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No. of bitstreams: 1 victorhugofelipebernardes.pdf: 4330159 bytes, checksum: 8ed0f32ccd734b911991c27470472e98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Este trabalho descreve a síntese e caracterização de oito complexos envolvendo os ligantes N,O doadores, piridino-3,5-dicarboxilato (3,5-pdc); piridino2,5-dicarboxilato (2,5-pdc); piridino-2,6-dicarboxilato (2,6-pdc) e isonicotinato (iso). Todos os compostos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de absorção atômica de chama, espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho e Raman, análise elementar de CHN e análise térmica (TG/DTA). As caracterizações indicam que seis desses complexos são heterobimetálicos do tipo 3d-4f, ou seja, apresentam em sua fórmula molecular um metal do bloco d [Co(II) ou Cu(II)] e um metal do bloco f [Eu(III) ou Sm(III)]. As caracterizações sugerem ainda que os complexos EuCo(3,5pdc) e EuCu(3,5-pdc) sejam isoestruturais, assim como os compostos SmCu(2,5pdc), EuCo(2,5-pdc) e EuCu(2,5-pdc). Outros dois complexos intitulados Co(3,5-pdc) e Eu(iso) tiveram suas estruturas determinadas através da difração de raios X por monocristal. A estrutura do complexo Co(3,5-pdc) pertence ao sistema cristalino monoclínico, grupo espacial P21/n, apresentando a fórmula molecular [Co(3,5pdc)(H2O)5]dmso. O sítio de Co(II) apresenta geometria octaédrica distorcida, sendo a esfera de coordenação composta por cinco ligantes aqua e um átomo de nitrogênio do ligante 3,5-pdc. Nesse caso, os grupos carboxilatos do 3,5-pdc não estão envolvidos na coordenação. O composto Eu(iso) com fórmula mínima [Eu(iso)3(H2O)2]n cristalizou-se no sistema monoclínico, pertencendo ao grupo espacial P21/c e mostrou-se como um polímero de coordenação 1D. O íon Eu(III) está coordenado a oito átomos de oxigênio apresentando geometria antiprismática quadrada distorcida. Os ligantes iso adotam dois modos de coordenação: bidentado quelato e em ponte. Os compostos heterobimetálicos juntamente com o complexo Eu(iso), foram estudados por espectroscopia de luminescência. Os espectros de luminescência indicam que a excitação direta no comprimento de onda da transição π→π* do ligante é mais eficiente que a excitação direta no metal, caracterizando a sensibilização do lantanídeo. O diagrama de cromaticidade CIE revela que as emissões apresentam alta pureza, com coordenadas X e Y próximas da borda. / This work describes the synthesis and characterization of eight complexes involving the N,O-donor ligands, pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (3,5-pdc); pyridine-2,5dicarboxylate (2,5-pdc); pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate (2,6-pdc) and isonicotinate (iso). All compounds were characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopies, CHN elemental analysis and thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The characterization techniques indicate that six of these are 3d-4f heterobimetallic complexes, in other words, present in their molecular formulae a dblock metal [Co (II) or Cu (II)] and a f-block metal [Eu (III) or Sm (III)]. The characterization techniques also suggest that complexes EuCo(3,5-pdc) and EuCu(3,5-pdc) are isostructural, as well as compounds SmCu(2,5-pdc), EuCo(2,5pdc) and EuCu(2,5-pdc). Two other complexes entitled Co(3,5-pdc) and Eu(iso) had their structures determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complex Co(3,5-pdc) structure belongs to the monoclinic crystal system, space group P21/n, with molecular formula [Co(3,5-pdc)(H2O)5]dmso. Co(II) sites adopt a distorted octahedral geometry, with the coordination sphere composed of five aqua ligands and one nitrogen atom from 3,5-pdc ligand. In this case, the 3,5-pdc carboxylate groups are not involved in coordination. Eu(iso) compound, with molecular formula [Eu(iso)3(H2O)2]n crystallized in the monoclinic system, belonging to space group P21/c and appeared as a 1D coordination polymer. The Eu(III) ion is coordinated to eight oxygen atoms displaying distorted square antiprismatic geometry. The iso ligands adopt two coordination modes: bidentate chelate and bridging. The heterobimetallic compounds along with the complex Eu(iso), were studied by luminescence spectroscopy. The luminescence spectra indicate that the direct excitation wavelength of the π → π* transition of the ligands is more efficient than direct excitation into the metal, characterizing lanthanide sensitization. The CIE chromaticity diagram shows that the emissions have high purity, with X and Y coordinates near the edge.

La LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) est une technique d'analyse élémentaire basée sur l'exploitation du spectre d'émission optique issu de l'ablation laser d'un échantillon. Aujourd'hui, la LIBS ne s'est pas encore imposée comme une technique de choix pour la majorité des applications comme c'est le cas pour les techniques de plasma à couplage inductif. L'une des principales raisons à cela est la difficulté à fournir des mesures quantitatives justes. Il existe donc aujourd'hui une nécessité de mieux comprendre et caractériser les plasmas et les phénomènes issus de l'interaction laser-Matière sur tout type de matériaux pour améliorer les performances de cette technique analytique. Cette interaction laser/matière étant, de plus, spécifique au type de matériau analysé, il est indispensable d'étudier ces effets sur une vaste gamme de matériaux. Deux types d'échantillons ont donc été utilisés pour étudier les plasmas LIBS: des matériaux contenant des terres rares et des matériaux plastiques. Les travaux réalisés sur les terres rares ont permis de sélectionner des raies d'analyse « disponibles », c'est-À-Dire sans interférences spectrales provenant des autres éléments de cette famille et suffisamment sensibles pour réaliser une analyse quantitative. Cette étude a mis en avant le fait que les effets de matrice dus à la quantité de terres rares et à la nature de l'échantillon sont importants. Ces effets de matrice sont propres à chaque élément et à chaque matrice, ils sont donc à prendre en considération pour toute analyse LIBS d'un échantillon contenant plusieurs terres rares. Si l'accumulation d'un grand nombre de terres rares a un effet significatif sur le signal d'un de ces analytes, leurs présences en nombre et quantité limitée (2 à 4) donnent un effet compensable par étalonnage interne. Dans le cadre de l'analyse LIBS des matériaux plastiques, une étude détaillée du signal en utilisant différentes conditions de plasma a été réalisée. L'analyse quantitative s'est portée sur plusieurs éléments dont certains difficiles à exciter comme le brome et le chlore. Grâce à l'utilisation d'une atmosphère contrôlée d'hélium, la détection des halogènes employés comme retardateurs de flamme dans les plastiques, a été possible. Un important effet de matrice a été observé à 266 nm en comparaison avec les résultats obtenus à 532 nm. Cependant, ces différences marquées à 266 nm ont permis la discrimination des quatre familles de polymères étudiées. En présence d'hélium, des différences significatives ont été obtenues pour les rapports C2/He et CN/He. En les traçant l'un en fonction de l'autre, il est ainsi possible de discriminer les différents types de plastiques étudiés / The LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) technique is an elemental analysis technique based on the use of the optical emission spectrum from a sample of laser ablation. Today, LIBS has not emerged as a technique of choice for the majority of applications, as is the case for inductive coupled plasma techniques. One of the main reasons for this is the difficulty in providing accurate quantitative measurements. So there is now a need to better understand and characterize plasmas and phenomena from laser-Matter interaction on all types of materials to improve the performance of this analytical technique. This laser/material interaction is specific to the type of material analyzed, so it is essential to study these effects on a wide range of materials. Two types of samples have been used to study LIBS plasmas: materials containing rare earths and plastics. Work on rare earths were used to select the analytical lines free of spectral interference from other elements of this family and sensitive enough to carry out a quantitative analysis. This study highlighted the fact that the matrix effects due to the amount of rare earth and nature of the sample are important. These matrix effects are unique to each element and matrix, so they are to be considered in all LIBS analysis of a sample containing several rare earths. If the accumulation of a large number of rare earths (i.e 12) has a significant effect on the signal of the analytes, the effect of a limited number (i.e. 2 to 4) could be compensated by use on an internal standard. In the context of the LIBS analysis of plastic materials, a detailed study of the signal using different plasma conditions was performed. The quantitative analysis was focused on several elements, including bromine and chlorine which are difficult to excite. Through the use of a controlled atmosphere of helium, the detection of halogens used as flame retardants in plastics was significantly improved. An important matrix effect was observed at 266 nm in comparison with the results obtained at 532 nm. However, these differences at 266 nm allowed the discrimination of four families of polymers studied. In the presence of helium, significant differences were obtained for the C2 / He and CN / He ratios. This criteria was found to be relevant for the discrimination between the different types of plastics studied

Les polymères de coordination décrits dans cette thèse ont été préparés en accord avec les concepts de la chimie verte par réactions dans l’eau entre les sels de sodium des ligands et les ions lanthanides compris entre La et Lu (sauf Pm) plus Y. Deux types d’échantillons ont été préparés : des monocristaux et des poudres microcristallines. Les structures cristallines ont été résolues sur la base des monocristaux et les poudres microcristallines ont été utilisées pour étudier les propriétés physicochimiques des composés : stabilité thermique, propriétés de luminescence et de magnétisme. Dans nos travaux, quatre systèmes de polymères de coordination ont été étudiés. Ils ont été obtenus à partir de quatre acides : acide chelidonique (H2cda), acide 5-hydroxy-isophthalique (H2hip), acide 5-nitroisophthalique (H2nip) et acide 4-carboxyphenylboronique (Hcpb). Dix nouveaux monocristaux ont été obtenus par diffusions lentes en tubes en U à travers des gels physique (Agar) ou chimiques (TMOS ou TEOS), par diffusion lente en tubes en H à travers de l’eau distillée ou par évaporation lente du filtrat obtenu après la synthèse des poudres microcristallines. Les poudres microcristallines ont été classées sur la base de leurs diagrammes de diffraction des rayons-X. Leurs propriétés de luminescence ou de magnétisme ont été étudiées à l’état solide. Les transferts d’énergie intermétalliques ont été discutés, en particulier pour les ligands H2hip et Hcpb. Les composés hétéro-nucléaires (Gd / Tb et Eu / Tb) ont été préparés pour moduler les propriétés luminescentes de ces composés en variant les proportions relatives en ions lanthanides. Les polymères de coordination à base de terres rares synthétisés et étudiés dans ce manuscrit fournissent des informations intéressantes pour la conception future de matériaux multifonctionnels. / According to the concepts of Green Chemistry, the coordination polymers based on lanthanide ions were prepared by reactions in water between the sodium salts of ligands and lanthanide ions comprised between La and Lu (except Pm) plus Y. Two kinds of samples were prepared : single crystals and microcrystalline powders. The former ones are used to determine the single crystal structure, and the later ones are used to measure the physical-chemical properties : thermal stability, luminescence and magnetism properties. In our work, four ligands were explored: chelidonic acid (H2cda), 5-hydroxy-isophthalic acid (H2hip), 5-nitroisophthalic acid (H2nip) and 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (Hcpb). As a result, 10 new single crystals were obtained by slow diffusion in U-shape tubes through physical gel (agar) or chemical gels (TMOS or TEOS), by slow diffusion in H-shape tubes through distilled water or by evaporation of the filtrate obtained after the synthesis of the microcrystalline powders. Microcrystalline powders were classified on the basis of their X-ray powder diffraction patterns. Their luminescent properties and magnetic properties were studied in the solid state. Intermetallic energy transfers were also discussed. Especially, for ligands H2hip and H2cpb. Hetero-nuclear compounds (Gd/Tb and Eu/Tb) were also prepared to tune luminescent properties by changing the relative ratios of the lanthanide ions. Lanthanide coordination polymers described in this thesis provide information that could be useful as far as multifunctional materials are targeted.

Le développement considérable des signaux dans les bandes hyperfréquences (communications sans fil, radars, etc.) rend leur traitement extrêmement difficile. Il est en effet nécessaire d'analyser de larges bandes spectrales avec une grande résolution, ce que ne permettent pas les dispositifs purement électroniques. Une solution très prometteuse consiste à transposer les signaux hyperfréquences (hf) sur un laser puis à utiliser un cristal dopé par des ions de terres rares comme processeur. Cette technique tire parti des propriétés optiques exceptionnelles des ces matériaux, qui présentent des transitions à la fois extrêmement fines pour un centre unique (largeur homogène donnant la résolution spectrale) et larges pour un ensemble d'ions (largeur inhomogène donnant la bande d'analyse). Grâce à des techniques de pompage optique, ceci permet d'obtenir des bandes d'analyse de 20 GHz avec une résolution de 100 kHz, soit un rapport de 105. Ces résultats, obtenus dans des cristaux de Tm3+:Y3Al5O12, font l'objet d'études industrielles avancées, notamment en France par Thales, et auxquelles participe l'IRCP-MPOE. Le but du projet est de développer des cristaux dopés Er3+ pour une nouvelle génération d'analyseurs fonctionnant à 1.5 μm dans le but d'exploiter pleinement les technologies télécom en terme de transmission longue distance et de composants opto-électroniques. Les meilleurs cristaux actuels ne possèdent pas une largeur inhomogène suffisante pour l'application visée. Notre approche consistera à introduire un désordre chimique contrôlé, par exemple en utilisant un co-dopant, dans des monocristaux dopés Er3+ de haute qualité. Ceci permettra d'augmenter la largeur inhomogène optique mais pourrait aussi influencer la largeur homogène, point crucial pour l'analyse des signaux hf. Il s'agira de déterminer la nature et le niveau de désordre optimaux permettant d'obtenir les meilleures performances. D'une façon plus générale, ce travail permettra une compréhension approfondie des phénomènes dynamiques contrôlant la largeur homogène optique et de leur relation avec les structures cristallines. Outre l'analyse de signaux hyperfréquences, ceci pourra déboucher sur des avancées dans le traitement quantique de l'information dans le domaine télécom. / Significant progresses have been made recently on radar communications. However it is still difficult to analyse radar communications both efficiently and on a large frequency span. This is due to the fact that pure electronic processors are not able to process rapidly signals with high bandwidths. A very promising solution consists in transposing radar signals on a optical carrier (laser) and process the signals via rare-earths-doped single-crystals, which are able to interact efficiently with light. Rare-earth-ion doped crystals can have very narrow optical transitions at liquid helium temperature, making them attractive for applications in quantum information processing and advanced RF signal processing. One key property of these materials is the potential for a high ratio between the optical inhomogeneous and homogeneous linewidths. This allows signals with high bandwidth to be stored in quantum memories for a long time, or alternatively, the high resolution spectral analysis of RF signals. Er3+ is particularly interesting because it has a transition at 1.5 mm that is directly compatible with telecommunication components in existing optical fiber networks. The aim of the project is to enhance the bandwidths of those atomic processors by introducing a chemical disorder in the single crystals doped with Er3+. This will lead to an inhomogeneous broadening of the optical transitions and could also reduce the optical homogeneous linewidths, and so, increase the processing bandwidth for radar signals. For that, a better understanding of the nature of the dynamical processes acting on the optical homogeneous linewidth is needed.

<p>Predmet istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije&nbsp;su prahovi litijum-indijum oksida dopirani&nbsp;različitim jonima retkih zemalja (Eu³⁺; Sm³⁺;&nbsp;Er³⁺; Yb³⁺), sintetisani reakcijom u &nbsp;čvrstoj fazi.&nbsp;Litijum-indijum oksid ima raznovrsne&nbsp;potencijalne primene u viduscintilatora, &nbsp;matrice&nbsp;fosfora za jone retkih zemalja, za&nbsp; čuvanje i&nbsp;konverziju energije i u fotokatalizi. U&nbsp;<br />istraživanju je ustanovljena optimalna metoda&nbsp;sinteze fazno&nbsp; čistih prahova novih fosfora&nbsp;<br />LiInO₂:RE^3+&nbsp;i izvr&scaron;ena njihova detaljna&nbsp;karakterizacija primenom difrakcije X-zraka,&nbsp;<br />skenirajuće elektronske mikroskopije,&nbsp;termogravimetrije i diferencijalno termijske&nbsp;analize, Ramanske spektroskopije i difuzno-refleksione spektroskopije. &nbsp;Fotoluminescentna&nbsp;spektroskopija je primenjena u cilju ispitivanja&nbsp;osobina presudnih za &nbsp;primenu ovih materijala.&nbsp;Emisioni spektri i vrednosti vremena života&nbsp;pokazuju efikasne potencijalne fosfore, dok&nbsp;ispitivanja emisije uzorka LiInO₂:Er^3+&nbsp;na&nbsp;različitim temperaturama ukazuju na to da je u&nbsp;pitanju veoma dobar temperaturni senzor u&nbsp;<br />oblasti temperatura (10-300) K.</p> / <p>The subject of this dissertation are powders of&nbsp;lithium-indium oxide doped with different rare&nbsp;earth ions (Eu³⁺; Sm³⁺; Er³⁺; Yb³⁺), synthesized&nbsp;by solid-state reaction. Lithium-indium oxide&nbsp;has a variety of potential applications in the&nbsp;form of scintillators, phosphor matrixes for rare-earth ions, storage and energy conversion&nbsp;devices and photocatalysts. In this study the&nbsp;optimal method of synthesis of pure-phased&nbsp;powders of new phosphors LiInO₂:RE^3+&nbsp;was&nbsp;determined. Also, their detailed characterization&nbsp;<br />using the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron&nbsp;microscopy, thermogravimetry and &nbsp;differential&nbsp;thermal analysis, Raman spectroscopy and&nbsp;diffuse-reflection spectroscopy &nbsp;was performed.&nbsp;Photoluminescence spectroscopy was applied to&nbsp;investigate the properties crucial for the&nbsp;application of these materials. Emission spectra&nbsp;and lifetime values, showed these materials are&nbsp;potential efficient phosphors. Examining the&nbsp;emission of LiInO₂:Er^3+&nbsp;sample at different&nbsp;temperatures indicated that this is a very good&nbsp;temperature sensor in the temperature range (10-300) K.</p>

A luminescência persistente é um fenômeno em que o material emite radiação de segundos a várias horas após cessada a irradiação (luz, radiação UV, feixe de elétrons, etc.). No entanto, os mecanismos que geram o fenômeno da luminescência persistente ainda não são totalmente estabelecidos. Neste trabalho os materiais Lu2O3:TR3+,M (TR,M: Pr,HfIV; Eu, Ca2+ ou Tb,Ca2+) foram preparados pelo método de estado-sólido assistido por micro-ondas (MASS) e comparados com aqueles sintetizados pelo método cerâmico. As vantagens do método MASS incluem curto tempo de processamento, aquecimento dielétrico seletivo, baixo consumo de energia e uso de equipamentos de baixo custo (forno micro-ondas doméstico), muitas vezes produzindo produtos de alta pureza e alto rendimento. Os materiais foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho (IR), espectroscopia Raman, difração de raios X método do pó (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), X-ray Excited Optical Luminescence (XEOL), espectroscopia de fotoluminescência na região do UV-Visível, espectroscopia de fotoluminescência na região do UV-UV vácuo e termoluminescência (TL). Os fósforos Lu2O3:TR3+,M (TR,M: Pr,HfIV; Eu, Ca2+ ou Tb,Ca2+) foram preparados em um curto período de tempo (22-26 min) pelo método MASS utilizando forno micro-ondas doméstico, carvão ativado como susceptor, fluxos (H3BO3 ou Na2CO3) e sem a aplicação de gases. Todos materiais preparados com fluxo de H3BO3 exibem impurezas de LuBO3 que foram quantificadas por refinamento Rietveld. Os fluxos e os dopantes não alteraram consideravelmente a estrutura cristalina da matriz C-Lu2O3. As micrografias MEV sugerem que o fluxo de Na2CO3 e os precursores nitratos geram partículas de Lu2O3 com tamanho menor devido a evolução de gases provenientes da decomposição destes compostos. Por outro lado, quando é usado óxidos como precursores os materiais apresentam maiores tamanhos de partícula e na presença de H3BO3 leva a maior agregação. Os dados de XANES indicam que houve completa redução do íon TbIV &#8594 Tb3+ e parcial do PrIV &#8594 Pr3+, devido ao uso de carvão ativado que gera CO(g) durante o tratamento térmico. Os espectros da luminescência persistente indicam emissões nas regiões do vermelho/NIR, vermelho alaranjado e verde atribuídas as transições 4fN &#8594 4fN características dos íons Pr3+, Eu3+ e Tb3+, respectivamente. As diferenças entre os espectros registrados sob excitação UV e após cessada a irradiação podem ser explicadas pela emissão da luminescência persistente predominante dos íons TR3+ no sítio S6 do que no C2. Além disso, a co-dopagem aliovalente com os íons HfIV e Ca2+ aumentam a intensidade e duração da luminescência persistente. Isto ocorre através da geração de armadilhas provenientes dos dois co-dopantes nos sítios de Lu3+ e por defeitos produzidos na compensação de carga. Os materiais fotônicos preparados pelo método MASS com fluxo de H3BO3 apresentam maior intensidade e duração da luminescência persistente comparados aos preparados pelo método cerâmico ou sem a presença de H3BO3. Os mecanismos da luminescência persistente foram desenvolvidos através de princípios similares baseados nos dados experimentais da energia do band gap, posição dos níveis de energia dos íons TR3+/2+ na matriz e energia das armadilhas. Isto confirma a solidez da interpretação dos dados experimentais dos materiais Lu2O3:TR3+,M exibindo luminescência persistentes e encoraja a expansão de modelos similares para outros materiais apresentando esse fenômeno. Os fósforos Lu2O3:Pr3+,HfIV,Lu2O3:Eu3+(,Ca2+) e Lu2O3:Tb3+,Ca2+) apresentaram sintonização de cores de emissão tanto para o fenômeno da fotoluminescência como da luminescência persistente, podendo atuar como bons candidatos nas aplicações de bioimageamento ou sensibilizadores de células solares. / Persistent luminescence is a phenomenon where the material emits radiation from seconds to several hours after cessation of irradiation (light, UV radiation, electron beam, etc.). The persistent luminescence mechanisms are not entirely established, however. In this work, the materials Lu2O3:TR3+,M (TR,M: PrHfIV; Eu, Ca2+ or Tb,Ca2+) were prepared by MASS method as well as compared to these materials synthetized by ceramic method. The advantages of MASS method include short processing time, selective dielectric heating, low energy consumption and use of inexpensive equipment (domestic microwave oven), often affording high-purity and high-yield products. The materials were characterized by Infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XPD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL), photoluminescence spectroscopy in the UV-Visible range, photoluminescence spectroscopy in the UV-UV vacuum region and thermoluminescence (TL). The phosphorsLu2O3:TR3+,M (TR,M: Pr,HfIV; Eu, Ca2+ or Tb,Ca2+) were rapidly (22-26 min) and successfully prepared by MASS method using a domestic microwave oven, carbon as susceptor, fluxes (H3BO3 or Na2CO3) and without special gases application. All materials prepared with H3BO3 flux exhibit LuBO3 impurities that were quantified by Rietveld refinement. The flux and dopants does not considerably affect the crystalline structure of the C-Lu2O3 host matrix. Scanning electron micrographs suggest that Na2CO3 flux and nitrates precursors produce Lu2O3 particles of small size due to the gases evolution from the decomposition of these compounds. On the other hand, the materials prepared from oxides precursors have particles of large size and H3BO3 flux induces particle xi aggregation. The carbon used as the susceptor generates CO gas, leading to complete reduction of TbIV to Tb3+ and partial conversion of PrIV to Pr3+ present in the Tb4O7 and Pr6O11 precursors, as indicated by XANES. Persistent luminescence spectra of the materials show emission in the red/NIR, reddish orange and green ranges assigned to the 4fN &#8594 4fN transitions characteristics of Pr3+, Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions, respectively. Differences between the spectra recorded under UV excitation and after ceased the irradiation can be explained by the predominant persistent luminescence emission of TR3+ ion in the S6 site rather than TR3+ in the C2 site. In addition, inclusion of HfIV and Ca2+ codopants in the Lu2O3 host increases the emission intensity and duration of persistent luminescence due to generation of traps caused by charge compensation in the lattice as well as these metal ions in the Lu3+ sites. The photonic materials prepared by MASS method with H3BO3 flux show higher persistent luminescence performance than those prepared by the ceramic method or MASS without flux. The persistent luminescence mechanisms were developed through similar principles based on experimental data of band gap energy, energy level positions of TR3+/2+ ions in the host and traps energy. This similarity confirms the consistency of the interpretation of experimental data for the Lu2O3:TR3+,M materials and encourages the expansion of similar models for other persistent luminescence materials. Color tuning of persistent luminescence in Lu2O3:TR3+,M (TR,M: Pr,HfIV; Eu,Ca2+ or Tb,Ca2+) provides potential applications in bioimaging as well as in solar cell sensitizers.

Os materiais luminescentes convencionais produzidos industrialmente e aplicados em dispositivos fotônicos são baseados em matrizes inorgânicas contendo íons terras raras (TR). Entretanto, devido à grande flutuação de preço nas matérias primas de óxido de terras raras, se torna necessário a busca por materiais alternativos. Dessa forma, materiais luminescentes baseado em matrizes inorgânicas dopadas com íons Tin+ foram preparadas. Os materiais luminescentes de ZrO2 não dopado e dopado com íons Tin+ e TR3+ foram preparados pelo método sol-gel com diferentes razões W = [H2 O]/[TBZ] (TBZ: butóxido de zircônio) e calcinado a diferentes temperaturas (500, 600, 800 e 1000 °C). Além disso, o método de aquecimento dielétrico assistido por radiação micro-ondas foi utilizado para preparar a série de oxissulfetos de terras raras (TR2O2S; TR: La, Gd e Y) e Lu2O3 dopados com íons Ti e Mg, bem como o material Y3Al5O12 dopado com íons Ce3+. Os materiais foram caracterizados estruturalmente pela técnica de difração de raios X pelo método do pó, seguida do refinamento pelo método de Rietveld para extração dos parâmetros estruturais. Diferentes composições de fase tetragonal (t-) e monoclínica (m-) de ZrO2 foram obtidas com a variação dos parâmetros de síntese. Os resultados indicaram que a fase cristalina influencia diretamente nas propriedades ópticas dos materiais. As fases tetragonal e monoclínica da matriz de ZrO2, exibem cores de emissão azul e verde, respectivamente. Os dados de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foram utilizados para caracterizar os nanocristais que possuem tamanho de partícula média de 50 nm. Os estados de valência dos íons TR dopados nos materiais de ZrO2 foram analisados utilizando a técnica de XANES, enquanto que a valência do íon Ti foi sondada pela técnica de EPR. A espectroscopia XANES por radiação Síncrotron foi utilizada para estudar a variação de valência dos íons Pr e Tb dopados na matriz de ZrO2 quando co-dopadas com íons Gd3+ que favorecem a formação de vacâncias de óxido, que possibilitam a redução TRIV &#8594; TR3+. Os materiais de ZrO2 foram estudados espectroscopicamente com a finalidade de inferir que a luminescência da matriz é oriunda de íons Ti3+ presentes como impurezas na rede cristalina. Todos os materiais dopados com íons Ti apresentaram bandas de emissão largas e intensas de cores sintonizáveis desde o azul até vermelho, devido aos diferentes deslocamento das bandas relacionadas aos níveis 3d1 do íon Ti3+ em diferentes ambientes químicos. Os íons S2- promovem um deslocamento das bandas de emissão para região do vermelho. Também foi investigado o fenômeno da luminescência persistente dos materiais dopados com íons Ti e estudado a influência da co-dopagem de íons geradores de vacâncias de óxido na duração da luminescência persistente. Os dados permitiram o desenvolvimento de mecanismos da luminescência persistente em função das matrizes e íons dopantes. Também, o fósforo Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ foi montado a base de um polímero óptico de silicone e utilizando um LED de GaN de alta potência. O dispositivo de iluminação de estado sólido gera luz branca de alta intensidade com rendimentos quânticos (&#934;) da ordem de 80%. Por fim, os processos fotoluminescentes do íon Tin+ e Ce3+ dopado em diferentes matrizes proporcionaram a ampliação da gama de materiais inorgânicos para conversão de energia, que contribui para a pesquisa em materiais economicamente viáveis e sustentáveis. / The most commercially available luminescent materials to be applied in devices are based on inorganic matrices containing rare earth ions (RE). However, due to the large price fluctuation of rare earth oxides, it is necessary to search for new alternative materials. Therefore, luminescent materials based on inorganic matrices doped with titanium ions were prepared. The undoped and Ti and RE3+ doped ZrO2 materials were prepared by sol-gel method and calcined at different temperatures (500, 600, 800 and 1000 °C). Besides, the dielectric heating method assisted by microwave radiation was used to prepare the rare earth series of oxysulfides (TR2O2S; RT: La, Gd and Y) and Lu2O3 doped with Ti and Mg ions, as well as the Ce3+ doped Y3Al5O12 phosphors. The materials were structurally characterized by X-ray powder diffraction technique along with the Rietveld refinement method for extracting structural parameters. It was possible to obtain different crystalline phase composition of tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 by varying the synthetic parameters. The experimental data show that the crystalline structure affects the photonic properties in a direct way. For example, the tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 phases show blue and green emission, respectively. The transmission electron microscopy indicated that the nanocrystals have 50 nm of average size. The valence states of the RE ions were analyzed using XANES technique, whereas the valence of the Ti ion was probed by the EPR technique. The Synchrotron Radiation XANES spectroscopy was used to study the valence changes of Pr and Tb doped in ZrO2 matrix when co-doped with Gd3+ ions that favors the formation of oxide vacancies, leading to the reduction REIV &#8594; RE3+. The ZrO2 materials were studied spectroscopically and it was possible to infer that the luminescence of the ZrO2 matrix is derived from Ti3+ ions present as impurities in its crystal lattice. All materials doped with Ti ions showed intense broad emission bands with tunable colors from blue to red due to different splitting of 3d1 energy levels of the Ti3+ ion in different chemical environments. The chemical environments containing S2- ions promote a redshift of the emission bands. All Ti doped materials showed the phenomenon of persistent luminescence and the role of co-dopants were investigated as well. Based on these optical results, the mechanisms of the persistent luminescence were developed. Also, the luminescent Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ material obtained by the rapid microwave proved to be suitable for mounting a solid state lighting device having quantum yields (&#934;) of 80%. The device was assembled to an optical base polymer of silicone and using a high-power GaN LED, generating high intensity white light. Finally, the photoluminescent processes of the Ti and Ce3+ ions doped in different matrices provided the expansion of the range of inorganic materials for energy conversion, which can contribute to the research on more economically viable and sustainable materials.

Die vorliegende Dissertation behandelt das Zusammenspiel von effizienten aktiven Lasermedien und neuartigen sättigbaren Absorbern, welche auf den Kohlenstoff-Nanostrukturen Graphen und den einwandigen Kohlenstoff Nanoröhren (SWCNTs) basieren. Die aktiven Lasermedien decken den Spektralbereich von 1,0 Mikrometer bis 2,1 Mikrometer ab, d.h. eine ganze Oktave, und nutzen die laseraktiven Ionen des Ytterbiums, Chroms und Thuliums. In dieser Arbeit werden die auf Graphen und SWCNT basierenden sättigbaren Absorber hinsichtlich ihres einer Anregung folgenden Relaxationsverhaltens, ihrer von der Fluenz abhängigen Transmission und ihres Sättigungs- verhaltens bei hohen Fluenzen untersucht. Eine vorangestellte Einführung der optischen Eigenschaften von Graphen und SWCNTs wird gegeben und die Modelle zur Beschreibung realer Proben werden aus theoretischen Modellvorstellungen hergeleitet. Die sättigbaren Absorber basierend auf Graphen und SWCNTs werden untereinander und mit klassischen halbleitenden sättigbaren Absorbern verglichen. Diese Arbeit zeigt ferner die Erzeugung ultrakurzer Pulse verschiedener Laser mit diesen neuartigen sättigbaren Absorbern basierend auf Kohlenstoff Nanostrukturen. Die erhaltenen Pulse werden mittels Spektrometrie, Autokorrelation, Radiofrequenz- und partiell FROG-Messungen charakterisiert, und der zugrunde liegende Pulsformungsmechanismus, sowie die Stabilität gegen das Güteschalten werden diskutiert. / This thesis addresses the interplay of highly efficient active laser media and novel saturable absorbers based on the carbon nanostructures graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The active laser media cover the spectral region from 1.0 micron up to 2.1 micron, i.e. a whole octave, and apply ytterbium, chromium and thulium as active lasing ions. Within this work, the saturable absorbers based on SWCNTs and graphene are characterized with respect to their relaxation behaviour after excitation, and with respect to their fluence-dependent transmission and saturation. A precedent introduction of the general optical properties of graphene and SWCNTs is presented as well and the models to describe real samples experimentally are deduced from theoretical model conceptions. The saturable absorbers based on graphene and SWCNTs are compared to each other and to classical semiconducting saturable absorbers. This thesis further presents the generation of ultrashort laser pulses applying these novel carbon nanostructure based saturable absorbers in different lasers. The obtained pulses are characterized by spectrometry, autocorrelation, radio-frequency measurements and partially by FROG measurements. Additionally, the underlying pulse formation process and the Q-switching stability are discussed.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Traçadores são utilizados na explotação de reservatórios de petróleo para fornecer informações que auxiliam na otimização das operações envolvidas. Esta utilização já é comumente praticada fora do Brasil, sendo os mais empregados os radioativos, que apresentam sobre os compostos químicos as vantagens da simplicidade e sensibilidade de detecção e do custo. Uma possibilidade interessante é representada pelos traçadores ativáveis, que podem ser introduzidos no sistema a estudar no estado inativo e serem posteriormente amostrados e dosados por Ativação Neutrônica. Para esta aplicação os elementos da série dos lantanídeos foram testados, visto que estes oferecem características nucleares adequadas para análise. Os traçadores eficientes serão aqueles que não se atrasem ou se percam por interação com as rochas e/ou fluidos não aquosos presentes no reservatório, ou seja, que possuam elevada solubilidade em fase aquosa, coeficientes de partição nulos com a fase orgânica e que não sejam adsorvidos nas elevadas superfícies específicas disponíveis nas formações microporosas das quais desalojam as gotículas de petróleo. Deste modo foi necessário a complexação e quantificação do rendimento através da técnica de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). As técnicas espectrométricas de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (1H e 13C) e Infravermelho (IV) também foram empregadas para caracterização das espécies formadas. Foram realizados testes com o lantânio (La), o európio (Eu) e o disprósio (Dy) com os ligantes ácidos aminopolicarboxílicos (EDTA-2, DTPA) e tia-dicarboxílicos (C4H6SO4 , C7H12S2O4). Após a quantificação do rendimento e caracterização dos complexos de lantanídeos, concluiu-se que há complexação das espécies ligantes com os lantanídeos estudados. Os complexos obtidos em maior rendimento foram então submetidos a testes que simulam uma possível partição destes com a fase orgânica (Kp) e/ou sólida (Kd) do aqüífero, pela metodologia da Análise por Injeção em Fluxo (Flow Injection Analysis FIA) e por testes em um corpo de prova que simula as condições de fluxo em um reservatório de petróleo. O cálculo da partição determinada por Ativação Neutrônica e Espectrometria de Emissão Atômica com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP/AES) apresentou um resultado nulo, o que torna possível a utilização dos respectivos complexos como traçadores ambientais em campo de petróleo. Os testes em corpo de prova evidenciaram uma excelente concordância entre o comportamento dos lantanídeos complexados e do traçador de referência (água tritiada). Um outro teste com a metaloporfirina (MnP) foi realizado como estágio prévio para o desenvolvimento de um novo traçador e os resultados positivos indicaram a viabilidade de sua futura utilização. Foram realizados os mesmos testes que para os complexos de lantanídeos, sendo que as determinações dos coeficientes de partição tanto com a fase orgânica (Kp) como com a fase sólida (Kd) foram efetuadas através da Espectrometria UV-Vis. / Tracers are used in the explotation of petroleum reservoirs in order to obtain information that help to optimize its operations. They are presently used on a routine basis in many countries, and the more often applied are the radiotracers, due to some advantages they have over the chemical tracers, such as the simplicity and the sensitivity of their detection besides the cost factor. One of the most conspicuous applications of tracers to reservoirs production activities refers to the evaluation of the secondary recovery techniques, due to their capability to inform about what happens in between the injection and production wells, differently from the other techniques that provide information only at discrete points. An option of interest for the normally required multiple tracer tests is afforded by activable tracers that can be fed to the system under study in the inactive state and have their samples collected at the exit irradiated and measured by Neutron Activation Analysis. Some of the elements of the lanthanide series that exhibit very high thermal neutron cross sections have been tested for this purpose. A properly performing tracer should not lag behind the liquid flow nor be lost through interactions with the rocks and non aqueous fluids inside the reservoir. This means that they must be quite hydrophilic, and have nearly null partition coefficients so that they are neither adsorbed on the internal surfaces of the rock pores nor migrate to the oil phase. Hence it has been necessary to form complexes of the lanthanide metals with appropriate ligands. Besides, to certify the product and to measure the achieved yield, these complexes had to be analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), by 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and by Infrared Spectrometry (IR). The analyses have confirmed the complexation of the lanthanides processed by a previously selected methodology. Following that the performance of these lanthanide complexes as tracers have been tested in essays that simulate the possibility their partition in the oil phase (Kp) as well as their adsorption (Kd) in the solids inside the reservoir, by means of the Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) technique and of core tests, respectively. Tests have carried with lanthanum, europium and dysprosium, that have been complexed with aminopolicarboxylic acids (EDTA2-, DTPA), and with tiacarboxylic acids (C4H6SO4, C7H12S2O4). The measurement of partition, that has been carried by both Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Internal Couple Plasma/Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP/AES), evidenced null partition and this qualifies these complexes as oil field tracers. The core tests also displayed an excellent match between the lanthanide complexeds and the reference tracer used (tritiated water). On e other test using metal-porphyrin (MnP) has been performed as a previous stage for the development of a novel tracer and the positive results obtained have shown its feasibility for future applications. This complex has been submitted to the same tests performed with the lanthanides and the measurement of both the water phase and the oil, phase partition coefficients (Kp and Kd, respectively) has been carried using UV-Vis spectrometry.

Os materiais luminescentes convencionais produzidos industrialmente e aplicados em dispositivos fotônicos são baseados em matrizes inorgânicas contendo íons terras raras (TR). Entretanto, devido à grande flutuação de preço nas matérias primas de óxido de terras raras, se torna necessário a busca por materiais alternativos. Dessa forma, materiais luminescentes baseado em matrizes inorgânicas dopadas com íons Tin+ foram preparadas. Os materiais luminescentes de ZrO2 não dopado e dopado com íons Tin+ e TR3+ foram preparados pelo método sol-gel com diferentes razões W = [H2 O]/[TBZ] (TBZ: butóxido de zircônio) e calcinado a diferentes temperaturas (500, 600, 800 e 1000 °C). Além disso, o método de aquecimento dielétrico assistido por radiação micro-ondas foi utilizado para preparar a série de oxissulfetos de terras raras (TR2O2S; TR: La, Gd e Y) e Lu2O3 dopados com íons Ti e Mg, bem como o material Y3Al5O12 dopado com íons Ce3+. Os materiais foram caracterizados estruturalmente pela técnica de difração de raios X pelo método do pó, seguida do refinamento pelo método de Rietveld para extração dos parâmetros estruturais. Diferentes composições de fase tetragonal (t-) e monoclínica (m-) de ZrO2 foram obtidas com a variação dos parâmetros de síntese. Os resultados indicaram que a fase cristalina influencia diretamente nas propriedades ópticas dos materiais. As fases tetragonal e monoclínica da matriz de ZrO2, exibem cores de emissão azul e verde, respectivamente. Os dados de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foram utilizados para caracterizar os nanocristais que possuem tamanho de partícula média de 50 nm. Os estados de valência dos íons TR dopados nos materiais de ZrO2 foram analisados utilizando a técnica de XANES, enquanto que a valência do íon Ti foi sondada pela técnica de EPR. A espectroscopia XANES por radiação Síncrotron foi utilizada para estudar a variação de valência dos íons Pr e Tb dopados na matriz de ZrO2 quando co-dopadas com íons Gd3+ que favorecem a formação de vacâncias de óxido, que possibilitam a redução TRIV &#8594; TR3+. Os materiais de ZrO2 foram estudados espectroscopicamente com a finalidade de inferir que a luminescência da matriz é oriunda de íons Ti3+ presentes como impurezas na rede cristalina. Todos os materiais dopados com íons Ti apresentaram bandas de emissão largas e intensas de cores sintonizáveis desde o azul até vermelho, devido aos diferentes deslocamento das bandas relacionadas aos níveis 3d1 do íon Ti3+ em diferentes ambientes químicos. Os íons S2- promovem um deslocamento das bandas de emissão para região do vermelho. Também foi investigado o fenômeno da luminescência persistente dos materiais dopados com íons Ti e estudado a influência da co-dopagem de íons geradores de vacâncias de óxido na duração da luminescência persistente. Os dados permitiram o desenvolvimento de mecanismos da luminescência persistente em função das matrizes e íons dopantes. Também, o fósforo Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ foi montado a base de um polímero óptico de silicone e utilizando um LED de GaN de alta potência. O dispositivo de iluminação de estado sólido gera luz branca de alta intensidade com rendimentos quânticos (&#934;) da ordem de 80%. Por fim, os processos fotoluminescentes do íon Tin+ e Ce3+ dopado em diferentes matrizes proporcionaram a ampliação da gama de materiais inorgânicos para conversão de energia, que contribui para a pesquisa em materiais economicamente viáveis e sustentáveis. / The most commercially available luminescent materials to be applied in devices are based on inorganic matrices containing rare earth ions (RE). However, due to the large price fluctuation of rare earth oxides, it is necessary to search for new alternative materials. Therefore, luminescent materials based on inorganic matrices doped with titanium ions were prepared. The undoped and Ti and RE3+ doped ZrO2 materials were prepared by sol-gel method and calcined at different temperatures (500, 600, 800 and 1000 °C). Besides, the dielectric heating method assisted by microwave radiation was used to prepare the rare earth series of oxysulfides (TR2O2S; RT: La, Gd and Y) and Lu2O3 doped with Ti and Mg ions, as well as the Ce3+ doped Y3Al5O12 phosphors. The materials were structurally characterized by X-ray powder diffraction technique along with the Rietveld refinement method for extracting structural parameters. It was possible to obtain different crystalline phase composition of tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 by varying the synthetic parameters. The experimental data show that the crystalline structure affects the photonic properties in a direct way. For example, the tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 phases show blue and green emission, respectively. The transmission electron microscopy indicated that the nanocrystals have 50 nm of average size. The valence states of the RE ions were analyzed using XANES technique, whereas the valence of the Ti ion was probed by the EPR technique. The Synchrotron Radiation XANES spectroscopy was used to study the valence changes of Pr and Tb doped in ZrO2 matrix when co-doped with Gd3+ ions that favors the formation of oxide vacancies, leading to the reduction REIV &#8594; RE3+. The ZrO2 materials were studied spectroscopically and it was possible to infer that the luminescence of the ZrO2 matrix is derived from Ti3+ ions present as impurities in its crystal lattice. All materials doped with Ti ions showed intense broad emission bands with tunable colors from blue to red due to different splitting of 3d1 energy levels of the Ti3+ ion in different chemical environments. The chemical environments containing S2- ions promote a redshift of the emission bands. All Ti doped materials showed the phenomenon of persistent luminescence and the role of co-dopants were investigated as well. Based on these optical results, the mechanisms of the persistent luminescence were developed. Also, the luminescent Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ material obtained by the rapid microwave proved to be suitable for mounting a solid state lighting device having quantum yields (&#934;) of 80%. The device was assembled to an optical base polymer of silicone and using a high-power GaN LED, generating high intensity white light. Finally, the photoluminescent processes of the Ti and Ce3+ ions doped in different matrices provided the expansion of the range of inorganic materials for energy conversion, which can contribute to the research on more economically viable and sustainable materials.