As Unidades de Conservação (UCs) urbanas vêm sendo pressionadas e ameaçadas por atividades antrópicas, resultando em novos desafios de gestão e governança. Desse modo, buscou-se analisar os procedimentos utilizados para mitigação das principais pressões e ameaças em UCs urbanas e identificar as principais variáveis que interferem no alcance dos seus objetivos. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com as equipes de gestão de UCs urbanas nacionais (Parques Estaduais do Jaraguá e Cantareira, Estações Ecológicas de Ribeirão Preto e Assis) e internacionais (Sítios Natura 2000 Lendspitz-Maiernigg, Sonian Forest e Parque Nacional Zuid-Kennemerland), onde foram avaliadas as principais pressões e ameaças enfrentadas por essas áreas, bem como as ações de conservação que vem sendo adotadas. As entrevistas foram direcionadas por questões adaptadas da Metodologia RAPPAM (Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management) e para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a técnica Análise de Conteúdo. Além das entrevistas, foram analisadas as orientações e melhores práticas propostas pela IUCN (União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza), instituição reconhecida internacionalmente por propor recomendações relevantes para áreas protegidas mundiais. Os resultados indicam uma série de pressões e ameaças comuns aos sete casos de estudos (e.g. desenvolvimento urbano do entorno; estradas e rodovias), bem como pressões e ameaças que ocorrem somente nos casos de estudos nacionais (e.g. incêndios florestais e ocupações ilegais;) e internacionais (transmissão de doenças entre animais silvestres). Também observou-se que todas as equipes de gestão buscaram implementar procedimentos para mitigação em seus territórios, tais como ações de: proteção (e.g. fiscalização e monitoramento); manejo (e.g. controle de espécies exóticas invasoras); operacionalização (e.g. articulação com diferentes instituições); integração (e.g. sensibilização ambiental); uso público (e.g. atividades turísticas de baixo impacto ambiental); e conhecimento (e.g. promoção de pesquisas científicas). As principais variáveis que prejudicam o cumprimento dos seus objetivos são: recursos humanos e financeiros insuficientes, baixa transparência e participação social nos processos de tomada de decisão. Observa-se que a IUCN propõem cinco princípios para uma boa governança (i.e. legitimidade e voz; direção; desempenho; responsabilidade e equidade e direitos) e diversas práticas para uma gestão adequada (e.g. promover uma gestão dinâmica, ativa e planejada, seguindo concepções racionais, adaptativas e participativas). Desse modo, conclui-se que os responsáveis pelas UCs urbanas devem promover o empoderamento dos conselhos, para que estes funcionem adequadamente como fóruns de discussão e participação, bem como devem integrar essas áreas com seus territórios, através de legislações e diretrizes específicas. A adoção de práticas de governança e gestão adequadas, exequíveis, dinâmicas e participativas em UCs urbanas, são fundamentais para a manutenção de ecossistemas saudáveis, os quais formam a espinha dorsal de um futuro mais sustentável. Além disso, para o cumprimento das propostas discutidas, entende-se como imprescindível que as autoridades governamentais incorporem em suas legislações a definição de UCs urbanas, reconhecendo a sua importância e garantindo com que estas áreas recebam maiores atenções / Urban protected areas (PAs) have been under pressure and threatened by anthropic activities, resulting in new management and governance challenges.Thus, we aimed to analyze the procedures used to mitigate the main pressures and threats in urban PAs and to identify the main variables that interfere with the achievement of their objectives. Therefore, we did semi-structured interviews with the management staff of national (State Parks Jaraguá and Cantareira and Ecological Stations of Ribeirão Preto and Assis) and international urban PAs (Natura 2000 Sites Lendspitz-Maiernigg, Sonian Forest and National Park Zuid-Kennemerland). We evaluated, together with their staff, the main pressures and threats faced by the PAs, as well as we analyzed the conservation actions they adopted. The interviews were directed by questions adapted from the Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) Methodology, and to analyze the data we used the Content Analysis technique. In addition to the interviews, we analyzed the guidelines for best practices proposed by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), an internationally recognized institution for proposing relevant recommendations to global protected areas. The results indicate a series of pressures and threats common to the seven PAs (e.g. urban development and establishment of roads and highways), as well as pressures and threats found only in the national PAs (e.g. forest fires and illegal occupations) and in the international PAs (e.g. transmission of diseases between wild animals). It was also noted that all case studies adopted six types of conservation actions, such as: protection (e.g. surveillance and monitoring); management (e.g. control of invasive alien species); operationalization (e.g. articulation with different institutions); integration (e.g. environmental awareness); public use (e.g. promotion of tourism and recreational activities of low environmental impact); and knowledge (e.g. promotion of scientific research). The main variables that undermine the fulfillment of urban PAs objectives are insufficient human and financial resources, low transparency and social participation in decision-making processes. We observed that IUCN proposes five principles for good governance (i.e. legitimacy and voice, direction, performance, accountability, equity and rights) and various practices for appropriate management (e.g. promote a dynamic, active and planned management, following rational, adaptive and participative conceptions). Thus, we concluded that those responsible for urban PAs should promote the empowerment of their councils, so that they function properly as discussion forums, as well as must integrate these areas with their territories, through specific legislation. The adoption of appropriate, feasible, dynamic and participatory governance and management practices in urban PAs are fundamental to the maintenance of healthy ecosystems, which form the backbone of a more sustainable future. In addition, to achieve the proposals discussed, it is essential that government authorities incorporate into their legislation the definition of urban PAs, recognizing their importance and ensuring that these areas receive greater attention

Given the ongoing biodiversity decline during a time of Indigenous resurgence, Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs) are garnering interest from the academic community, Indigenous and state governments, and protected area practitioners. Though Indigenous forms of land and sea protection have existed for millennia, these actors are exploring how IPCA development and support can meet needs to protect biodiversity and respect Indigenous rights and roles in conservation. My main research objective was to advance academic and practical applications of IPCAs by drawing from global IPCA research while assisting the Kitasoo/Xai’xais Nation’s IPCA planning process. I investigated two research questions: 1. What are the key successes, challenges, and lessons from IPCA research globally? 2. What can we learn from the Kitasoo/Xai’xais Nation’s rationale and process for developing an IPCA? To answer my first question, I reviewed 58 papers, describing 86 specific IPCA initiatives involving at least 68 Indigenous Peoples across 25 countries. Indigenous Peoples established IPCAs independently and through local- and broad-scale partnerships. Where state IPCA support existed, it was through formal legislation, agreements, and policies, and informally through local relationships and shared values. IPCAs created socio-cultural, political, and ecological benefits. Challenges limited benefits while demanding additional resources for mitigation. I recommend that states and other external actors create/improve IPCA policies, legislations, and resources as defined by Indigenous Peoples; facilitate Indigenous leadership to shape external IPCA establishment and development mechanisms; and create internal Indigenous engagement/partnerships mechanisms. I suggest that Indigenous Peoples would benefit from building partnerships to support and manage their IPCAs. Finally, I recommend that IPCA managers commit more resources, particularly in monitoring and management that integrates management priorities with local and larger scale social-environmental issues. To answer my second question, in collaboration with the Kitasoo/Xai’xais Nation, we used participatory action research to assist efforts to plan a land-and-sea IPCA in Kitasoo/Xai’xais Territory. Together, we used mixed methods to summarize the Nation’s rationale and process. IPCA development is an iteration of ongoing efforts to address limitations of state protected areas to better reflect Kitasoo/Xai’xais rights and responsibilities while preserving culture, biodiversity, and economic opportunity. The Kitasoo/Xai’xais process is rooted in long-term Territory planning and contemporary stewardship capacity building, has benefitted from global IPCA research, and has ongoing multi-generational engagement. The Nation faces challenges similar to other protected areas and is additionally burdened by ongoing colonization impacts. To address these challenges, the Nation is seeking state legislative IPCA recognition, applying Indigenous and complementary western stewardship approaches, and pursuing responsibility-based partnerships. This research makes both practical and academic contributions. It assisted the Kitasoo/Xai’xais IPCA process by contributing to planning and documentation, to be used and modified by the Nation to implement current and future IPCAs. Other Indigenous organizations can adapt the lessons and processes described for their IPCA interests. Additionally, this work provides recommendations for states and other actors at various scales to improve IPCA support and recognition. This work also contributes to literature which highlight Indigenous-led conservation initiatives, including IPCAs, as potential pathways towards supporting biodiversity conservation and Indigenous resurgence. / Graduate

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lack of collaboration amongst resource user groups in protected areas undermines effective community participation in protected area management. Currently, collaborative approaches are recognised as a planning tool and less of a management tool. However practice reveals that utmost, participatory approaches are recognised in management plans, but fail in the actual implementation. With this study an attempt was made to identify a possible means of enhancing community participation in protected area management by evaluating the extent to which the community of stakeholders in Lake Malawi National Park effectively engage in the management of the protected area. To achieve this aim, the research identified the stakeholders; their relationships with the park; and their relationships with each other. It further evaluated the present level of collaboration on whether it was adequate to enhance community participation in the sustainable management of the park. This research followed a descriptive-qualitative approach because the researcher was interested in exploring wider perceptions of people. It took the form of a case study to allow for an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon through understanding the participants‟ point of view in their natural setting. A critical review of related literature and a field research were conducted where data was collected from park documents and seven representatives from three stakeholder groups through the use of semi-structured interviews in English and Chichewa (official and national languages respectively); supported by note taking. The study has four findings. Firstly, that the primary stakeholders were the park authority management, lodge operators and indigenous people (villagers). Secondly, that stakeholders were found to have a special relationship with the park as it provided business opportunities, a source of livelihood, a sense of empowerment, relaxation space and employment. Thirdly, that stakeholders were not satisfied with the level of relationships in the park especially towards park authority management. This is a deviation from the expected in that for a long time relations in the park were seen to be faulted by the indigenous people and especially towards lodge operators, yet in this research, the relationship between these two stakeholder groups were found to be satisfactory. Fourthly, the research found that whilst there were reduced levels of conflict and that stakeholders related as and when need arose, the general level of collaboration was below the community‟s expectation. On a positive note, the findings showed the willingness of the stakeholders to form a representative body which they all felt would be better placed to negotiate decision-making and would improve the level of collaboration and management in the park. Five recommendations followed on how collaboration and stakeholder skills could be improved in the park and some of which include: the speedy facilitation of the registration of an already existing umbrella association; and the formal recognition of tour guides by Government. These issues if critically looked at, will create an environment in which stakeholders are able to collaborate and work as a community in the management of the protected area which is necessary for conservation and sustainability of livelihoods, the park‟s objectives. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ʼn Gebrek aan samewerking tussen die gebruikersgroepe van hulpbronne in beskermde gebiede ondermyn doeltreffende gemeenskapsdeelname in die bestuur van hierdie areas. Samewerkingsbenaderings word tans gesien as ʼn beplanningsinstrument eerder as ʼn bestuursinstrument. Die praktyk wys egter dat terwyl deelnemende benaderings herken word in bestuursplanne, dit nie geïmplementeer word nie. In hierdie studie is daar gepoog om moontlike maniere te identifiseer om gemeenskapsdeelname te verbeter in die bestuur van beskermde gebiede deur middel van ʼn evaluering van die mate waartoe die gemeenskap van belanghebbendes in die Malawi Meer Nasionale Park doeltreffend betrokke is in die bestuur van dié beskermde gebied. Om dit te bereik, het die navorsing die belanghebbendes geïdentifiseer, sowel as hulle verhouding tot die park en hulle verhouding met mekaar. Verder is die huidige vlak van samewerking geëvalueer om vas te stel of dit voldoende is om gemeenskapsdeelname te verbeter in die volhoubare bestuur van die park. Die navorsing volg ʼn beskrywende-kwalitatiewe benadering omdat die navorser belanggestel het daarin om die breër persepsies van mense te ondersoek. Dit het die vorm aangeneem van ʼn gevallestudie om sodoende ʼn dieper begrip van die fenomeen te kry deur die deelnemers se oogpunt in hulle natuurlike omgewing te verstaan. ʼn Kritiese oorsig van verwante literatuur en veldwerk is uitgevoer waar data ingesamel is uit parkdokumente en van sewe verteenwoordigers van drie belangegroepe deur die gebruik van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude in Engels en Chichewa (onderskeidelik amptelike en nasionale tale); asook deur die neem van notas. Die studie het vier bevindings opgelewer. Eerstens, die primêre belanghebbendes is die bestuursowerheid van die park, verblyfoperateurs en die inheemse bevolking (dorpsbewoners). Tweedens is daar gevind dat rolspelers ʼn spesiale verhouding het met die park aangesien dit die bron was van sakegeleenthede, inkomste, ʼn gevoel van bemagtiging, ontspanning en werk. Derdens, die rolspelers was nie tevrede met die vlak van verhoudings in die park nie, veral ten opsigte van die bestuursowerheid van die park. Dit is ʼn afwyking van wat verwag word in soverre daar vir ʼn lang ruk gedink is dat verhoudings in die park deur die inheemse bevolking bederf is, veral ten opsigte van verblyfoperateurs. In hierdie studie is daar egter gevind dat verhoudings tussen hierdie twee groepe rolspelers bevredigend is. Vierdens het die navorsing bevind dat hoewel konflik afgeneem het en dat rolspelers met mekaar skakel indien nodig, die algemene vlak van samewerking nie voldoen aan die gemeenskap se verwagtings nie. ʼn Positiewe punt is dat die bevindings wys dat die rolspelers gewillig is om ʼn verteenwoordigende liggaam te stig wat in ʼn beter posisie is om oor besluitneming te onderhandel en wat die vlak van samewerking en bestuur in die park kan verbeter. Vyf aanbevelings het gevolg oor hoe samewerking en die vaardighede van die belanghebbendes in die park verbeter kan word. Waarvan sommige sluit: die spoedige fasilitering van die registrasie van ʼn reeds bestaande oorkoepelende vereniging, en die formele herkenning van toergidse deur die regering. As hierdie kwessies krities beskou word, kan ʼn omgewing geskep word waarbinne belanghebbendes kan saamwerk as ʼn gemeenskap in die bestuur van die beskermde gebied, en dit is nodig vir die bewaring en volhoubaarheid van lewensonderhoud en die park se doelwitte.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / The proper management of protected areas is important for biodiversity conservation and continued flow of ecosystem services such as the building up of soil resources and the provision of clean water. Protected areas provide a means of livelihood for communities on the peripheries of these protected areas through conservation based development projects and create an opportunity for people to learn about the environment and wildlife. Protected areas are areas of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and natural and associated cultural resources, and management through legal or other means (International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1994). These are special places around the world that are managed for conservation purposes. Darey, (1998), recommends that protected areas should be planned and managed as a system, a shift from the previous mindset in which they were considered as separate entities. The role played by protected areas is vital and is recognized in most countries including 177 countries who are signatories to the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD). The CBD caters for cooperation amongst its members by providing support for the financing of protected area systems. There exists, therefore a global mandate for and a specific responsibility to ensure that protected areas are adequately financed. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife is a statutory nature conservation body mandated with the protection of natural resources and management of biodiversity in the province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). Biodiversity conservation needs to happen both inside and outside of state-controlled protected areas to create conservation corridors and buffer zones and also to prevent the environmental degradation taking place as a result of human population growth, habitat destruction, and unsustainable development. (Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, 2005). The challenge facing Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife in carrying out this mandate is the lack of adequate financial resources. The subsidy received is not sufficient to cover all the conservation initiatives that the entity would like to undertake and so the exploration of alternative financing initiatives is required. The aim of this paper is to explore and discuss alternative funding strategies that can be used by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife to supplement the subsidy received from government. These strategies will form a blueprint that protected area managers can use to source sustainable alternative funding that is reliable and environmentally friendly. This study was conducted at Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife’s head office, based at Queen Elizabeth Park in Pietermaritzburg. The research included input from the organization’s Hospitality Managers and Conservation Managers spread throughout the Province. A questionnaire was designed and circulated to draw responses from Executives and relevant Managers. Interviews to ascertain the organizations sources of funding and future sources were carried out. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife official documents such as annual reports, strategic documents and project plans were reviewed and interpreted. The report showed that 90percent of the organizations funding comes from government or state affiliated organizations. These sources are neither sufficient nor reliable. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife cannot plan adequately before establishing the annual subsidy it will receive from government – its primary funder (Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, 2008). The research also showed that there are numerous strategies that the organization can implement to supplement its subsidy. These include the widespread implementation of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) strategies and revenue maximization through improved customer service. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife has a great potential to generate sufficient funds through its commercial services such as camping, accommodation, gates and boating services to name but a few. The challenge however is to develop an operational strategy that will be devoid of bureaucracy and promote business best practices and the formation of partnerships with the private sector and the communities in the form of Public Private Partnerships (PPP’s) and co-management agreements respectively.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Abi-Ecab.pdf: 1558935 bytes, checksum: b543db04e6c1d70ea554723eb68a81a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-18 / As a result of the supremacy of the general public environmental interests, as well as of all current and future inhabitants of the planet (The Constitution of the Republic, art. 225, caput), the indigenous lands, with no prejudice to the mission to ensure a life with dignity to the Indians, according to their customs and traditions (CR, art. 231), have an environmental role to perform, which gives rise to duties to said people, to the society and to the Public Power. According to this thesis, this work is intended to the analysis of the specially protected Indians lands as territorial units (CR, art. 225, § 1, III), defined with the purpose to ensure the preservation of the environment, the legal set of interactions and elements containing the ecologically balanced natural environment and the indigenous cultural assets (art. 231, § 1, art. 215, § 1 e art. 216, caput). It is, thus, a territorial unit affected, not only for the physical and cultural survival of the indigenous population, but also for the protection of compounds such as the set of environmental interactions and elements, such as the biodiversity, the climatic balance, the hydrical, mineral, floristical and faunal resources. The indigenous property is ensured according to the traditionality criteria, as expressed under art. 231, caput, and repeated in paragraphs 1 and 2, implying on the use of the natural resources of low impact. The connection between Humanity and environment has been increasingly of unsustainability, with the paradigm of the good savage not acceptable, provided that the indigenous populations, when accessing technology and new habits, experiment an ethnic transfiguration and also start to promote the environmental degradation. There is, therefore, a challenge to the Public Power, the society and to the people in question: to find a way for the sustainable development, (responsibility) as to the social, cultural and environmental rights. This work proposes that the indigenous rights shall not overweight the right to the ecologically balanced environment. The indigenous lands exist in order to harmonize these two general public interests, to the benefit of the current and future generations in the whole planet, and to the indigenous themselves. The key instruments for the legalization of this environmental function are analyzed, as well / Como decorrência da supremacia do interesse difuso ambiental, bem de todos os presentes e futuros habitantes do planeta (Constituição da República, art. 225, caput), as terras indígenas, sem prejuízo da missão de assegurar vida digna aos índios segundo seus costumes e tradições (CR, art. 231), possuem uma função ambiental a cumprir, o que acarreta deveres para essas populações, para a sociedade e para o Poder Público. Sob esta tese, o presente trabalho objetiva analisar terras indígenas como espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos (CR, art. 225, § 1º, III), definidos com o objetivo de assegurar a preservação do meio ambiente, macrobem jurídico que contém o ambiente natural ecologicamente equilibrado e o patrimônio cultural indígena (art. 231, § 1º, art. 215, § 1º e art. 216, caput). Trata-se, assim, de um espaço territorial afetado não apenas à sobrevivência física e cultural dos povos indígenas, como à proteção de componentes do macrobem ambiental tais como a biodiversidade, o equilíbrio climático, os recursos hídricos, minerais, florísticos e faunísticos. A posse indígena é garantida segundo o critério de tradicionalidade, conforme expresso no art. 231, caput, e repetido nos parágrafos 1º e 2º, o que implica em uso de baixo impacto dos recursos naturais. A relação entre Humanidade e meio ambiente vem sendo cada vez mais de insustentabilidade, não sendo aceitável o paradigma do bom selvagem, já que as populações indígenas, quando tem acesso à tecnologia e novos hábitos, experimentam um processo de transfiguração étnica e passam a também promover degradação ambiental. Há, portanto, um desafio para o Poder Público, para a sociedade e para estes povos: o de encontrar um caminho para o desenvolvimento sustentável, com respeito (responsabilidade) no que diz respeito aos direitos sociais, culturais e ambientais. Este trabalho propõe que os direitos indígenas não se sobrepõem ao direito ao ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. As terras indígenas existem para conciliar estes dois interesses difusos, em beneficio das presentes e futuras gerações de todo o planeta, e dos próprios indígenas. São analisados, ainda, os principais instrumentos de efetivação desta função ambiental

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-20T14:35:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Ingrid Almeida de Barros Pena.pdf: 2577091 bytes, checksum: 99c3f4a5f9b1924c6832e9e318c39ab2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T14:35:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Ingrid Almeida de Barros Pena.pdf: 2577091 bytes, checksum: 99c3f4a5f9b1924c6832e9e318c39ab2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-09 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do RJ - FAPERJ / The Mosaics of Protected Areas (MAP) are a recent instrument that denotes an integrated and participative management of protected areas stated under Law 9985 of July 18, 2000, which created the National Protected Areas System (SNUC). The creation of MAP is related to the existence of a set of nearby protected areas, juxtaposed or superimposed, with the aim of integrating their management, which can occur in the three spheres of government: federal, state and municipal. The Carioca Mosaic (MC), the research subject, is composed by nineteen (19) conservation units (UC) distributed between the three spheres of government. It has the particular characteristic of being inserted in a urban environment, located in Rio de Janeiro, a city that has undergone changes in its configuration generated from different interests that rarely contemplate biodiversity conservation. The aim of the research is to analyze and discuss the Mosaics of Protected Areas from the analytical category "territory", based mainly on their socio-political meaning, using as subject research the Carioca Mosaic, located in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Through a qualitative approach, to accomplish the purpose, the following research methods were applied: literature search, secondary data analysis, questionnaires sent by email, individual semi- structured interviews and participation in events. Based on the subsidies generated from bibliographical survey, it was possible to conceptualize territory, the analytical category of this research, primarily as a physically bounded space of dispute, including natural resources (its material substrate), and also institutionally (its immaterial substrate). Considering that the MAP, as a management strategy, rely on the performance of different spheres of power (both within government and civil society organizations), and is also influenced by global and local discussions, it was considered appropriate to generate reflections from a scalar approach. From the concept of territory, the scale debate and reflections generated from other terms and ideas included in the debate about the integrated management of protected areas, critical remarks are made on the MAP. At this point, are highlighted the potentialities and the challenges in relation to MAP (in particular the MC), some stances related to differences between the vision of public management and the vision of civil society, besides the expectations of spatial transformation by social actors with greater power of influence, in the case of Rio de Janeiro, often combined with political interests in confluence with the city model set. / Os Mosaicos de ?reas Protegidas (MAP) s?o instrumentos recentes que preconizam uma gest?o integrada e participativa de ?reas protegidas, previstos na Lei 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000, que instituiu o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conserva??o (SNUC). A cria??o dos MAP est? relacionada ? exist?ncia de um conjunto de ?reas protegidas pr?ximas, justapostas ou sobrepostas, com o objetivo de integrar a gest?o das mesmas, sendo que esta pode ocorrer nas tr?s esferas de governo: federal, estadual e municipal. O Mosaico Carioca (MC), objeto de estudo do presente trabalho, ? formado por 19 (dezenove) unidades de conserva??o (UC), das tr?s esferas governamentais. Possui a particularidade de estar inserido no contexto urbano, situado no munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro, uma cidade que vem sofrendo transforma??es na sua configura??o geradas a partir de interesses diferenciados que raramente contemplam a conserva??o da biodiversidade. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa ? analisar e problematizar os Mosaicos de ?reas Protegidas a partir da categoria anal?tica ?territ?rio?, com base principalmente na sua acep??o sociopol?tica, utilizando como objeto de estudo o Mosaico Carioca, situado no munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro. Por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa, para atender ao objetivo proposto, foram aplicados os seguintes m?todos de pesquisa: pesquisa bibliogr?fica, an?lise de dados secund?rios, aplica??o de question?rios fechados por e-mail, realiza??o de entrevistas semi-estruturadas em campo, e participa??o em eventos. Com base nos subs?dios gerados no levantamento bibliogr?fico, foi poss?vel conceituar o territ?rio, principal categoria de an?lise da pesquisa, fundamentalmente como um espa?o de disputa delimitado fisicamente, que inclui os recursos naturais (o seu substrato material), e tamb?m institucionalmente (o seu substrato imaterial). Tendo em vista que os MAP, enquanto estrat?gia de gest?o, contam com a atua??o de diferentes esferas de poder (no ?mbito governamental e da sociedade civil organizada), al?m de serem influenciados por discuss?es de car?ter global e local, julgou-se pertinente gerar reflex?es a partir de uma abordagem escalar. Assim, partir do conceito de territ?rio, da abordagem escalar, e de reflex?es que permeiam o debate sobre a gest?o integrada de ?reas protegidas, s?o tecidas observa??es cr?ticas sobre os MAP. Neste ponto, s?o ressaltadas as potencialidades e os desafios em rela??o aos MAP (em especial ao MC), alguns posicionamentos relacionados ?s diverg?ncias entre a vis?o da gest?o p?blica e a vis?o da sociedade civil, e expectativas de transforma??o espacial por parte dos atores com maior poder de influ?ncia, no caso do Rio de Janeiro, muitas vezes aliadas ? interesses pol?ticos em conflu?ncia com o modelo de cidade institu?do.

The large marine protected area (MPA) declared in 2010 around the Chagos Archipelago, also known as the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), has led to a conflict in the thick of environmental protection, colonialism, sovereignty claims, and the human rights dispute of the Chagossian people that once were exiled from the islands in the 1970s. By applying a Foucauldian inspired critical discourse analysis, this study interprets and examines how the nature/human relationship was portrayed during and after the creation of the Chagos MPA. Applying theories and concepts from political ecology and Foucault’s idea of biopower sheds new light on a conservation effort depicted as a global environmental success by some, and a geopolitical social justice disaster by others. Finally, this thesis applies Tim Ingold’s philosophical concept of the globe and sphere to discuss the implications of inclusion or withdrawal from nature.

This research presents the first coastal and marine protected areas specific quantitative management plan evaluation protocol. This critical research gap in the coastal and marine protected area (CMPA) research literature was addressed by creating a protocol for evaluating CMPA plan quality utilizing a combination of marine protected area (MPA) and land use planning techniques for the first time, then applying it to a sample of CMPAs providing both descriptive results of CMPA plan quality and analysis of factors that might influence plan quality. A sample of CMPAs (n=40) under the jurisdiction of Florida‟s Coastal and Aquatic Managed Areas (CAMA) was evaluated for plan quality using 96 indicators scored as 0, 1, or 2 and then divided into five plan components: factual basis, goals and objectives, policies, tools and strategies, inter-governmental coordination and cooperation, and implementation and monitoring. Total CMPA plan quality averaged 29.40 out of a possible 50.00. CMPA plan quality ranged from 20.00 to 47.00 with a standard deviation of 7.07. Regression analysis examined the effects of CMPA context, participation, environmental threats and socioeconomic factors on CMPA plan quality. The age of CMPA plans was found to be a significant indicator of CMPA plan quality. Other significant indicators of plan quality included threatened biodiversity, participation, and percent of adjacent developed or agricultural land.

Spartus saugomų teritorijų tinklo kūrimas Šiaulių regione prasidėjo po Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo. Šiuo metu saugomos teritorijos regione užima 114158 ha arba 13,4% visos teritorijos, šalies mastu - 15,3%. Europos Sąjungos valstybių vidurkis- 18%. Perspektyvoje saugomų teritorijų plotas turėtų didėti, kadangi valstybinės saugomų teritorijų tarnybos strateginiuose veiklos planuose iki 2015m. numatyta jų plotą padidinti iki 16,7%. Nuo 2000 m. regione prasidėjo Europos ekologinio tinklo NATURA 2000 kūrimo procesas, šį tinklą sudaro paukščių apsaugai svarbios teritorijos (PAST) ir buveinių apsaugai svarbios teritorijos (BAST). NATURA 2000 teritorijos Šiaulių regione užima 7,1 % teritorijos, Lietuvoje- 6%, Europos Sąjungos valstybių vidurkis-14%. Didžioji dalis ekologinio tinklo įkurta jau saugomose teritorijose- draustiniuose, biosferos poligonuose. PAST jau yra patvirtintos Europos Komisijos, o vietovės, atitinkančios buveinių apsaugai svarbių teritorijų atrankos kriterijus, bus patvirtintos per artimiausius 4 metus. NATURA 2000 tinklo kūrimas prisidės prie nykstančių rūšių populiacijos išsaugojimo, atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad Šiaulių regione iš 162 saugomų į Lietuvos Raudonąją knygą įrašytų rūšių: 76 (47%) rūšys yra ties išnykimo riba arba sparčiai nyksta. Siekiant užtikrinti biologinės įvairovės apsaugą ir darnaus miškų ūkio plėtojimą, Šiaulių regiono miškuose inventorizuota 743 kertinės miško buveinės (KMB), kurių plotas- 2005 ha. tai sudaro 1,2 % miškų ploto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Rapid creation of the Protected Territories Net in the Siauliai region began after the restoration of Lithuanian independence. Today protected territories in the region cover 114158 ha or 13,4% of the whole territory, to the country extend it makes 15,3%. The average in the European Union counties makes 18%. The area of the protected territories should be increased in the perspective as the strategic plans of activity of the State Service for Protected Areas suppose to expand these territories up to 16,7% before the year 2015. The creation process of the European Ecological Net NATURA began in the region in the year 2000; the Net consists of territories important for birds’ protection (TIBP) and territories important for residence protection (TIRP). The NATURA 2000 covers 7,1% of the region territory and 6% of the State territory, the average in the European Union counties makes 14%. The greater part of the Ecologic Net is established in the territories which are already protected, in the biosphere ground. TIBP have been confirmed by the European Commission and the territories meeting the selection criteria of the territories important for residence protection will be confirmed during the next 4 years. The creation of the NATURA 2000 will promote the preservation of the endangered population species. After the conduction of the research it appeared that there are 162 protected species in the Siauliai region, which are registered in the Lithuanian Red Data Book: 76 (47%)... [to full text]