity to allocate the necessary attentional resources to carry out the various components of the task. Five studies investigated this proposal. The first three (Article 1) examined attention in a general manner by reducing the amount of attentional resources that a YA could devote to carrying out the visuospatial Hebb supra-span sequence learning task through the implementation of a verbal dual task (DT) procedure. The fourth (Article 2) further investigated the role of attention by using a DT induced at retrieval that overlapped extensively with the requirements (spatial and response features) of the visuospatial Hebb task. The final study (Article 3) aimed to use our previous findings to demonstrate learning among OAs in a visuospatial Hebb learning paradigm in which the motor response was replaced by a verbal response. Our findings confirm that attentional resources employed at the retrieval phase of the task appear to be particularly important for the demonstration of visuospatial sequence learning. The inclusion of a spatial and motor based DT at recall eliminated learning of the repeated sequence in YAs. Interestingly, the learning deficit of OAs was partially eliminated when the motor and spatial requirements at retrieval were reduced. Our findings offer strong support to the contention that supra-span learning of the Hebb type is not altered by the effect of age. However, learning deficits can be observed among OAs when the retrieval component of the task overly taxes attention-related processes. In the case of the visuospatial sequences, the basis of the deficit likely concerns an individual’s capacity to discriminate between responses made to previously presented sequences versus those that need to be made in reaction to the just seen sequence.

The existing rights paradigm in Aboriginal law accepts Crown sovereignty claims grounded in ethnocentric conceptions of terra nullius and discovery, and views Aboriginal rights as arising out of prior occupation. The Supreme Court of Canada has shaken this paradigm by characterizing Crown sovereignty as merely de facto until reconciled with Aboriginal sovereignty and legitimated by a treaty, by developing the duty to consult, and by characterizing reconciliation as a process that is part of a generative constitutional order. The moves the Court toward a new paradigm rooted in the principle of the equality of peoples in which treaties provide a framework for sharing sovereignty. As part of the Canadian federation, Aboriginal sovereignty can strengthen Canadas territorial integrity and contribute to Canadas economic development.<p> In the past, courts allowed the act of state doctrine to shield Crown assertions of sovereignty from scrutiny. This doctrine protects Canadas territorial integrity, but does not shield the Crowns actions from legal and constitutional scrutiny. The fundamental constitutional principle of rule of law and the de facto doctrine will protect interests that relied on assumptions of Crown sovereignty that lacked constitutional legitimacy.<p> The transformation in the fundamental principles of Aboriginal law has parallels to Thomas Kuhns description of a paradigm shift in the natural sciences. The rights paradigm is in a crisis with moral and practical dimensions. It is incommensurable with the equality paradigm, and therefore the choice of paradigms will depend on normative criteria. Fundamental principles of the Canadian constitution, international standards of human rights and the perspectives of growing numbers of practitioners in the field that are of Aboriginal ancestry are all forces that will complete the shift to the equality paradigm.<p> An equality paradigm will result in the abandonment of some Aboriginal law doctrines, and the modification of others. Aboriginal title is inconsistent with an equality paradigm because it assumes the legitimacy of the Crowns claims to sovereignty, gives the Crown a superior title, and limits Aboriginal nations to a burden of only limited and subordinate rights. The fiduciary relationship rooted in the honour of the Crown will grow into a non-hierarchical relationship with reciprocal obligations.<p> Decisions of courts can play a supporting role, but only negotiations and treaties can build a genuine partnership, effective and equitable sharing of sovereignty and ultimately reconciliation between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in Canada.