I deliver an account of 'practical knowledge'; the knowledge we have of our own intentional actions. Part One introduces the target notion by describing three philosophically interesting features it appears to have (Ch. 1) and dismisses two broad approaches to understanding it - a 'consciousness-based' and an 'inferentialist' approach (Ch. 2). A third approach is thus motivated: 'Intentionalist' accounts of practical knowledge see practical knowledge as somehow constituted by the agent's intention. Part Two considers and rejects a version of Intentionalism which I call Cognitivist Intentionalism - CI. Cognitivist Intentionalists think of intentions as a kind of belief. Practical knowledge is constituted by intention in whatever way ordinary knowledge is constituted by belief, but it is a special kind of knowledge because its constituting attitude is special. I dismiss two versions of CI, showing them to be internally problematic (Ch. 3). I then argue that intentions are not propositional attitudes (Ch. 4), thus ruling out any version of CI - if intentions were beliefs they would have to be propositional attitudes. Part Three considers the remaining options for Intentionalism. According to Non-Cognitivist Intentionalism - NCI - practical knowledge is constituted by intentions, which are not a kind of belief, just in case they are executed. NCI happily accommodates practical knowledge's philosophically interesting features. But it is hard to see why executing an intention should constitute knowing, and how a kind of propositional knowledge could be constituted by a non-propositional attitude, which Chapter Four argued intentions to be. Chapter Six develops NCI into the stronger NPI - Non-Propositionalist Intentionalism. In NPI the non-propositional character of intentions is central. Practical knowledge is a kind of propositional knowledge which is constituted by a non-propositional attitude; a kind of knowledge which is not constituted by belief. I explain how this can be.

One of the most important aspects of the American field of International Relations (IR) is the deeply-rooted and broadly shared commitment to a “scientist” understanding of scholarly work. Scientism can be described as an indubitable belief in our ability to produce value-free and non-normative knowledge and in the power of such knowledge to resolve societal problems. Since the mid-20th century, this scientist commitment prevailed in the main approaches and standards guiding the practice of IR scholarship in the United States. One problem with the dominance of scientism is that it reproduces a restrictive view of American IR scholarship. More precisely, the dominance of scientism has not only limited the diversity of methodological and theoretical approaches but, this thesis argues, also restricted American IR scholars’ ability to further different understandings of the legitimate purposes of scholarly work. Following this idea, this thesis endeavors to challenge the dominance of scientism and legitimize alternative forms of scholarship in American IR. More precisely, this thesis advances that American IR scholars’ work is guided by three categories of objectives, that is, the production of scientific knowledge, the application of knowledge and the advancement of critical thinking. To clarify how these three objectives are concretely formulated, the thesis also specifies nine categories of epistemic approaches (e.g. forms of methods and theories) that are associated with scientific, applied and critical objectives. This categorization is conceived as a useful thinking tool for understanding how and why scholarship is generated in American IR. After detailing this categorization, the thesis underlines the specific value and purpose associated with each category of objectives by examining a series of graduate education programs in American IR. This empirical examination concentrates on ten professional M.A. and ten PhD programs offered in elite American universities. Using a discursive analysis of the curriculum and the syllabus of one core course in each program, the thesis discusses how and why scientific, applied and critical objectives are furthered in American IR. It particularly underscores why applied and critical objectives are marginalized across the selected graduate education programs and the benefits associated with these alternative orientations for American IR. In doing so, this thesis helps challenge the dominance of scientism and legitimize other forms of scholarship in American IR.

The purpose of this study is to enlighten the sense and usage of knowledge in the context of social work. The study has a qualitative approach and is based on semi structured interviews with three social workers that are qualified and three other social workers whose work is bases on their experience as a former client. Earlier studies show that social workers in Sweden has mixed feelings about the usage of scientifically approved methods and theories in their practical work. They are more often referring to their individual experience rather than their education as their source of knowledge in their practical work regardless of educational background. My conclusion about the difference between qualified and unqualified social workers is that the educated social workers tend to work in organizations that more often demand a certain view and practical use of knowledge and that often results in trying to express themselves in line with the organization. Therefor it is hard to pinpoint exactly what their true thought about especially practical knowledge as a subject are. What appears to be the case with both qualified and unqualified social workers is that they tend to use themselves and their colleagues as a source of knowledge at the same time as they try to adapt to the cultures of their work. Furthermore, this study brings up relevant aspects of relation, freedom of action and organization and how they in some ways control and form the social work of these six individuals.

Orientador: Renato Eugênio da Silva Diniz / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os fundamentos sócio-históricos e culturais dos saberes práticos sociais do homem amazônico, e buscou identificar suas diferentes formas de viver cotidianamente, verificando se esses saberes estão sendo aproveitados no ensino escolar de ciências dessa comunidade e se contribuem para subsidiar uma proposta pedagógica de ensino de ciências na Escola, enraizado na cultura amazônica. O referido estudo teve como “lócus” observacional da pesquisa a Comunidade do Cajueiro, entreposto pesqueiro situado na Ilha do Mosqueiro, uma das trinta e nove (39) ilhas que circundam a cidade de Belém, capital do Estado do Pará. Na realização da pesquisa foi empregado um conjunto de procedimentos metodológicos, por meio dos quais aprofundamos nossos conhecimentos sobre as práticas sociais dos ribeirinhos, bem como dos sujeitos sociais envolvidos no processo educativo escolar da Comunidade, para que, a partir das ações que realizam em seu mundo de vida, pudéssemos analisar as relações dialéticas que as práticas cotidianas dos ribeirinhos estabelecem com o ensino de ciências na escola. Os resultados obtidos com esta investigação demonstraram que as práticas culturais dos ribeirinhos, seu modo de vida, assim como, suas experiências, não estão sendo aproveitadas pela Escola Pública da Comunidade, assinalando, que há um enorme desencontro entre a educação escolar e a educação não-formal dos ribeirinhos-narradores. Portanto, conclui-se que, além de um ensino de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the socio-historical and cultural foundations of the practical social knowledge of the Amazonian man, and sought to identify his different ways of living daily, verifying whether this knowledge is being used in the science school education of this community and whether it contributes to subsidize a pedagogical proposal for science teaching at the School, rooted in Amazonian culture. This study had as observational “locus” of the research the Cajueiro Community, a fishing warehouse located on the Mosqueiro Island, one of the thirty-nine (39) islands that surround the city of Belem, capital of the State of Pará. a set of methodological procedures was used, through which we deepened our knowledge about the social practices of the riverside residents, as well as the social subjects involved in the school's educational process in the Community, so that, based on the actions they carry out in their world of life, we could analyze the dialectical relations that the daily practices of the riverside people establish with science teaching at school. The results obtained with this investigation demonstrated that the cultural practices of the riverside inhabitants, their way of life, as well as their experiences, are not being used by the Public School of the Community, pointing out that there is a huge mismatch between school education and non-formal education. of the riverside narrators. Therefore, it is concluded that, in addition to teaching Science up... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

“The beautiful, as a complement to the true” A study of the student's learning, participation and development - through dance, rhythmic and music as aesthetic learning processes at the after-school center. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the teachers in after-school centers work with students' learning, development and participation through aesthetic learning processes, and also to investigate how the work looks from a gender equality perspective. My research questions were: How do teachers work with students' learning and participation through aesthetic learning processes such as dance, rhythmic and music in the after-school center? Also: Does it look different when it comes to boys and girls participation in aesthetic learning processes? How and why in such a case? The method I used in my study was a qualitative research study with semi-structured interviews with two teachers in after-school centers and with a dance teacher and a rhythmic and music teacher. In the analysis of my material and as a theoretical perspective, I have used the knowledge forms episteme, techne and fronesis, as well as from a gender equality perspective.The results of the study show that the aesthetically trained teachers had a lot of experience and many thoughts about how to work with learning around aesthetic learning processes and from a subject-integrated way, including through language and mathematics. Unlike afterschool teachers who partly felt that there was a certain resistance or difficulty in working with dance, music and rhythmic as aesthetic learning processes at the after-school center, when the feeling of not feeling comfortable or not having the right knowledge existed. However, the teachers could see great joy and learning in the students in working with the aesthetic forms. Here, the most common aesthetic subject was arts and craft, which they started from at the after-school center. There were also many thoughts and ideas on how the work with dance, rhythmic and music could be developed more at the leisure center. When it comes to looking at it from a gender equality perspective, the answer was largely that the majority of girls choose the activity, but that the desire to work more with a broader gender equality perspective was present in everyone.

There is a new order on the farm, the animals are long since gone, new people have moved in. On a farm in Bergslagen, which is also my home, a barn (or lada in Swedish) stands empty. The original function of this barn, to house a small number of cows and their feed, has been lost. Since moving to the farm, we have asked ourselves how it should be used.  It is here the project I Want to Become a Barn plays out. In my degree project, I explore how to have a dia-logue with the building and how the barn can be approached by starting from its current condition.  The work process is guided by a care for that which has been, where the new has to adapt to the old. The history of the place, the ravages of time, and the forces of gravity are elementary starting points. The project proposes that the building can be made habitable and meet basic everyday needs. When does it stop being a stable for animals and when does it start to become a home for humans?

Detta arbete utgår ifrån den diskussion som förts i det svenska samhället vad gäller förskollärarnas ansvar som synliggjorts i den reviderade läroplanen samt införandet av lärarlegitimation. Arbetet syftar på att förstå, genom kvalitativa intervjuer, vad fyra verksamma pedagoger inom förskolan har för tankar omkring arbetets huvudfrågor: Samarbete, ledarskap och ansvar, erfarenhet och praktisk kunskap samt teoretisk kunskap. Vidare finns viss historik omkring förskolan och förskollärarens bakgrund. Målet med denna undersökning är att lyfta upp frågan om samverkan mellan praktisk kunskap och teoretisk kunskap och diskutera samarbetet mellan yrkesgrupperna samt stärka betydelsen av att inneha båda dessa kunskaper. I resultatdelen ämnas de fyra intervjuade pedagogernas åsikter framföras och sedan diskuteras i förhållande till begreppen och tidigare forskning. Samtliga pedagoger är och har varit aktiva i förskolan under minst fem år. Genom studien har resultatet pekat allt tydligare på att de två förskollärarna och de två barnskötarna har olika syn på de olika arbetsrollerna. Sammanfattningsvis menar jag att förskollärarna verkar tycka att ansvar och ledarskap till viss del är deras uppgifter men att arbetslaget, innefattande både förskollärare och barnskötare, bör samarbeta och man kan ana att de inte vill ta hela ansvaret själva. Barnskötarna, å andra sidan, eftersöker mer ledarskap av förskollärarna och vill att de tar det ansvar som de har utbildning och får lön för. De två barnskötarna är inte lika strikta i sin linje vad gäller rollfördelningen, den ena barnskötaren uttrycker att många pedagoger på förskolan gör ett bra arbete oavsett teoretisk kunskap. Som resultat vill jag lyfta fram att det alltså är de som saknar akademisk utbildning som lyfter fram att det är den teoretiska kunskapen är avgörande för ansvarsbiten. Detta trots att samtliga fyra pedagoger menar att den praktiska kunskapen är viktig. Slutligen innefattar arbetet förslag på vidare studier inom ämnet: då särskilt, varför tycker förskollärarna och barnskötarna i denna undersökning så olika beroende av egen utbildningsgrad? / This study departs from the discussion in Swedish society concerning preschool teachers’ responsibilities as visualized in the revised curriculum and the introduction of teacher license registration.The study is aimed at understanding, through qualitative interviews, what four active pedagogues involved in pre-school feels about the changes, which are this study’s main issues: the concept of cooperation, leadership and responsibility, experience and practical knowledge and theoretical knowledge. Further, there is some history about kindergarten and preschool teachers’ background. The purpose of this study is to highlight the issue of interaction between practical knowledge and theoretical knowledge as well as the cooperation of the people involved in preschool.The results section is dealing with the four pedagogues, who are and have been active in pre-school for at least five years, to be presented and then discussed in relation to the concepts and previous research. The study results have indicated more clearly that the two preschool teachers and the two childminders have different views on the differing roles. In sum I believe that preschool teachers find that responsibility and leadership in some way lies on their shoulders, but they’re pointing more to the team, including both preschool teachers and childcare workers, for cooperation. You can sense that they do not want to take full responsibility themselves. Childcare workers are on the other hand looking for more leadership from the preschool teachers and expect that they should take the responsibility they have been educated and are paid for. The two childcare workers are not as strict in the terms of roles. One of them expresses that many teachers in the preschool are doing a good job regardless of theoretical knowledge. As a result, I would highlight that it is the pedagogues without theoretical knowledge that emphasizes that theoretical knowledge is crucial for the responsibility part, despite the fact that all four teachers believe that practical knowledge is important. Finally, this study includes suggestions for further studies in the subject: on particular, why do preschool teachers and childcare workers in this study feel so different depending on their own level of education?

Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska vad rollen som resurspedagog i en inkluderande förskoleverksamhet innebär. Denna roll ser olika ut beroende på vilket behov av särskilt stöd barnet i fråga är i. Därför utgår uppsatsen från författarens roll i sitt dagliga arbete med Molly, ett barn med diagnos inom autismspektrumet. Essän börjar med två självupplevda berättelser där resurspedagogen hamnar i situationer där agerandet inte är självklart. Utifrån dessa berättelser följer en reflektion över varför resurspedagogen agerade som den gjorde, vilka alternativ till agerande var möjliga och vad de olika scenarierna hade kunnat betyda för Molly. Frågeställningarna som besvaras i essän är först vad inkludering innebär och vad det har inneburit för Molly och hennes resurspedagog. Därefter besvaras frågan om hurresurspedagogens roll i en inkluderande verksamhet kan se ut och vilka krav som kommer med rollen. Slutligen besvaras frågan om vilka pedagogiska utmaningar som kan uppstå för en resurspedagog till ett barn med diagnos inom autismspektrumet i en inkluderande verksamhet. Uppsatsen är skriven i vetenskaplig essäform vilket betyder att reflektioner över resurspedagogens egen erfarenhet blandas med en diskussion av vetenskaplig litteratur. Reflektionsdelen inleds med en redogörelse för diagnosen autism och vad den praktiskt innebär för rollen som resurspedagog. Detta för att samarbetet med habiliteringen och den föreskrivna träningen utgör sådan stor del av rollen. Därefter fortsätter texten med att besvara ovan nämnda frågeställningar.

I förskolans verksamhet hörs ofta frasen ”nej du får inte vara med” från barnen. I mångas öron låter det negativt. Jag beskriver ett dilemma där jag hör detta och ställer mig på barnets sida som får detta sagt till sig. Med min makt som pedagog bestämmer jag att barnet visst får vara med. Barnen som först sagt ”Nej” ändrar sig sedan och låter barnet få vara med ändå. Jag reflekterar och ifrågasätter mitt handlande och förhållningssätt. Gjorde jag rätt som stöttade barnet in i en lek eller avbröt jag de andra barnens lek?   Metoden jag använder är essä, i vilken jag skriver om barns rätt till lek. Genom det interaktionistiska perspektivet och min praktiska kunskap reflekterar jag över vilka rättigheter och skyldigheter barn har till varandra. Därav har jag undersökt bland annat hur kamratkulturer uppstår, vilka faktorer som bidrar till att barn exkluderas i lek och om barns lekstrategier. Essän behandlar även frågor kring etik och normer. Herbert Mead, William Corsaro och Eva Johansson är några av de personer som essän inspirerats av i de teoretiska utgångspunkterna. Med hjälp av teoretikerna och egen reflektion belyser jag dilemmat ur mitt perspektiv och ur barnens perspektiv. Syftet med essän är att reflektera över min huvudfråga som är ”Vilka rättigheter har barn till sin egen lek i förskolan?”. Det som jag har kommit fram till är att barn har rättigheter men även skyldigheter till sina kamrater i leken. Rättigheter där barnen ser sig själva ur sitt eget perspektiv men även skyldigheter att se andras känslor ur ett annat perspektiv, till exempel genom empati. / In preschool you often hear the phrase ”no you can’t play with us” from the children. For many people it often sounds negative. I will describe a dilemma where I hear this and choose to stand on the side of the child  who does not get to play with the others. With my power as a preschool teacher I will decide that this child must be allowed to play along. The children who first said ”No” changes their minds and decide to allow the other child to play with then. I reflect and question my actions and my way of approach. Where my actions right by supporting the child into a game, or did I interrupt the other childrens play? The method I choose to write in, about childrens right to play, is essay. By the interactionistic perspective and through my practical knowledge I reflect about the rights and the obligations that children have to each other when they play. Therefore I have been researching on how peer culture arise in the preschool, the factors that prevent children from being excluded from the play and about childrens strategies of playing. The essay also examines questions about ethics and standards. Herbert Mead, William Corsaro and Eva Johansson are some of the people from the theoretical approach, in which the essay is inspired by. With the help of theories and self-reflection I will highlight the dilemma from my perspective and from childrens perspective. The purpose of the essay is to reflect on my main question, which is ”What rights do children have when they want to be apart of a play, in the preschool?” My conclusion with this essay is that when children are playing they have rights, but they also have obligations to their friends. Rights where children see themselves from their own perspective, but also obligations to ensure feelings of others, from a different perspective, for example through empathy.

Syftet med denna essä är att undersöka ansvarsbegreppet, främst vad det gäller barns personliga ansvar. Detta genom att gestalta två egenupplevda händelser och använda dessa berättelser som utgångspunkt för att pröva mina erfarenheter gentemot, för mig, nya perspektiv. Mina frågeställningar är: Vad är ansvar? Vad är det för ansvar eleverna ska utveckla enligt styrdokument och forskning? Hur kan jag hitta ett fungerande förhållningssätt till mina elever vad det gäller deras personliga och individuella ansvarsutveckling? Hur kan ansvar tolkas i förhållande till begreppet mentalisering? Hur kan jag förstå ansvarsdiskursen i ett samtida ideologiskt perspektiv? De perspektiv och teorier jag använt mig av är bland andra psykoterapeuten Jesper Juuls distinktion mellan personligt och socialt ansvar, mentalisering, filosoferna Jean-Paul Sartre och Ann Heberleins existentialistiska grepp på ansvar i förhållande till individens frihet. Vad jag kommit fram till är bland annat att dagens samhälle ställer höga krav på människans förmåga att navigera och handla i ansvarighet. Jag som lärare ställs inför att stärka elevernas förmåga till mentalisering, agens och stötta dem i utvecklingen mot framtidens samhällsborgare. / The purpose of this essay is to examine the concept of responsibility, mainly in terms of human responsibility among primary school children. Through two narratives based on my experience working as a teacher at leisure-time centers for school children, I am analyzing the concept of responsibility and what it means to me in my daily work. The perspectives and theories I have used include psychotherapist Jesper Juul's distinction between personal and social responsibility, mentalization and the philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre and Ann Heberleins existentialist approach. My conclusions are that the world of today places high demands on the human ability to navigate as moral beings. As a teacher I am faced with the task to strengthen the students' ability of mentalization and agency and support them in their development to become future citizens.