Loin d’être des produits immatériels, les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) ont un réel impact environnemental tout au long de leur cycle de vie. L’Éco-TIC est le point de rencontre entre le développement durable et les TIC. Le droit de l'Éco-TIC est l’ensemble des règles de droit régissant les rapports entre les technologies de l’information et le domaine environnemental. Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’examiner les normes juridiques, notamment en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, qui permettent de limiter l’impact environnemental des technologies de l’information lors des trois phases du cycle de vie des TIC. Tout d’abord, nous nous penchons sur l’étape de la conception des TIC. À cette étape, les réglementations en matière d’écoconception, l’utilisation des terres rares et l’interdiction de l’obsolescence programmée sont particulièrement pertinentes. Ensuite, nous examinons comment les entreprises tentent de réduire la consommation énergétique des TIC lors de la phase d’utilisation, notamment par le biais de la responsabilité sociétale de l’entreprise (RSE). Nous verrons également que les centres de données se multiplient afin de répondre à une demande toujours plus forte. Enfin, nous traitons de la fin de vie des TIC, phase pour laquelle l’Union européenne a créé des directives en matière de réutilisation, réduction et recyclage qui influent sur le plan international. / Information and communication technologies (ICT) are far from being intangible goods and do have an environmental impact during their entire life cycle. Green IT stands at the crossroads of sustainable development and ICT. Green IT law consists of a set of rules governing the relations between information technologies and environment. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the European and North American legal standards regulating the environment impacts of ICT throughout the three phases of their life cycle. In the first part, the design phase of ICT is examined. At this stage, existing regulations on eco-design, the use of rare earth elements, and the interdiction of planned obsolescence are of particular relevance. The thesis then studies how companies are trying to reduce the use-phase energy consumption of ICT, notably through the Corporate Social Responsability. The issue of the multiplication of data centres, due to an ever-growing demand, is also discussed. In the end, the thesis considers the end-of-life phase of ICT and the directives created by the European Union that affect recycling and waste reduction management at an international level.

Les structures magnétiques de deux familles de composés sont déterminées et discutées : (i) celles des hydrures RTXH (R = terre rare, T = métal de transition et X = Si, Ge) cristallisant dans la structure de type ZrCuSiAs et obtenus par insertion d’hydrogène dans les intermétalliques quadratiques de type CeFeSi. L’hydrogénation induit des transitions magnétiques variées engendrées par la compétition entre la dilatation anisotrope de la maille cristalline causée par l’absorption d’hydrogène et l’apparition de la liaison chimique R-H; (ii) celles des siliciures ternaires R6T1.67Si3 (R = Ce, Nd, Gd, Tb et T = Co, Ni) présentant des propriétés magnétocaloriques significatives autour de leur température de Curie, en particulier ceux à base de gadolinium Gd6T1.67Si3. Les composés à base de Ce, Nd et Tb présentent des comportements magnétiques originaux qui sont expliqués par la détermination de leurs structures magnétiques. La nature complexe de ces propriétés résulte en partie de la présence de deux sites magnétiques pour R et d’un désordre atomique de l’élément T dans la structure cristallographique. / Magnetic structures of two families of compounds are determined and discussed : (i) those of the hydrides RTXH (R = Rare earth, T = transition metal and X = Si, Ge) crystallizing in the ZrCuSiAs-type structure and obtained by hydrogen insertion in the intermetallics adopting the tetragonal CeFeSi-type structure. Hydrogenation induces various magnetic transitions governed by the competition between the anisotropic unit cell expansion linked to hydrogen absorption and the occurrence of the R-H chemical bonding ; (ii) those of the ternary silicides R6T1.67Si3 (R = Ce, Nd, Gd, Tb and T = Co, Ni) which show significant magnetocaloric properties around their Curie temperature, especially those based on gadolinium Gd6T1.67Si3. The compounds based on Ce, Nd and Tb present original magnetic behaviors which are explained by their magnetic structures determination. The origin of these complex properties results especially from the presence of two magnetic sites for R and from an atomic disorder of the T element in the crystallographic structure.

O fertilizante é considerado um componente essencial para a agricultura, pois sua utilização aumenta e repõe os nutrientes naturais do solo, perdidos por desgaste ou erosão. No processo de obtenção dos fertilizantes fosfatados, o concentrado de rocha reage com ácido sulfúrico concentrado produzindo ácido fosfórico e sulfato de cálcio (fosfogesso), como subproduto. O ácido fosfórico é utilizado para a produção do superfosfato triplo (TSP), superfosfato simples (SSP), monoamônio fosfato (MAP) e diamônio fosfato (DAP). A rocha fosfatada usada como matéria prima apresenta em sua composição radionuclídeos das séries naturais do urânio e tório. Durante o ataque químico do concentrado de rocha, as espécies presentes na reação, estáveis e radioativas, são redistribuídas entre o ácido fosfórico (matéria prima dos fertilizantes), e o fosfogesso, de acordo com sua solubilidade e características químicas. Enquanto os fertilizantes são comercializados, o fosfogesso fica estocado em pilhas podendo impactar o meio ambiente. Com a finalidade de entender a distribuição dos elementos e dos radionuclídeos no processo industrial de produção de fertilizantes fosfatados, foram analisadas amostras de concentrado de rocha, de fertilizantes (SSP, TSP, MAP e DAP) e fosfogesso de três procedências nacionais denominadas indústrias A, B e C. A técnica utilizada para a análise elementar foi a análise por ativação com nêutrons, que permitiu analisar os elementos Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Hf, Na, Sc, Ta, Th, U, Zn e Zr, e as terras raras, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb e Lu. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que em geral, as terras raras se distribuem de forma homogênea em todos os fertilizantes e no fosfogesso, exceto o Lu. Os fertilizantes SSP e TSP apresentaram concentrações de todos os elementos analisados da mesma ordem de grandeza da rocha de origem. O mesmo comportamento foi observado nos fertilizantes MAP e DAP, exceto para os elementos Co, Sc e U. Os elementos pertencentes à série radioativa natural do urânio (238U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra e 210Pb), do tório (232Th, 228Ra e 228Th) e o K-40, foram determinados por meio da espectrometria gama e alfa. As amostras de fertilizantes MAP e DAP, que são diretamente derivadas do ácido fosfórico, apresentaram baixa concentração para o 226Ra, 228Ra e 210Pb, enquanto que para o U e Th as concentrações encontradas foram da mesma ordem de grandeza da rocha de origem. Os fertilizantes SSP e TSP, que são obtidos pela mistura de ácido fosfórico com concentrado de rocha, apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas para os radionuclídeos das séries naturais. Avaliou-se a exposição devido a sucessivas aplicações de fertilizantes e fosfogesso, calculando-se a dose interna devida à aplicação por 10, 50 e 100 anos. Os valores encontrados estão abaixo do limite de 2,4 mSv a-1, mostrando que esta prática é negligenciável. / Fertilizer is considered an essential component for agriculture, because its use increases the natural soil nutrients, which are lost slow waste or erosion. The Brazilian phosphate fertilizer is obtained by wet reaction of igneous phosphate rock with concentrated sulphuric acid, giving as final product, phosphoric acid and dihydrated calcium sulphate (phosphogypsum) as by-product. Phosphoric acid is the starting material for triple superphosphate (TSP), single superphosphate (SSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). The phosphate rock used as raw material presents in its composition, radionuclides of the U and Th natural series in. During the chemical attack of the phosphate rock, this equilibrium is disrupted and the radionuclides and the elements migrate to intermediate, final products and by-products, according to their solubility and chemical properties. While the fertilizers are commercialized, the phosphogypsum is disposed in stack piles and can cause an impact in the environment. In order to evaluate the radionuclides and the elements distribution in the industrial process of phosphate fertilizer production, samples of concentrated rock, fertilizers (SSP, TSP, MAP and DAP) and phosphogypsum from three national industries (A, B and C), were analyzed. The characterization of the elements Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Hf, Na, Sc, Ta, Th, U, Zn and Zr, and the rare earths La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu, were performed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results obtained showed that, in general, the rare earth elements are distributed uniformly in the fertilizers and phosphogypsum, except for Lu. The elemental concentration present in the fertilizers SSP and TSP are of the same order of magnitude of the source rock. The same behavior was observed in the fertilizers MAP and DAP, except for the elements Co, Sc and U. The radionuclides of the U series (238U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra, 210Pb) and of the Th series (232Th, 228Ra, 228Th) and 40K were determined by gamma and alpha spectrometry. The fertilizers samples, with are derived directly from phosphoric acid, MAP and DAP, presented in their composition low activity concentrations for 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb. For U and Th, the concentrations founded in MAP and DAP are more significant, similar to the source rock. SSP and TSP fertilizers, which are obtained by mixing phosphoric acid with different amounts of phosphate rock, presented higher concentrations of all radionuclides of the natural series. Long-term exposure due to successive fertilizer and phosphogypsum application was evaluated. Internal doses due to the application of phosphate fertilizer and phosphogypsum for 10, 50 and 100 years were below 2.4 mSv y-1, showing that the radiological impact of such practice is negligible.

O fertilizante é considerado um componente essencial para a agricultura, pois sua utilização aumenta e repõe os nutrientes naturais do solo, perdidos por desgaste ou erosão. No processo de obtenção dos fertilizantes fosfatados, o concentrado de rocha reage com ácido sulfúrico concentrado produzindo ácido fosfórico e sulfato de cálcio (fosfogesso), como subproduto. O ácido fosfórico é utilizado para a produção do superfosfato triplo (TSP), superfosfato simples (SSP), monoamônio fosfato (MAP) e diamônio fosfato (DAP). A rocha fosfatada usada como matéria prima apresenta em sua composição radionuclídeos das séries naturais do urânio e tório. Durante o ataque químico do concentrado de rocha, as espécies presentes na reação, estáveis e radioativas, são redistribuídas entre o ácido fosfórico (matéria prima dos fertilizantes), e o fosfogesso, de acordo com sua solubilidade e características químicas. Enquanto os fertilizantes são comercializados, o fosfogesso fica estocado em pilhas podendo impactar o meio ambiente. Com a finalidade de entender a distribuição dos elementos e dos radionuclídeos no processo industrial de produção de fertilizantes fosfatados, foram analisadas amostras de concentrado de rocha, de fertilizantes (SSP, TSP, MAP e DAP) e fosfogesso de três procedências nacionais denominadas indústrias A, B e C. A técnica utilizada para a análise elementar foi a análise por ativação com nêutrons, que permitiu analisar os elementos Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Hf, Na, Sc, Ta, Th, U, Zn e Zr, e as terras raras, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb e Lu. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que em geral, as terras raras se distribuem de forma homogênea em todos os fertilizantes e no fosfogesso, exceto o Lu. Os fertilizantes SSP e TSP apresentaram concentrações de todos os elementos analisados da mesma ordem de grandeza da rocha de origem. O mesmo comportamento foi observado nos fertilizantes MAP e DAP, exceto para os elementos Co, Sc e U. Os elementos pertencentes à série radioativa natural do urânio (238U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra e 210Pb), do tório (232Th, 228Ra e 228Th) e o K-40, foram determinados por meio da espectrometria gama e alfa. As amostras de fertilizantes MAP e DAP, que são diretamente derivadas do ácido fosfórico, apresentaram baixa concentração para o 226Ra, 228Ra e 210Pb, enquanto que para o U e Th as concentrações encontradas foram da mesma ordem de grandeza da rocha de origem. Os fertilizantes SSP e TSP, que são obtidos pela mistura de ácido fosfórico com concentrado de rocha, apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas para os radionuclídeos das séries naturais. Avaliou-se a exposição devido a sucessivas aplicações de fertilizantes e fosfogesso, calculando-se a dose interna devida à aplicação por 10, 50 e 100 anos. Os valores encontrados estão abaixo do limite de 2,4 mSv a-1, mostrando que esta prática é negligenciável. / Fertilizer is considered an essential component for agriculture, because its use increases the natural soil nutrients, which are lost slow waste or erosion. The Brazilian phosphate fertilizer is obtained by wet reaction of igneous phosphate rock with concentrated sulphuric acid, giving as final product, phosphoric acid and dihydrated calcium sulphate (phosphogypsum) as by-product. Phosphoric acid is the starting material for triple superphosphate (TSP), single superphosphate (SSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). The phosphate rock used as raw material presents in its composition, radionuclides of the U and Th natural series in. During the chemical attack of the phosphate rock, this equilibrium is disrupted and the radionuclides and the elements migrate to intermediate, final products and by-products, according to their solubility and chemical properties. While the fertilizers are commercialized, the phosphogypsum is disposed in stack piles and can cause an impact in the environment. In order to evaluate the radionuclides and the elements distribution in the industrial process of phosphate fertilizer production, samples of concentrated rock, fertilizers (SSP, TSP, MAP and DAP) and phosphogypsum from three national industries (A, B and C), were analyzed. The characterization of the elements Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Hf, Na, Sc, Ta, Th, U, Zn and Zr, and the rare earths La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu, were performed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results obtained showed that, in general, the rare earth elements are distributed uniformly in the fertilizers and phosphogypsum, except for Lu. The elemental concentration present in the fertilizers SSP and TSP are of the same order of magnitude of the source rock. The same behavior was observed in the fertilizers MAP and DAP, except for the elements Co, Sc and U. The radionuclides of the U series (238U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra, 210Pb) and of the Th series (232Th, 228Ra, 228Th) and 40K were determined by gamma and alpha spectrometry. The fertilizers samples, with are derived directly from phosphoric acid, MAP and DAP, presented in their composition low activity concentrations for 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb. For U and Th, the concentrations founded in MAP and DAP are more significant, similar to the source rock. SSP and TSP fertilizers, which are obtained by mixing phosphoric acid with different amounts of phosphate rock, presented higher concentrations of all radionuclides of the natural series. Long-term exposure due to successive fertilizer and phosphogypsum application was evaluated. Internal doses due to the application of phosphate fertilizer and phosphogypsum for 10, 50 and 100 years were below 2.4 mSv y-1, showing that the radiological impact of such practice is negligible.

稀土作為國防工業和科技產品之主要原料，因其材質具有特殊性及不可替代性，故原料供給來源之穩定有其重要性。目前全球稀土90％以上皆產於中國，然中國近年來積極地對於稀土之開採及出口，透過配額及許可證、出口關稅、價格控制、開採量限制等，對稀土採取管制措施，造成各國製造能源科技設備原料短缺，而引發美國、日本、歐盟等科技產品製造大國的不滿。 本文以GATT 1994及中國入會議定書對貨品貿易所作之承諾，作為分析中國稀土出口限制政策之法律依據，並主要參考「中國－原物料案（China-Raw Materials）」之小組裁決，輔以「中國－視聽服務案（China- Audiovisual Services）」之裁決，探究違反中國入會議定書承諾之稀土出口管制措施，是否有援用GATT 1994第20條一般例外條款之正當性，並對於中國稀土出口管制政策於WTO規範下之適法性進行分析，最後作出結論。 / The rare earths are essential for many hundreds of applications. The versatility and specificity of the rare earths has given them a level of technological, environmental, and economic importance considerably greater than might be expected from their relative obscurity. China supplies over 90 percent of rare earths globally, but has applied a series of restraints to limit the exportation and production of rare earths, including export duties and export quotas, and price and production control , leadind to raise serious concerns among industry in the U.S., Japan and European Unions. This thesis takes GATT 1994 and the Protocol of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter China’s Accession Protocal) as the legal basis to analyze China’s rare earths export restriction measures. And in order to examine whether these dispute measures are pursuant to the WTO’s agreements, and whether Article XX of the GATT 1994 is available as a defense under China’s Accession Protocal, this thesis takes China-Raw Materials and China- Audiovisual Services’s ruling as the main references, and providing the conclusion of the study.

No description available.

Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit portent sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de nouveaux matériaux magnétocaloriques à basse de terres rares pour la réfrigération magnétique. Le premier chapitre constitue une introduction aux notions d’effet magnétocalorique et de réfrigération magnétique et dresse un état de l’art des matériaux magnétocaloriques existants. Dans le but d’obtenir des matériaux à forte capacité de réfrigération (RC) et d’identifier des stratégies d’amélioration de ce critère de performance, deux voies de recherche ont été explorées : l’élargissement de la transition magnétique et l’effet de l’élément de transition M et de l’élément p (X) dans les verres métalliques Gd60M30X10 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu et X = Al, Ga, In) d’une part, et la synthèse de nouveaux siliciures ternaires dans les systèmes R-M-Si (R = Nd, Gd, Tb et M = Co, Ni) à fort potentiel magnétocalorique, d’autre part.Le second chapitre de cette thèse présente les propriétés magnétiques des rubans amorphes à base de gadolinium synthétisés par la technique de melt-spinning, dans lesquels le désordre structural induit un très fort élargissement de la transition magnétique (vis-à-vis de celle du gadolinium par exemple). Il montre dans un premier temps, la faible influence de l’élément p (X) sur les propriétés magnétiques des rubans Gd60Mn30X10 (X = Al, Ga, In). Une seconde partie présente la très forte influence de l’élément de transition M, tant sur la nature de la transition magnétique que sur les propriétés magnétocaloriques des verres métalliques Gd60M30In10 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu), avec en particulier une température de Curie variant entre 86 (M = Ni) et 220 K (M = Fe) et l’existence d’un phénomène de type cluster-glass en dessous de 35 K lorsque M = Mn. Le chapitre trois de cette thèse se décline en trois parties. La première décrit les conditions de synthèse parfois délicates, notamment dans le choix des températures de recuit, des siliciures R5MSi2, Gd5Si3 et du composé à domaine d’existence Gd3Co2,5 ± xSi1,5 ± y. L’utilisation de la méthode Rietveld pour l’affinement des diffractogrammes de rayons X sur poudre et monocristaux et neutrons a permis de montrer que les composés R5MSi2 adoptent une structure de type Cr5B3 avec la particularité de l’occupation mixte du site 8h par Co et Si à 50 %/50 % et que Gd3Co2,5 ± xSi1,5 ± y adopte une structure de type Er3Ge4 avec des sites mixtes Co/Si en positions 4a et 4c. La seconde partie présente les propriétés magnétiques et magnétocaloriques du siliciure Gd5CoSi2. Ce composé subit une transition ferromagnétique à la température de Curie de 169 K qui s’accompagne d’une variation d’entropie magnétique calculée par l’application de la relation de Maxwell, de -4,7 et 8,7 J kg-1 K-1 pour des variations de champ magnétique respectives de 2 et 5 T. Le troisième volet de ce chapitre décrit les propriétés magnétiques de Nd5CoSi2 et Nd5NiSi2 qui présentent une transition ferromagnétique respectivement à 55 et 44 K. Il décrit également l’affinement de la structure ferromagnétique cantée de Nd5CoSi2 obtenue par des mesures de diffraction neutronique.Il ressort de ces travaux que l’évaluation des matériaux magnétocaloriques par le seul critère de capacité de réfrigération ne mène pas vers les matériaux les plus adaptés à l’application. Il faudrait cibler plus spécifiquement, pour chaque type de cycle de réfrigération envisagé, des critères pragmatiques tels qu’une fenêtre de température d’utilisation autour de la température de Curie ou une valeur de chaleur spécifique optimale afin de mieux guider la recherche de nouveaux matériaux magnétocaloriques. / The studies presented in this manuscript deal with the synthesis and characterization of new rare-earth based magnetocaloric materials for magnetic refrigeration applications. The first chapter is an introduction to the concepts of magnetocaloric effect and magnetic refrigeration and establishes a review of the magnetocaloric materials existing today. Two research axes were explored in order to obtain materials with a high refrigeration capacity (RC) and to identify strategies for improving this performance criterion: the enlargement of magnetic transition and the effect of transition element M and p-element X in the metallic glasses Gd60M30X10 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu et X = Al, Ga, In) on one hand, and the synthesis of new ternary silicides in the RE-M-Si systems (RE = Nd, Gd, Tb et M = Co, Ni) with high magnetocaloric potential on the other hand. The second chapter of this thesis presents the magnetic properties of Gd-based amorphous ribbons synthesized by the melt-spinning technique, in which the structural disorder induces a very strong enlargement of the magnetic transition (compared to that of pure Gd for instance). In a first part, it shows the weak influence of the p element (X) on the magnetic properties of Gd60Mn30X10 (X = Al, Ga, In) ribbons. A second part presents the very strong influence of the transition element M, either on the nature of the magnetic transition and on the magnetocaloric properties of Gd60M30In10 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) metallic glasses with, in particular, a Curie temperature varying between 86 (M = Ni) and 220 K (M = Fe) and the occurrence of a cluster-glass behavior below 35 K when M = Mn. The third chapter of this thesis is composed of three parts. The first one describes the synthesis conditions of RE5MSi2 (RE = Nd, Gd, Tb), Gd5Si3 and of the compound with existence domain Gd3Co2.5 ± xSi1.5 ± y. These syntheses are sometimes delicate, particularly in the choice of annealing temperatures. The use of the Rietveld method to refine the X-ray and neutron powder diffraction patterns allowed showing that RE5MSi2 compounds adopt a Cr5B3 type structure, with a mixed occupation of 8h site by Co and Si at 50 %/50 % and that Gd3Co2.5 ± xSi1.5 ± y adopts an Er4Ge4 type structure with mixed Co/Si occupation in 4a et 4c positions. The second part presents the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of the Gd5CoSi2 silicide. This compound exhibits a ferromagnetic transition at the Curie temperature TC = 169 K that is accompanied by a magnetic entropy change of -4.7 and 8.7 kg-1 K-1 at 2 and 5 T, respectively, as calculated by the application of Maxwell’s relationship. The third part is this chapter describes the magnetic properties of Nd5CoSi2 and Nd5NiSi2 which order ferromagnetically at 55 and 44 K, respectively. It also presents the refinement of the canted ferromagnetic structure on Nd5CoSi2, obtained by neutron diffraction measurements.These study show that evaluating the magnetocaloric materials by only considering the criterion of refrigeration capacity does not lead to the elaboration of the best materials for the applications. It could be more efficient to target more pragmatic criteria, for each considered refrigeration cycle, such as a temperature window of use around the Curie temperature or an optimal specific heat value in order to lead the research of new magnetocaloric materials at best.

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Ces travaux de thèse ont pour vocation d'étudier des oxydes mixtes Ce1-x-yZrxPryO2-z afin de corréler composition chimique-structure avec les propriétés de réductibilité/mobilité ionique de l'oxygène associées aux performances catalytiques pour l'oxydation du CO et du propane, en conditions essence et Diesel. La connaissance de la quantité de terres rares au degré d'oxydation +4 a été déterminante. Notamment, plus le taux de Pr4+ est important, plus le composé est réductible et plus la mobilité de l'oxygène s'accroît. L'évaluation du coefficient de diffusion de l'oxygène D* a montré que sa valeur devenait élevée, rivalisant ainsi avec les meilleurs conducteurs ioniques de l'oxygène à basse température. Les échanges isotopiques de l'oxygène permettent de montrer que la vitesse d'échange croît quand le taux de Pr augmente. L'étude de la combustion du propane sur ces oxydes a montré qu'une bonne mobilité de l'oxygène permettait d'améliorer les performances catalytiques. Ainsi, l'oxyde de composition Ce0,45Zr0,1Pr0,45O2-x (CZP45) présente les meilleures propriétés pré-citées et l'activité catalytique la plus élevée. L'oxyde CZP45 a donc été imprégné de Pd afin d'être comparé à deux catalyseurs utilisés industriellement et à iso-teneur en Pd, dispersée sur ?-Al2O3 (Diesel) et Ce0,5Zr0,5O2-x (essence). En régime Diesel, Pd-CZP45, après une étape initiale de réduction, présente une meilleure activité catalytique à basse température que Pd-?-Al2O3 pour l'oxydation du propane. Nous avons expliqué ces excellentes performances par la présence de clusters de Pd2+/Pd° finement dispersés sur l'oxyde (CZP45) et par la capacité du catalyseur à adsorber et conduire l'oxygène / This work describes characterizations of Ce1-x-yZrxPryO2-z mixed oxides to link their chemical composition-structure with their reducibility/oxygen mobility. These latter properties were correlated with their catalytic activity for the oxidation of CO and propane, both in stoichiometric (gasoline) and lean-burn (Diesel) conditions. The determination of the quantity of rare earth at the +4 oxidation degree, especially for Pr4+, has been of paramount importance. Actually, the higher the Pr4+ rate, the more reducible is the oxide and the better is the oxygen mobility. The evaluation of the diffusion coefficient of the oxygen D* highlighted high values, similar to those of the best reported oxygen ionic conductors at low temperature. Isotopic exchanges showed that the oxygen exchange rate increases with the Pr loading in the oxide. The catalytic activity for propane combustion of these oxides increases with their oxygen mobility. Finally, CZP45 (Ce0,45Zr0,1Pr0,45O2-x) exhibits the best pre-quoted properties as well as the highest catalytic activity. Therefore, CZP45 has been impregnated with Pd. The activity of Pd-CZP45 catalyst was compared with two industrially catalysts containing the same Pd content supported either on ?-Al2O3 (Diesel) or Ce0,5Zr0,5O2-x (gasoline). In Diesel conditions, Pd-CZP45 shows a better low-temperature catalytic activity than Pd-?-Al2O3 for propane oxidation after an initial step of reduction. We have attributed these remarkable performances to the presence of Pd2+/Pd° clusters finely dispersed on the oxide CZP45 and to its ability to adsorb and conduct oxygen

In this work, our initial efforts have been directed to study the behavior of the magnetization as a function of temperature, calculated according to the approximate method of the anisotropy constants and the resolution of a Hamiltonian (that includes the crystal field) as exemplified for the DyAl2 compound. Furthermore, we investigated the magneto-thermal characteristics of some members of the RX2 series (R: rare earth, X: Al, Ni), including spin reorientation (SR), by using a model Hamiltonian, that consists of localized magnetic moments interacting via exchange and crystal field interaction, in the molecular-field approximation. We studied how the SR depends on the direction of the application of magnetic field, the intensity of this field and temperature. For the magnetic calculations, the problem of self-consistency was solved by using a computational routine developed in the Fortran 90 programming language. We emphasize that special attention was directed to the crystal field, because of its high relevance to the anisotropic characteristics of the RX2 studied compounds. Thus, in our attempts to study the peculiarities of the rare earth elements, due to crystal field effects, we have not only considered the intensity change, but the direction change of the applied field. In the cases of both Er+3 and Tb+3 compounds, we obtained second-order or continuous magnetization behavior along the polar angle axis. We stressed that the crystal field terms plays an important role in the first order spin reorientation for Dy+3 and Ho+3 compounds. First, it can be revealed by the discontinuity in the Cartesian components of the magnetization vector as a function of the polar angle. Second, the discontinuity is of great importance in the calculation of latent heat associated to the spin reorientation in the case where the first order transitions were observed. Finally, we were able to separate the first and second order contributions of the anisotropic magnetic entropy change, which is the main result of this work. / Neste trabalho, nossos esforços iniciais foram direcionados a estudar o comportamento da magnetização em função da temperatura, calculado segundo o método aproximativo das constantes de anisotropia e da resolução de um hamiltoniano (que inclui o campo cristalino) como exemplificado para o composto DyAl2. Além disto, investigamos as características magneto-térmicas de alguns integrantes da série RX2 (R: Terra rara; X: Al, Ni), incluindo a reorientação de spin (RS), usando um hamiltoniano modelo que consiste de momentos magnéticos localizados interagentes via interações de troca e de campo cristalino, na aproximação do campo molecular. Estudamos como a RS depende da direção de aplicação do campo magnético, da sua intensidade e da temperatura. Para os cálculos magnéticos, o problema da auto consistência foi solucionado utilizando uma rotina, computacional desenvolvida na linguagem computacional Fortran 90. Ressaltamos que, uma atenção especial foi direcionada ao campo cristalino, por conta da sua alta relevância sobre as características anisotrópicas dos compostos RX2 estudados. Portanto, em nossas tentativas para estudar as peculiaridades dos elementos terras raras, devido aos efeitos do campo cristalino, não consideramos somente a mudança na intensidade, mas a variação na direção do campo aplicado. No caso dos compostos Er+3 e Tb+3, obteve-se um comportamento da magnetização de segunda ordem ou contínuo face à mudança do ângulo polar. Salientamos que os termos de campo cristalino desempenham um papel fundamental na reorientação de spin de primeira ordem para Dy+3 e Ho+3. Primeiro, tal transição pode ser revelada por uma descontinuidade nas componentes cartesianas do vetor de magnetização em função do ângulo polar. Segundo, a descontinuidade é de grande importância para o cálculo do calor latente associado à reorientação spin nos casos em que foram observadas as transições de primeira ordem. Finalmente, foi possível separar as contribuições de primeira e segunda ordem da variação de entropia magnética anisotrópica, o qual é o principal resultado deste trabalho.