Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-11-06T16:27:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cleber Araujo Souto.pdf: 1215184 bytes, checksum: 440d9aa7d4169b7d9bd07989d9c74fc6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-06T16:27:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cleber Araujo Souto.pdf: 1215184 bytes, checksum: 440d9aa7d4169b7d9bd07989d9c74fc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-14 / The subject that we are discussing is the relationship between faith and risk in Paul Tillich's thinking. We chose to start from some texts of his maturity, especially Systematic Theology and the Dynamics of Faith, but dialoguing with other texts, including the German period. We seek to interpret the theme from an ontological-existential perspective, which means that faith is not treated only as a kind of knowledge, experience or belief, but as the state of the human being taken by a supreme concern. The risk, in this sense, can not also be referring to the contents of faith, but to this state of supreme concern. What leads us to propose, from the work of Tillich, that the risk is present and every act of faith, does not invalidate it, but forms part of its constitution. To assume faith is to take the risk it carries. As a means of developing this thesis, we think of a four-part structure. In the first (The Question of Faith in Tillich) we work on the concept of faith as a state of supreme concern. For this, we begin by discussing the problematization of faith in Tillich as a phenomenological question, then we try to establish the concept of faith as dependent on the concept of religion as the supreme concern. Finally, we present four themes that emerge from the understanding of faith as a state: the idea of faith as destiny, the idea of faith as experience, the relationship between the rational and the irrational, and, some distortions of the concept of faith. In the second part (The proper risk of faith) we try to present the notion of risk. We initially identify three places in Tillich's work in which the idea of risk is related to faith, then we present the ideas of frontier and ambiguities of life as close to the idea of risk. In the third part (Language and risk of faith) we present language as a place where risk penetrates faith, as a place that, because of its dynamic and historically situated character, makes it impossible for faith to be comprehended in an absolute way. For this, we begin by discussing the understanding of language in Aristotle and Heidegger as opposing paradigmatic models, and then, we present the discussion on language in Tillich as an alternative to the two, with emphasis on the symbol as the language of faith. In fourth part (The faith that takes the risk) we deal with the implications of assuming the risk as a constitutive element of the faith. We highlight three implications: the idea of truth of faith, the relationship between faith and doubt, and the relationship between doubt and courage. / O tema que tratamos é a relação entre fé e risco no pensamento de Paul Tillich. Optamos por partir de alguns textos de sua maturidade, especialmente a Teologia sistemática e a Dinâmica da fé, mas dialogando com outros textos, inclusive do período alemão. Procuramos interpretar o tema numa perspectiva ontológico-existencial, o que significa que a fé não é tratada somente como um tipo de conhecimento, experiência ou crença, mas como o estado do ser humano tomado por uma preocupação última. O risco, neste sentido, não pode também ser referente aos conteúdos da fé, mas a esse estado de preocupação última. O que nos leva a propor, a partir da obra de Tillich, que o risco está presente e cada ato de fé, não a invalida, antes faz parte de sua constituição. Assumir a fé é assumir o risco que ela carrega. Como um meio de desenvolvermos essa tese pensamos em uma estrutura dividida em quatro partes. Na primeira (A questão da fé em Tillich) trabalhamos o conceito de fé como estado de preocupação última. Para isso, começamos por discutir a problematização da fé em Tillich como uma questão fenomenológica, depois procuramos estabelecer o conceito de fé como dependente do conceito de religião como preocupação última, por fim, apresentamos quatro temas que surgem da compreensão da fé como estado: a ideia de fé como destino, a ideia de fé como experiência, a relação entre o racional e o irracional e algumas distorções do conceito de fé. Na segunda parte (O risco próprio da fé) procuramos apresentar a noção de risco. Identificamos inicialmente três lugares na obra de Tillich em que a ideia de risco é relacionada a fé, depois apresentamos as ideias de fronteira e ambiguidades da vida como próximas à ideia de risco. Na terceira parte (Linguagem e risco da fé) apresentamos a linguagem como lugar onde o risco penetra a fé, como lugar que, por seu caráter dinâmico e historicamente situado, impossibilita a fé de ser compreendida de modo absoluto. Para isso iniciamos discutindo a compreensão de linguagem em Aristóteles e Heidegger, como modelos paradigmáticos opostos, para depois apresentar a discussão sobre linguagem em Tillich como uma alternativa às duas, com destaque para o símbolo, enquanto linguagem da fé. Na quanta parte (A fé que assume o risco) tratamos das implicações de se assumir o risco como elemento constitutivo da fé. Destacamos três implicações: a ideia de verdade da fé, a relação entre fé e dúvida e a relação entre dúvida e coragem.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2018-03-19T17:38:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 THIAGO.pdf: 1252867 bytes, checksum: c952095fa39bc0ee8147631a37ce8014 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T17:38:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THIAGO.pdf: 1252867 bytes, checksum: c952095fa39bc0ee8147631a37ce8014 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research aims to analyze the way that the theologian and philosopher Paul Tillich (1986-1965) applied the phenomenology in the elaboration of his own theology and which are the implications of this for the theological method. In his Systematic Theology, Tillich developed the method called critical phenomenology and stated this is the most appropriate method for the analysis of the theological concepts. However, the presence of phenomenology in the tillichian thoughts is previous of his ST. During the period since the ending of the First World War until the last years of the 1920, Tillich took over a revisionist stance in relation to his previous period and established important dialogs with the phenomenological school, mainly the school of Edmund Husserl. These dialogs became evident in the appropriation of the intentionality of conscious and the intuition of essences did by the theologian. Nevertheless, Tillich appropriated of the husserlian phenomenology in the critical way and he rejected, as the theologian has claimed, the ahistorical realism adopted by Edmund Husserl. For Tillich, the form and substance aren’t dissociable and therefore becomes necessary a method which values both poles. In this context, the theologian proposed the union of a critical element to the pure phenomenology, and later, in his ST, the idea of a critical phenomenology. The union of the critical and intuitive elements in the Tillich thought constitutes as the basis and the innovator aspect of his phenomenology. Comprehend this appropriation of the phenomenology by the theologian is fundamental for a rigorous understanding about the totality of his work as well as the possibilities to application of his phenomenological method for the current days. / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar de que maneira o teólogo e filósofo Paul Tillich (1986-1965) aplicou a fenomenologia na elaboração de sua própria teologia e quais as implicações disso para o método teológico. Em sua Teologia Sistemática, Tillich desenvolve o método chamado de fenomenologia crítica e afirma ser este o mais adequado para a análise dos conceitos teológicos. Entretanto, a presença da fenomenologia no pensamento tillichiano é anterior à sua TS. Durante o período que vai do fim da Primeira Guerra Mundial até os últimos anos de 1920, Tillich assume uma postura revisionista em relação ao seu período inicial e estabelece importantes diálogos com a escola fenomenológica, principalmente a de Edmund Husserl. Esses diálogos se tornam evidentes na apropriação que o teólogo faz da teoria da intencionalidade da consciência e da intuição das essências. Entretanto, Tillich se apropria da fenomenologia husserliana de maneira crítica e rejeita, como o próprio teólogo afirma, o realismo a-histórico adotado por Husserl. Para Tillich, forma e substância são indissociáveis e nesse sentido torna-se necessário um método que valorize ambos os polos. É neste contexto que o teólogo propõe a união de um elemento crítico à fenomenologia pura, e mais tarde em sua TS, a ideia de uma fenomenologia crítica. A união entre os elementos crítico e intuitivo no pensamento de Tillich se constitui como o fundamento e também o aspecto inovador de sua fenomenologia. Compreender esta apropriação que o teólogo faz da fenomenologia é fundamental para um entendimento rigoroso da totalidade de seu trabalho assim como para apreender as possibilidades de aplicação que seu método fenomenológico possui para a atualidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:21:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elton Tada.pdf: 775867 bytes, checksum: 47ec8affedc4725e38f6f68ecd848c17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work search to do a theological reading of literature, in the specific case of the book ―The via crucis of the body of Clarice Lispector. The theological presupposition that is used to do this analysis is the one of Paul Tillich s theology, parting from his theology of culture and from his concept of courage to be. To this project was necessary to follow some steps, and the first one is retract the discussion about what is and how should be one research that include theology and literature. In the second place was exposed biographical narratives about Clarice Lispector and Paul Tillich that could bring light to the thematic. Subsequently the book ―The via crucis of the body was presented within the general work of Clarice Lispector, and the basic theoretical points of Paul Tillich s theology used in the work was discussed. In the last step, the studded theology of Paul Tillich was applied in the stories of the book ―The via crucis of the body appearing as a result a theologicalexistential reading of the book, and proposing an existential way to analysis the literature. / O presente trabalho busca fazer uma leitura teológica da literatura, no caso específico do livro ―A via crucis do corpo‖ de Clarice Lispector. O pressuposto teológico que se usa para fazer tal análise é o da teologia de Paul Tillich, tanto a partir de sua Teologia da cultura quanto de seu conceito de coragem de ser. Para tal intento foi necessário seguir vários passos, sendo que o primeiro é retratar a discussão sobre o que é e como deve ser uma pesquisa que englobe teologia e literatura. Em segundo lugar foram expostas narrativas biográficas tanto de Clarice Lispector quanto de Paul Tillich que fossem iluminadoras da temática. Subseqüentemente o livro ―A via crucis do corpo‖ foi apresentado juntamente com a obra geral de Clarice Lispector, e os pontos teóricos básicos da teologia de Paul Tillich utilizadas no trabalho foram discutidos. Por último, a teologia estudada de Tillich foi aplicada nos contos do livro ―A via crucis do corpo, surgindo assim uma leitura teológico-existencial da obra e propondo uma forma existencial de se analisar a literatura.

O tema principal deste trabalho é o estatuto teórico da teologia. A cientificidade de qualquer disciplina do conhecimento é dependente principalmente da conceituação de ciência e este conceito é dependente do processo histórico real. Os diversos conceitos de ciência ao longo da história ocidental criaram classificações de ciências que concederam cientificidade para algumas disciplinas enquanto negaram este estatuto a outras. Atualmente, por conta do reconhecimento da falta de um fundamento sólido para o conhecimento, reconhece-se também a impossibilidade de uma definição última do conceito de ciência, de verdade, etc. Reconhece-se cada vez mais que ao lado dos grandes resultados positivos, conseqüência do conceito e método científico moderno, que ainda está em vigor, existem também conseqüências negativas como o distanciamento entre as diferentes ciências e saberes. Para diminuir esta distância, busca-se a religação dos saberes para a qual este trabalho pretende contribuir, especialmente na questão de re-inclusão da teologia entre os saberes válidos. Para isto, no primeiro capítulo, busca-se conhecer a situação atual da fragmentação dos saberes e a tentativa de reverter este quadro por meio do Pensamento Complexo de Edgar Morin. No segundo e terceiro capítulos é apresentado o Sistema das Ciências de Paul Tillich. Em 1923 Tillich escreveu o texto Das System der Wissenschaften nach Gegenständen und Methoden (O Sistema das Ciências segundo objetos e métodos) com o objetivo de encontrar um lugar entre as ciências para a teologia. No Sistema de Tillich, a solução para o problema da unidade e diversidade dos saberes está na característica fundamental do ser humano enquanto espírito, a criatividade. Por fim, no quarto capítulo, são apresentados alguns aspectos relevantes para a religação dos saberes a partir do presente trabalho, como, por exemplo, uma possível conceituação de ciência. / The main theme of this dissertation is the theoretical status of theology. The scientific status of any area of knowledge depends heavily on the respective concept of science. And this concept is, in turn, dependent of the real historical process. The various concepts of science through Western history created science classifications which conceded the status of science to some disciplines and refused it to others. Today, because of the recognition that we lack a solid foundation for knowledge, there is also recognition of the impossibility of an ultimate definition of concepts like science, truth, etc. There has been a growing recognition that, besides great positive results which are consequences of the still dominant modern scientific concept and method, there are also negative consequences, like the distance between different sciences and forms of knowledge. In order to reduce this distance, there has been search for a reunion of forms of knowledge. This dissertation aims to contribute to this process, especially in regard to the re-inclusion of theology among the valid forms of knowledge. In the first chapter the focus is on recognizing the present situation of knowledge fragmentation and the attempt of Edgar Morin to revert it through Complex Thought. The second and third chapters are dedicated to a revisiting of the System of Sciences of Paul Tillich. In 1923, Tillich published his book Das System der Wissenschaften nach Gegenständen und Methoden (The System of Sciences according to Objects and Methods), with the ultimate goal of finding a place for theology among the sciences. In Tillichs System, the solution for the problem of unity and diversity in knowledge lies in the fundamental characteristic of human being as spirit, creativity. Finally, in the fourth chapter some relevant aspects for the reunion of different forms of knowledge are presented, as for example a possible concept of science.

“A Theological Paradigm – Spirituality – as a belief synthesis in a religious, dogmatic, and philosophical context,” pursues an understanding of spirituality from a theological paradigm within a religious, dogmatic, and philosophical context. Contemporary manifestations of practical and relevant day-to-day situations are taken as vantage points in order to unfold the meaning and implications of stories as metaphors for reality. Two basic statements guide the unfolding of the research process, namely firstly that a belief synthesis is shaped by religion as foundation. It entails that the belief synthesis represents a living framework that incorporates the origin, different definitions, worldwide landscapes, religious movements, as well as the epistemic understanding of spiritual and religious experiences. Secondly, that a belief synthesis incorporates spirituality as an experience. It entails that in this experience of spirituality, the following constitutive dimensions and developments can be distinguished: the relation between religion and spirituality, the revival of the academic discipline spirituality, a working definition of spirituality, which includes a general theory of spirituality and methodological aspects of spiritual development. To develop the research focus on the belief synthesis as a theological paradigm, specific theological and philosophical aspects of the palaeontologist-theologian Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955) and the German American systematic theologian Paul Tillich (1886-1965) are investigated. With regard to Teilhard de Chardin, the emphasis falls on his development of a positive process - a new kind of spirit (Hope) – that humans can experience in their contemporary evolving worlds. With regard to Tillich, the emphasis falls on his method of correlation explaining the contents of the Christian faith through existential questions and theological answers in mutual interdependence. The research focus on mentioned theologians brings about a closer but different clarification of the term spirituality as belief synthesis in religion as well as the influence of Christian spirituality and the impact that it had on our quest to understand the Christian experience in Christian spirituality. The closer, but different clarification of the term spirituality is elaborated on and subsequently justified by a discussion of different definitions of Christian spirituality, as well as a tentative indication of the road to a new kind of Christian spirituality - which entails a transformation of Christian spirituality that includes mysticism. Finally, the terms Spirit and Hope are identified and discussed as integral parts of the belief synthesis as theological paradigm. At the same time, their significance respectively for the belief synthesis are indicated. The importance and crucial role of hermeneutics are subsequently elucidated within the theological paradigm of spirituality. The research conclusion culminates in the open statement that more than one religion, philosophy, or intuitive infinite belief can be accommodated in a person’s religious life and can satisfy humans in their expectations, experiences, hopes, and fears, in their vulnerable existence. / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Dogmatics and Christian Ethics / unrestricted

[pt] O avanço da modernidade é um marco na história da teologia. Pois, com ele, também se acentua o caráter antropocêntrico moderno. O ser humano, com suas criações e descobertas, caminha para tomar o lugar de Deus e da cosmovisão cristã clássica, caracterizando um giro antropológico moderno. Naturalmente, esta situação de dualismo moderno envolvendo o ser humano e Deus acaba por exigir alguma reação por parte das teologias cristãs. Algumas acham a saída para tal problema na própria figura humana, fazendo dela um novo caminho através do qual é possível falar de Deus. Tal atitude caracteriza um giro antropológico, na teologia. Nessa dissertação, serão apontadas as atitudes básicas de uma teologia que se propõe a realizar tal giro antropológica, cujo teórico principal é o teólogo jesuíta Karl Rahner, enfatizando alguns de seus desdobramentos acerca da questão de Deus. Este caminho será feito para que, ao fim, seja possível expor a construção teológica de Paul Tillich acerca da questão de Deus em sua Teologia Sistemática, levantando a hipótese de que, nela, ele realiza o giro antropológico necessário a toda teologia que pretende reagir ao antropocentrismo moderno. Isto mostra que a possibilidade de Deus não recai, necessariamente, no desprezo ao ser humano e seus avanços. / [en] The modernity advance is a mark in the history of Theology. And because of this progress, the anthropocentric character of modernity is also accentuated. The human being, with his creations and discoveries, walks to take the place of God and the classical Christian worldview, which characterizes a modern anthropological twist. Naturally, this situation of modern dualism involving human being and God asks for some reaction of the Christian theologies. Some of them find the solution for this problem at the human figure itself, making of it a new way through what is possible to talk about god. Such attitude characterizes an anthropological twist in the theology. This dissertation will show the basic attitudes of a theology that propose itself on realizing such anthropological twist, whose the main theorist is the Jesuit theologian Karl Rahner, emphasizing some of its developments about the question of God. This way will be done in order to make the exposition of Paul Tillich s theological construction about the question of God on his Systematic Theology possible, raising the hypothesis that he realizes the anthropological twist in his work, which is necessary to any theology that aims to react to the modern anthropocentrism. Thus, it shows that the possibility of God does not necessarily end in contempt for human being and his advances.

[pt] A cultura de consumo é um dos nomes dados à complexa e poderosa estrutura presente em tantas sociedades quantas tenham sido, de algum modo, envolvidas pelo sistema capitalista global. Nessas sociedades, o consumo recebe papel central. Tal cultura articula: o sistema de produção industrial, em sua multiplicação exponencial dos objetos; os mecanismos de persuasão, que, através das novas tecnologias e das mídias, exploram as dimensões da imaginação e incidem sobre a sociedade; e a relação entre o produto, o consumidor e a sociedade em geral. Devido aos diversos fatores envolvidos no consumo, este campo, antes estudado somente por empresários e pesquisadores do marketing, se tornou um objeto aberto para os olhares de outras áreas do saber, inclusive da teologia. O teólogo e filósofo teuto-americano Paul Tillich (1886-1965) é conhecido por construir uma teologia que visa superar a separação entre religião e cultura. Para ele, toda forma cultural possui uma profundidade religiosa, a partir da qual ela pode e deve ser abordada teologicamente. Sobre esse fundamento, Tillich fez análises teológicas de contextos políticos, sociais, econômicos e religiosos. Ao longo desses esforços, foram desenvolvidos importantes conceitos que extrapolam seus contextos específicos e se tornam profícuos para a análise teológica de outros contextos culturais. Diante disso, o presente trabalho busca fazer, a partir de uma perspectiva tillichiana, tanto uma crítica fundamental da cultura de consumo quanto críticas específicas ao seu envolvimento com os conceitos de ser humano, mundo, tempo e o eschaton. / [en] The culture of consumption is one of the names given to the complex and powerful structure situated in as many societies as those which has been involved in any way by the global capitalist system. In those societies consumption is made the central character. Such culture embraces the industrial production system, in its exponential multiplication of objects; mechanisms of persuasion that through the advance of technology and medias explore imagination dimensions and affect society; and the relationship between products, consumer and all society. Due to the number of factors involving culture of consumption the consumption phenomenon that was previously studied only by managers and marketing researchers but has become an object opened to the other areas of knowledge including theology. The German-American theologian and philosopher Paul Tillich (1886-1965) is known for constructing a theology that aims overcome the gap between religion and culture. In his opinion every culture form has a religious deepness from which it can and must be theologically approached. On this ground Tillich has analyzed political, social and economic contexts from theological point of view. Along these efforts he has developed many important concepts that extrapolate their specific contexts to become fruitful to the analyses of other culture situations. Therefore, the present work aims to show from a Tillichian perspective a fundamental critique to the culture of consumption as well as to its specific involvement with the concepts of human being, world, time and eschaton.

The point of departure of this thesis is derived from a modern tendency to create a dichotomy between selfless love and human flourishing. Modern attempts to liberate the human being from heteronomous oppression and the moral norms promoting this have sometimes led to the conclusion that selfless love is harmful to human flourishing. Such a conclusion has gained momentum also through modernist re-conceptualisations of the self as an autonomous but empty consciousness which must guard itself against determination by the other. In effect, significant thinkers have replaced the notion of selfless love with a call for self-assertion over against the other, as key to the individual person’s well-being. This has been matched by Christian dismissals of the individual’s pursuit of human flourishing. In the face of modern insights into the ‘desirous’ nature of the human being, modern Christian theology has equally struggled to sustain the tension between the traditional Christian notion of selfless or self-giving love and human beings’ desire to affirm themselves and to find personal fulfilment in this world. Strands of Christian theology have, for instance, affirmed a self-surrendering love at the cost of dismissing the individual’s worldly desires entirely. In this thesis, I outline this situation in modern thought and its problematic consequences. With a view to discerning whether selfless love and human flourishing can be re-connected, I then undertake close studies of the theologian Paul Tillich’s and the moral philosopher and novelist Iris Murdoch’s conceptualisations of the self and of love. As I will argue, Tillich’s and Murdoch’s engagement with modern thought leads them to develop accounts of the self, which correspond with understandings of love as both selfless and conducive to human flourishing. On the basis of their thought I thus argue that selfless love and human flourishing can be understood as interdependent even today.

Since time immemorial, humankind has been concerned with freedom. This thesis introduces the most important thinkers who devoted themselves to studying freedom and who greatly influenced the perception of freedom. The thesis includes historical overview focusing on the problem of freedom mainly from theological and philosophical point of view. However, two authors in the field of psychology and sociology are mentioned as well. In existentialist philosophy, the human freedom is one of the most crucial topics, and it is presented here on the work of the writer Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky, the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre and the theologist Paul Tillich.

Through a focus on four rubrics: emancipatory rationality, anthropology, metaphysics and religion, the dissertation demonstrates clearly that with similar resources yet different emphases, Paul Tillich, Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno uniquely structure what are largely complementary critical interpretations of a modernity which they see to be diseased, and whose subjects are unable to realize the promises of enlightenment. They shine similar lights on the 'steel-hard cage' of a modernity which they hope to overcome, and possibly to redeem, in largely compatible ways. In demonstrating this, the dissertation unearths some striking similarities shared by the three thinkers, and simultaneously reveals clear lines of dissimilarity between them in other key areas. This includes important distinctions between Adorno and Horkheimer, not only in the 1930s, but also in the 1940s, by which time they claimed to be writing with a single mind and purpose. Key similarities which will be disclosed include an initial reliance upon Hegel’s dialectical structure and Marx’s emancipatory social vision and a trenchant critique of the reifying and dehumanizing forces of capitalism. The modern subject thinks itself free but cannot achieve the liberation promised by enlightenment; instead, the subject experiences alienation and estrangement. Central shared goals include an increase in justice and the hope for not only ending barbarism and the suffering it causes, but also holding the memories of those who have died without justice alive. In a similar manner, major differences arise from common sources and hopes. The drive for transcendence takes a very different form in Tillich’s theological system than it does in the secular-Jewish longing for a hypothetical messianic moment found in the work of Adorno and Horkheimer during the period 1929-50, on which this study focuses. When the writings of Adorno, Horkheimer and Tillich are placed along side of one another, and in conversation with one another, something greater than demonstrable intellectual influence is revealed. Despite some substantial differences in methodology and assumptions, there are remarkable consonances between the types of critical social theory developed, and when read in concert, new insights into each thinker’s oeuvre become clearer and increasingly reveal a kaleidoscopic consonance.