Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:10:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sandro.pdf: 581703 bytes, checksum: 658548e0316508d75f3fb8532822b9d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-31 / O déficit da previdência brasileira vem se agravando, nos últimos anos, de tal forma que o Estado tem investido na busca de soluções emergentes para o equilíbrio das contas públicas. As reformas da previdência promovidas pelo Governo Federal nos anos de 1998 e 2003, trouxeram um novo arcabouço jurídico, como também um ordenamento legal para o setor, e nesta direção os estados e municípios envidam esforços para reformar e adequar seus sistemas previdenciários. Esta pesquisa aborda o processo de mudança organizacional e estratégica no setor público, considerando o período de implantação e adaptação do novo órgão gestor do Regime Próprio de Previdência do Município de Manaus - Amazonas, objetivando demonstrar os fenômenos sociais e políticos envolvidos com a reforma da previdência municipal, sob o enfoque do modelo contextualista de Pettigrew. A metodologia usada foi a do estudo de caso, do tipo histórico-organizacional, por constituir-se numa categoria de pesquisa cujo objeto é a unidade que se analisa em profundidade. Os resultados apontaram que a utilização do modelo facilitou a compreensão e a gestão no processo de mudança organizacional e estratégica no período de janeiro a julho de 2005.

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2018-06-04T20:05:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Fabrizio Aguiar de Souza Scommegna.pdf: 287416 bytes, checksum: e17218bb03b78e9e9454efa303f5f345 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T20:05:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Fabrizio Aguiar de Souza Scommegna.pdf: 287416 bytes, checksum: e17218bb03b78e9e9454efa303f5f345 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Brazilian pension funds have allocated 90% of their investments in fixed income and equity. The insertion of alternative investments, such as commodities, can improve the risk / return relationship since it carries zero correlation in comparison with the others. To verify if this new category can be considered as investment in a portfolio with the best risk / return ratio, the Sharpe Ratio was used to compare optimal portfolios that used commodities with others that did not use it. As a robustness test, we applied Ledoit and Wolf (2008), which compares two Sharpe Ratios in non-normal time series. The period considered is 2009 to 2017, we also observed periods of three years. The results showed that fixed income maintains high returns with low volatility and the portfolios resorts it, equities was not relevant for any period analyzed and investments in commodities were considered in the period of high interest of the economy. The Sharpe Ratio of that period was statistically higher than the traditional portfolio. / Os fundos de pens??o brasileiros t??m alocado 90% dos seus recursos em investimentos na classe de ativos de renda fixa e renda vari??vel. A inser????o de investimentos alternativos, como commodities, pode melhorar a rela????o risco/retorno dado que carrega correla????o nula em compara????o com as demais. Para verificar se essa nova categoria pode ser considerada como investimento em uma carteira com a melhor rela????o risco/retorno, fez-se o uso do ??ndice de Sharpe para comparar carteiras ??timas que utilizaram commodities com outras que n??o se utilizaram disso. Como teste de robustez usou-se de Ledoit e Wolf (2008) que compara dois ??ndices de Sharpe em s??ries temporais n??o normais. Al??m de investigar o per??odo de 2009 a 2017, foram observados tamb??m os tri??nios compreendidos nessa ??poca. Os resultados demonstraram que a renda fixa mant??m altos retornos com baixa volatilidade e as carteiras utilizaram bastaste dessa, o segmento de mercado renda vari??vel n??o foi relevante para nenhum per??odo analisado e os investimentos em commodities foram considerados no per??odo de alta de juros da economia. O ??ndice de Sharpe desse per??odo foi estatisticamente maior que a carteira tradicional.

This paper examines the impact on pension generosity on teacher turnover in North Carolina Public School teachers. It specifically focuses on the impacts of vesting, employer contribution, and pension generosity for out-of-state teachers in their first five years of teaching. High rates of teacher turnovers, especially teachers in their early career, have been shown to negatively impact North Carolina students. As states search for solutions to decrease turnover and recruit more qualified teachers, the effects of pension programs on teacher turnover has yet to be thoroughly examined. This paper found that there was a slight negative correlation between teacher turnover and the generosity of pension programs.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how members of Australian superannuation funds can manage risks arising from uncertain security returns and unpredictable mortality so as to ensure a steady income stream during retirement. In chapter 2 we note that the proportion of superannuation assets invested in foreign assets has increased over the past two decades, exposing investors to currency risk. Surveys of superannuation funds verify that most international bond holdings, but not equity holdings, have been hedged for currency risk. We test the mean-variance efficiency of this practice against two alternative hedging strategies: a conventional forward hedge and a selective hedge conditioned on the domestic-foreign interest differential. Implementing optimal hedging results in portfolios whose returns stochastically dominate portfolios constructed under restricted equity hedging, according to our new adaptation of Barrett-Donald (2003) tests. Selective hedging works best for equities and conventional hedging for bonds. Chapter 3 applies a discrete-time Merton (1971) model to questions of optimal decumulation and asset allocation for self-funded retirees drawing down lump-sum retirement benefits. Risk management is taken to revolve around protecting a pre-specified minimum consumption stream. Risk tolerances and lifetimes are allowed to span a range of possibilities. In the case of an agent living to age 90, ideal investment in equity-type assets increases gradually from 27-43 % over remaining life. This is much lower than the 55-60% observed among retirees. Conservative investment strategies are needed to meet consumption goals over long lifetimes. Milevsky and Young (2002, 2003) attribute the reluctance to voluntarily annuitise to a valuable real option to delay annuitisation (RODA). Chapter 4 extends the RODA analysis to the case of HARA preferences. A formula for the optimal timing of annuitisation is derived from the solution to a dynamic stochastic consumption and investment problem with uncertain lifetime. The effect of introducing a consumption floor is to reduce the delay before annuity purchase. As in the CRRA case, delayed annuitisation is associated with optimistic predictions of the Sharpe ratio and divergence between annuity purchaser and provider predictions of mortality.

The impact of population ageing on the social budgets of the future is a phenomenon confronting many of the world's wealthiest and most advanced nations. The impending retirement of the 'baby boomers' has raised concerns about the inadequacy of budgetary frameworks (both conceptual and real) to fulfil the financial commitments of demographically sensitive programs, namely old age pensions. Pension schemes represent, by far, the largest social welfare commitment of first world nations. Old age pensions are also demographically sensitive. Furthermore, pension systems play a crucial role in alleviating poverty, in recognising the previous contribution of an individual and in maintaining of the social and economic wellbeing of democratic polities. The financial stability of pension schemes and the ability of governments to meet future commitments will become significant issues of public policy as the pressures from population ageing intensify. Yet, committing resources, or budgeting, for longer-term pressures is an inherently problematic exercise both from an intellectual and a practical perspective. For long-term resourcing to be successful it requires perfect foresight and a level of political commitment that typically eludes most politicians and governments. Longer or medium-term budgetary pressures are often ignored or avoided until they impact on the immediate chances of either fiscal or electoral success. As such, societies face the prospect of looming financial burdens, but only have a box of short-term tools at their disposal and a limited body of scholarship to guide them through this ticking political 'time bomb'. This research tackles a significant omission in the existing literature on budgeting, public policy and social welfare, by proposing a conceptual framework for the anticipation, conceptualisation and analysis of future budget pressures. In doing so, it brings together analytical frameworks of government budgeting and social policy from a number of disciplinary areas and weaves them into a conceptual framework that allows for diagnostic and prescriptive analysis of budgetary pressures within a particular policy/spending area. The framework is also compatible with existing budgetary frameworks and decision-making processes. Through the analysis of the old age pension systems in Australia, Canada and Sweden this thesis makes an important contribution to the understanding of how demographic transition will impact on the future stability of pension schemes. The thesis contends that ageing populations will place significant pressure on each pillar of the pension system to meet its future financial commitments. This pressure will, in turn, have important implications for national budgetary processes and old age pension policy over the coming decades. In particular, governments will be required to implement a range of techniques that sit both within and beyond the traditional bounds of most budget processes. It will be imperative for researchers to explore the complexities and political possibilities of budget reform and to search for ways in which the longer-term needs of society can be adequately satisfied through the budget process.

有關退休基金的運用方式，目前仍由政府統一管理與支配，並未引進企業化經營理念與市場競爭機制，投資方式不但易受官僚體系及政治因素干擾，且很難有傑出表現。而有效的管理運用龐大的退休基金，以及適當的委託專業機構進行管理，乃國內三大退休基金管理單位刻不容緩的改進議題。本研究將針對退撫基金目前所具有的委託經營管理辦法與自行經營之法令要求架構下，探討委外經營與否對於退休基金所產生的影響；並且依據退休基金成長型態之三大階段，分別探討其委託經營方式與基金之選擇，最後再建議退休基金經營管理尚可改進之處。 本研究的內容與流程主要為：（1）分別就退休金體系、計畫、管理與運用原則、管理型態，以及我國退休基金制度與管理發展現況與未來趨勢加以分析。（2）退休基金投資政策與資產配置策略之探討。（3）退休基金委外經營之探討。（4）退休基金資產配置之實證研究與設計。（5）資產配置之結果與分析。除對委外經營前的資產配置進行分析與說明外，並對退休基金成長型態設計一套委外經營之方式與配置策略。（6）提出本研究之研究結論及意見。 本研究結論為：（1）在自行經營下的資產配置，如能增加放款一項確能使效率前緣向外擴展。（2）從自行經營的效率觀點來看，退休基金要達成法定收益率標準只要投資於債券與少許的股票市場即可輕易達成。如以退撫基金設定的精算目標報酬12％，則只要將資金一半投入於債市，另一半投入於股市即可達成。且再提升投資目標報酬要求下之投資組合不過是債券與證券間配置比例的轉換而已。（3）自行經營法令限制下，在股票投資比重上仍可再增加，而在購買債券上比重也應再增加；反而是不應購買過多的商業票券。（4）在退休基金年輕階段，以委託積極成長風格的基金為配適對象，確能達到高度投資報酬水準。在配置內容上，只要維持20％左右的委外經營比重，其餘資產投入債市即可。當進入成熟階段，委託經營佔兩成左右，其餘投入債市即可。在衰退階段，委託管理比重以三成為原則，其他仍以債券操作為自行管理內容；但在委外部分以平衡型基金為主。（5）如果限制流動性資產最低水準，則發現增加流動性要求不會增加過多風險，並可維持委託經營比重，可符合保本保息的要求。

本論文主題為退休給付的會計處理，而內容共分六章。第一章：說明論文的研究動機、研究目的、及論文架構。第二章：首先概述退休計劃的演進、性質、類別，然後介紹美國退休會計準則自APB No.8至SFAS No.106 間的演進，最後再介紹英國及加拿大的退休給付會計準則。第三章：介紹退休金（Pension ）會計的處理，主要分成退休金成本、資產負債及附註揭露三方面來討論。退休金成本主要探討退休金成本各項組成分子的性質，及其認列、衡量與會計處理。資產負債方面則是以計劃資產的評估、退休金負債的衡量，及其資產負債的認列與會計處理。而附註揭露方面分成準則規定的揭露事項及其他建議的揭露事項兩方面說明。本章主要以美國SFAS No.87的準則為討論主題，而另外以英國 SSAP24的規定作為比較說明。第四章：介紹退休後給付（Postretirement Benefits ）會計的處理，亦分成退休後給付成本、資產負債及揭露事項三方面說明，但因退休金與退休後給付二者性質不同，而二者的會計處理頗多相同，故本章探討針對會計處理不同處、及相同處但因性質不同而產生之不適當加以說明。第五章：介紹我國退休金的會計處理。因現行退休金會計實務與法令規定習習相關，故先說明我國退休金制度相關法令，再介紹現今實務作法及其缺失，最後再說明我國第十八號財務會計準則公報的制訂及其施行時可能遭遇的問題。第六章：結論與建議。

綜觀世界各國之企業退休年金制度，都有著非常悠久之歷史，尤其是愈先 進之國家，其制度愈是更加之完善，而我國雖正由開發中國家邁向已開發 國家之林，然而卻在企業退休年金制度上遲遲無法發展，而從我國目前之 人口、經濟及社會變動情形，可獲知我國對此制度正迫切需要。因此本論 文，乃著手探討如何去建立我國企業退休年金制度，以期作為主政者在未 來實施此制度之參考。全文共分六章十六節，其略述如下：第一章 緒論 。係就研究動機、目的、方法、範圍及內容做一概述。第二章 企業退休 年金制度之基本理論。針對理論概念、內容及制度之建立做一探討。第三 章 美、中、日三國企業退休年金制度之發展與現況。乃對美、日、中三 國之制度狀況加以介紹，以作為我國未來建制之參考。第四章 我國企業 退休年金業務開辦之可行性分析。其內容包括退休一次金、退休年金、課 稅環境分析及退休基金業務之檢討分析。第五章 我國企業退休年金制度 未來之具體作法。乃對我國未來制度之努力方向、策略方向及具體作法， 提出個人之淺見，以茲作為主政者之參考。第六章 結論與建議。

退休制度在人類壽命因醫療科技的發展而延長的現今漸形重要，退休制度若未能妥善保障老年生活，勢必會造成整體的社會問題。除了政府為主的社會安全制度，尚有以企業建立的退休金制度，而我國企業退休金制度主要為勞工退休金條例規範，即勞退新制。而勞退休自立法以來便爭論不斷，是必有所不完整之處。 　　我國對於企業年金制度之研究多以法律或風險管理之角度切入，而本研究欲以法社會學之角度研究美國企業年金制度以試圖了解企業年金制度之發展與運作。 　　本研究採用文獻分析法與比較研究法兩種方式，蒐集、整理並分析美國企業退休金制度之原始資料，以敘述性、回顧性之方式作一歸納探討。並在文末以我國制度之立法契機、基礎法令、解決方式、適用對象、保障範圍以及勞資政三方角色作比較，以探討兩國之間的差異。 　　本研究認為美國與我國企業退休金根本的差異在於自願性與強制性，也因此形成後續制度之間的差異。美國自願性的退休金制度在歷經歷史的檢驗下，最後以既得權的賦與、禁止歧視規定、信託責任、計畫終止保險等方式來解決其原本之缺陷。然我國對於勞工退休金條例的改革聲浪就某種角度來說也是因為強制提撥而形成。進而本研究於文末所提出之兩個建議改革方向便是1.傾向私人年金化2.傾向社會保險化。試圖能解決目前國內學者對於政府侵害人民財產權以及以基金管理作為政治操弄手段之疑慮。

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Retirement income policy in Australia has undergone significant changes over the last two decades, including the introduction of the Superannuation Guarantee [SG] with mandatory contributions in 1992 and the 2007 superannuation changes with the benefit tax abolition. Numerical implications of adopted pension reforms and reform proposals such as further increases in the SG contribution rate, changes to superannuation taxation and to means-testing of the age pension have been examined mainly by micro-simulation models. These models, often criticized for their lack of theoretical content, provide an incomplete picture of pension policy effects because of no or limited behavioural responses to underlying policy changes. In this thesis, models based on the life-cycle theory of saving pioneered by Modigliani and Brumberg (1954) are applied to simulate behavioural, welfare and macroeconomics effects of proposed changes to Australia’s pension policy. In particular, this thesis develops the following computable models: a life-cycle, single household model, a partial equilibrium, household model and a general equilibrium model with overlapping generations [OLG]. The single household model describes lifetime behaviour of the utility-maximising single household with uncertain lifespan. The model features perfect capital markets, endogenous labour supply and retirement decisions, and it incorporates main aspects of Australia’s pension and income tax policy settings. The simulated policy changes are (i) increase in the SG contribution rate, (ii) superannuation tax changes and (iii) abolition of the age pension means test. The results indicate higher retirement consumption and welfare gains from all the analysed pension policy changes. Partial equilibrium and general equilibrium models introduced in this thesis are built on lifetime behaviour of the single household. Both models distinguish many generations of households by age and, therefore, are capable of studying behavioural and welfare effects of policy changes for different generations. The partial equilibrium model examines behaviour of the household sector in the environment of the fixed factor prices. It is shown, for instance, that welfare gains from the investigated pension policy changes are not uniformly distributed across generations. The general equilibrium OLG model extends the partial equilibrium analyses by incorporating production, government and foreign sectors in addition to household and pension sectors. The model is a small open economy version of Auerbach and Kotlikoff’s (1987) OLG model. The simulation results are significantly different from those in the partial equilibrium framework, driven mainly by the changes in aggregate labour supply. For instance, the higher SG rate policy increases aggregate assets and saving. However, the saving increases are exported abroad rather than invested in the domestic capital stock. Hence, the implications of this policy change for the capital stock and output are minimal. Younger cohorts and future born generations experience consumption and welfare gains but older cohorts are negatively affected by a higher consumption tax rate resulting from this hypothetical policy change.