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Cette thèse entreprend d’examiner les transformations du recrutement du personnel politique socialiste de la fin du XIXe siècle à 2012 en établissant le passage d’une logique sociale à une logique politique du renouvellement des élus et cadres partisans à partir des années 1990. Sur la base d’une enquête de terrain croisant plusieurs méthodes (entretiens, observations, archives et base de données prosopographiques), cette recherche montre, dans une première partie, les filières sociales de renouvellement du personnel politique socialiste de la fin du XIXe siècle jusqu’en 1990. En changeant de jeu d’échelle, la seconde partie révèle la dévaluation des ressources des groupes mobilisés en 1971 (enseignants laïcs et catholiques de gauche) à partir des années 1990. Enfin, la dernière partie s’attache à démontrer en quoi la réévaluation des ressources politiques et partisanes transforme le recrutement et renouvelle le capital politique des élus. / This PhD dissertation examines the transformations in the recruitment of the French Socialist Party’s (PS) political personnel from the late nineteenth century to 2012. It shows how social logics of recruitment have been replaced by political ones, with a significant renewal of the party’s elected representatives and executives in the 1990s. The research is based on extensive fieldwork combining quantitative and qualitative methods (interviews, participant observation, archival work and prosopography). The first part describes the social rationales at work in the renewal of the PS’s political personnel from the late nineteenth century to the 1990s. The second part examines in closer detail the devaluation of the mobilized groups’ resources during the 1990s. Finally, the third and last part demonstrates how the reevaluation of political and party resources has transformed the recruitment and changed the elected representatives’ political capital.

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The Chassidic Chabad movement is one of Judaism’s most successful and influential groups interms of missionary presence around the world and distributed missionary material online.Chabad’s final Rebbe is still regarded by his followers to be the long-awaited final redeemerand Messiah, despite his clinical death in 1994. The aim of this study is to describe how theChabad-followers, through the movement’s publications, maintain the belief in the Rebbe asthe Jewish Messiah, and the theological interpretive tools utilized in order to ‘survive’ as aunited movement. The study indicates that Chabad is still a united and radical messianicmovement, wherein, internal theological mechanisms interpret the Rebbe as corporally alivebut concealed by illusion, and will soon be revealed or imminently resurrected to complete theredemption of the world. The study also discusses the movement’s extreme right-wingedpolitical stance in regards to the ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict, the movement’s Holocausttheology as means to further understand how the group ‘survived’ the cognitive dissonance thedeath of the Rebbe created and the theological similarities between Chabad and earlyChristianity. / Den Chassidiska Chabadrörelsen är en av judendomens mest framgångsrika och inflytesrikanya religiösa rörelser när det gäller missionär närvaro runt om i världen och missionärt materialonline. Chabads sista Rebbe anses av hans anhängare att vara världens sista försonare ochMessias, trots hans uppenbara kliniska död år 1994. Denna studie beskriver hurChabadanhängare, genom rörelsens egna tryckta och online publikationer, upprätthåller tron påRebbe som den judiska messias och de teologiska tolkningsverktyg som rörelsen använder föratt ‘överleva’ som en enad grupp. Studien indikerar att Chabadrörelsen, ändå till våra dagar, ärenad och radikal-messianistisk där man genom interna teologiska mekanismer tolkar Rebbensom levande i materiell kropp, gömd genom illusion men snart uppenbarad eller snartåteruppväckt från de fysiskt döda och i båda fallen för att fullgöra världens försoning där Gudförsonar människan i den materiella världen. Studien diskuterar också rörelsens extremahögerpolitik, i synnerhet när det gäller Israel-Palestina konflikten och förintelseteologi som ettsätt att vidare förstå hur gruppen ‘överlevde’ den kognitiva dissonansen Rebbens död skapadei termer av misslyckad profetia och de teologiska likheterna mellan Chabadrörelsen och tidigkristendom.Nyckelord: NRR,

Often pointed to as the region’s model secular state, Turkey provides an instructive case study in how nationalism, in the name of conjuring ‘unity’, often produces the opposite effect. Indeed, the production of nationalism can create fractures amongst, as well as politicize, certain segments of a population, such as minority groups and women. This dissertation examines the long-term and present-day impacts on nationalist unity of a largely understudied event, the annexation of the border-city of Antakya from Syria in 1939, and its implications on the Arab Alawite population. In doing so, it deconstructs the dominant Turkish narrative on the annexation, rewrites the narrative drawing on oral history from the ground, and it shows how nation-building is a masculinist project that relies on powerfully gendered language through studying the national archives. The heart of the project, however, remains the investigation of the political, social, and religious subjectivity of Arab Alawite women, with an emphasis on resistance to the structures and practices sustained by the state and patriarchy. The Arab Alawites, once numerically dominant in the Antakya region, are now an ethno-religious minority group within the Turkish/Sunni-dominated state structure. Although Antakya was the last territory to join Turkey in 1939, ever since that time many of its Alawites have resisted assimilation through covert, yet peaceful, methods. Through this research, I show that a multiplicity of forces have increased the politicization of the Antiochian Alawite community and broadened their demands upon the Turkish state. My research highlights Alawite women’s leadership as a key driver of this process, thanks to the large-scale out migration of Alawite men, the increased socio-economic independence of Alawite women, and the perception of more progressive gender ideals being held by the members of this Muslim sect, when compared to those of nearby Sunni Turkish women. This dissertation relies on a postcolonial and feminist geopolitical analysis of the Turkish nationalist project to examine how the Turkish state has historically viewed Antakya and the Arab Alawites and how, in return, the experience and collective social and political memory of Alawites was formed. By utilizing innovative methodologies, this research shows how Alawite women are resisting/rewriting/reconfiguring political and social structures through everyday actions that shift the discourse on minorities and women on local and national scales.

This thesis is a translation of a chapter that examines the role of Muslim women in politics during the early Islamic period and their engagement with religious and political discourses. This subject raises a combination of provocative challenges for Islamic discourse as Muslim women have had a complex relationship with their religious tradition dating back to the very inception of Islam. Despite Qur’ānic injunctions and Prophetic affirmations of the egalitarian status of Muslim women, social inequality and injustice directed at women remains a persistent problem in Muslim society. In the translated text Abū Shaqqah goes about re-invoking the normative tradition in order to affirm the role of Muslim women in politics. Furthermore the translation is prefaced by a critical introduction outlining the contours of the 20th century landscape, which attempts to describe the struggle of Muslim women in Abū Shaqqah’s time. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Arabic)

Le Partido Verde brésilien, le Partido Ecologista chilien et le Proyecto Sur argentin sont des partis politiques appartenant à la mouvance des partis verts ou de tendance écologiste. Ils constituent, dans leurs pays respectifs, des forces politiques nouvelles, qui entendent se distinguer par l’affirmation d’une identité particulière, fondée sur la place centrale accordée à la protection de l’environnement et au développement durable ainsi que sur la volonté de « faire de la politique autrement ». Si les membres de ces partis estiment ainsi se démarquer de la gauche, ils s’en rapprochent néanmoins par les idées qu’ils défendent en matière sociétale, mais aussi en matière économique et sociale. Ils participent ainsi au mouvement plus vaste de recomposition de la gauche et se trouvent en concurrence avec les autres forces de gauche, dont ils partagent l’électorat. Ces trois partis ont émergé, dans un contexte de renouvellement démocratique, en lien avec les acteurs de la société civile. Ils continuent à entretenir des liens étroits avec le monde associatif, syndical et artistique. Leur organisation est fondée sur un modèle basé sur des principes démocratiques tels que le pluralisme, la représentativité, la territorialité. Néanmoins, comme leurs homologues d’Europe occidentale et d’Europe centrale et orientale, ils font face à la difficulté de mettre effectivement ces principes en œuvre dans leur fonctionnement quotidien et sont confrontés à un phénomène de concentration du pouvoir à la tête du parti. Si le Partido Eccologista chilien, le Partido Verde brésilien et le Proyecto Sur argentin ont chacun su occuper un espace jusqu’alors vacant sur la scène politique de leur pays respectif, leurs perspectives d’évolution et de développement demeurent incertaines. / The Partido Verde from Brazil, the Partido Ecologista from Chile and the Proyecto Sur from Argentina are political parties belonging to the movement of green or ecologist parties. They represent, in each country, new political forces which aim at differentiating themselves through a particular identity, built on the focus on sustainable development and the strong will to do politics in a new fashion. Members of those three political parties believe they are apart from left-wing activists. Nevertheless, they do share similar ideas, regarding societal issues, as well as economic and social questions. These parties appeared in a particular context, influenced by democratic renewal, in connection with civil society activists. They continue to keep strong ties with associations, unions, and artistic movements. Their organisation is based on democratic principles such as pluralism, representativeness and territoriality. However, like their European counterparts, they have trouble applying these principles in actual fact. They also face the issue of monopolized power by party leaders. The Partido Verde, the Partido Ecologista and the Proyecto Sur were able to fill a political vacuum in their respective countries, yet their prospects in terms of electoral success remain uncertain.

Cette thèse considère l'importance de la mémoire et de l'autofiction dans l'œuvre littéraire et cinématographique des enfants de militants politiques en Argentine pendant les années soixante-dix. L'analyse se concentre sur le documentaire Los rubios (2003) d'Albertina Carri, et sur les romans Los topos (2014) de Féliz Bruzzone et La casa de los conejos (2008) de Laura Alcoba. Ces auteurs, mais aussi d’autres auteurs de la même génération et des enfants de militants, abordent le passé de la dernière dictature (1976-1983) en se concentrant sur le personnage du « disparu ». En même temps, ils deviennent protagonistes de leurs propres histoires. La mémoire de membres de leurs familles et de survivants est nécessaire pour que les auteurs de ces œuvres sachent ce qui est arrivé à leurs parents disparus. L'autofiction devient une nécessité pour pouvoir élaborer leurs narrations, dans lesquelles se confondent la fiction, les faits réels et les données biographiques. L'autofiction des auteurs étudiés ici se distingue de l'autofiction canonique par un pacte de lecture différent. L'analyse tourne autour des concepts de mémoire et d'histoire, ce qui permet de voir la spécificité et la singularité avec laquelle les auteurs abordent le passé. L'œuvre culturelle, littéraire ou cinématographique, se constitue dans ces travaux comme un espace dans lequel le trauma est réélaboré. La remise en question de la mémoire du militantisme, les décisions des parents, la recherche de la propre identité, l'apparition de voix antérieurement ignorées ou peu écoutées sont des aspects qui apparaissent dans ces narrations. À travers leurs œuvres, les enfants de militants et/ou de disparus ont ouvert d'autres voies d'interprétation de la période la plus tragique de l'histoire argentine, en représentant d'autres mémoires et en évoquant un passé sur lequel tout n’a pas encore été dit. / This thesis considers the importance of memory and autofiction in the literary and audiovisual work produced by the children of the 1970´s Argentinian political activists. Our analysis comprises the documentary Los rubios (2003) by Albertina Carri, the novels Los topos (2014) by Félix Bruzzone, and La casa de los conejos (2008) by Laura Alcoba. These authors, along with others from their generation who also had activist parents, reflect on the events that took place during the last Argentinian dictatorship (1976-1983) by focusing on the figure of the desaparecido (the missing person). At the same time, these authors present themselves as the protagonists of their own stories. The memories of family members and of political survivors become an instrumental tool for the authors to understand the fate of their missing parents. For these authors, autofiction becomes necessary if they are to elaborate their narratives, which merge fiction, biographical experiences and historical events. The autofictional work of the authors we study here proposes a different reading contract from the one usually established by canonical autofiction. Our analysis delves into issues related to memory and history, which reveal the specific and original way in which these works consider the past. Cultural, literary or audiovisual works become a space for the working through of historical trauma. These narratives problematize the past, questioning the memory of 1970s political activism, doubting their parents´ decisions, searching for their own identities, and include voices that had been previously ignored. Through their work, the children of political activists and/or missing persons have opened new ways of considering one of the most tragic periods of Argentinian history, representing other memories and recalling a past about which not all has been told. / Esta tesis considera la importancia de la memoria y de la autoficción en la obra literaria y cinematográfica de hijos de militantes políticos de la Argentina de los años setenta. El análisis se centra en el documental Los rubios (2003) de Albertina Carri, y en las novelas Los topos (2014) y La casa de los conejos (2008) de Féliz Bruzzone y Laura Alcoba, respectivamente. Estos autores, junto a otros de la misma generación y también hijos de militantes, abordan el pasado de la última dictadura (1976-1983) centrándose en la figura del desaparecido. Lo hacen, además, como protagonistas de sus propias historias. La memoria de familiares y sobrevivientes resulta necesaria para que los autores de las obras sepan qué ocurrió con sus padres desaparecidos. La autoficción se torna una necesidad para poder elaborar sus narraciones, en las que convergen ficción, hechos reales y datos biográficos. Las autoficciones de los autores estudiados aquí se distinguen de las autoficciones canónicas por el diferente pacto de lectura que en ellas subyace. El análisis gira en torno a los conceptos de memoria e historia, lo cual permite ver la especifidad y singularidad con la que abordan el pasado. La obra cultural, literaria o cinematográfica, se constituye en estos trabajos como un espacio en que se reelabora el trauma. El cuestionamiento a la memoria de la militancia, a las decisiones de los padres, la búsqueda de la propia identidad, la aparición de voces antes ignoradas o poco escuchadas son aspectos que, en mayor o menos medida, son evidentes en estas narraciones. A través de sus obras, los hijos de militantes y/o desaparecidos han abierto otras vías de interpretación del periodo más trágico de la historia argentina, representando otras memorias y evocando un pasado sobre el que todavía no está todo dicho.

This thesis explores the role of rap music as a platform for articulating anti-government discourse in Turkey between 2014 and 2019. Employing Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA) to examine two specific rap songs from the period – Rant Hilafeti (The Caliphate of Profit) by Ozbi and #SUSAMAM (#ICANNOTBESILENT) by Şanışer and eighteen other artists –, the study delves into how the various commodities forming rap music – lyrics, visuals, and musical sounds – collaborate to construct and convey this counter-hegemonic narrative. The thesis posits that rap music gained prominence during this period as a powerful tool for dissent, owing to its ability to resonate with marginalised groups and challenge the dominant narratives propagated by the government. Leveraging CDA and MCDA methodologies, the analysis exposes how the songs utilise linguistic, musical, and visual strategies to critique government policies, challenge authority figures, and galvanise resistance among listeners. The findings underscore the significance of rap music as a form of political expression and its influence on public discourse. The analysis highlights rap's capacity to bridge individual experiences with broader societal issues, fostering a sense of collective identity and resistance among marginalised communities. By examining the specific case of rap music, the thesis contributes to a broader understanding of the nexus between music and social movements in the Turkish contemporary political landscapes.

Digital rights activism constitutes an exemplary case of how internet affordances can be mobilised to engender political change. The values and principles stemming from the hacker imaginaire, and free and open source software practices, underpin digital rights activism, which uses the internet as a tool, object and platform for the protection of rights in the digital realm. The analysis focuses on how digital rights activists use and adapt the political affordances of the internet to intervene in European Union policy-making. Two original case studies of internet-based campaigning at the European level (the “No Software Patents” and the “Telecoms package” campaigns) provide in-depth insight into the campaigning processes and their impact upon parliamentary politics. The cases highlight the complementarity of online and offline collective action, by examining processes of open collaboration, information disclosure and internet-assisted lobbying. The success of the “Telecoms package” campaign is then assessed, along with the perspective of the targets: members and staff of the European Parliament.<p><p>The belief in values of freedom, decentralisation, openness, creativity and progress inspires a particular type of activism, which promotes autonomy, participation and efficiency. The empirical evidence suggests that this set of principles can, at times, conflict with practices observed in the field. This has to do with the particular opportunity structure of the European Union and the characteristics of the movement. The EU favours functional integration of civil society actors who are expected to contribute technical and/or legal expertise. This configuration challenges internet-based protest networks that rely on highly independent and fluctuating engagement, and suffer from a lack of diversity and cohesion. The internet does not solve all obstacles to collective action. It provides, however, a networked infrastructure and tools for organising, coordinating and campaigning. Online and offline actions are not only supportive of each other. Internet-based campaigning can be successful once it reaches out beyond the internet, and penetrates the corridors of political institutions.<p> / Doctorat en Information et communication / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished