No description available.

[pt] Pequenos empreendimentos são muito importantes para a economia de um país, especialmente daqueles em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Assim como as grandes empresas, as pequenas precisam encontrar formas de medir o seu desempenho operacional. Contudo, existem poucos trabalhos que abordem esse tema, devido principalmente à grande diversidade de indicadores que não se adaptam às realidades destas pequenas empresas. Este estudo tem por objetivo classificar estes indicadores por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura propondo uma taxonomia dos indicadores de desempenho operacional e dos determinantes, moderadores, mediadores e variáveis de controle do desempenho operacional de pequenas empresas e um framework para elaboração de pesquisas mais amplas com as diferentes variantes causais encontradas. Após a realização da revisão verificou-se que existem diversas nomenclaturas para o mesmo termo e que vários autores abordam os mesmos indicadores. Identificou-se ainda que o desempenho operacional em pequenas empresas é mensurado através de uma ou mais de suas cinco dimensões como escala do Desempenho Operacional, como escala de outros indicadores (Qualidade como escala de Desempenho organizacional), ou ainda sendo as próprias dimensões os indicadores de Desempenho (Inovação). Os resultados foram organizados em tabelas e dispostos no framework com as diferentes variáveis. A partir do framework, é proposto um modelo causal relacionando algumas das variáveis, para teste de survey aplicado a serviços em pequenas e médias empresas. Devido ao tempo de pesquisa e à generalização das palavras-chave, sugerem-se propostas de trabalhos futuros para a continuação da pesquisa. / [en] Small enterprises are very important to a country s economy, especially those in development, such as Brazil. Like large companies, small companies need to find ways to measure their operational performance. However, there are few studies that address this issue, mainly due to the great diversity of indicators that do not adapt to the realities of these small companies. This study aims to classify these indicators through a systematic literature review proposing a taxonomy of operational performance indicators and determinants, moderators, mediators and control variables of the operational performance of small companies and a framework for elaboration of broader research with the different causal variants found. After the review, it was verified that there are several nomenclatures for the same term and that several authors address the same indicators. It was also identified that operational performance in small companies is measured through one or more of its five dimensions as an Operational Performance scale, as a scale of other indicators (Quality as an Organizational Performance scale), or even the dimensions themselves the indicators of Performance (Innovation). The results were organized in tables and arranged in the framework with the different variables. From the framework, it is proposed a causal model relating some of the variables, for test of survey applied to services in small and medium enterprises. Due to the research time and the generalization of the keywords, future work proposals are suggested for the continuation of the research.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A percepÃÃo de que a estruturaÃÃo dos arranjos organizacionais e das estratÃgias, pelas firmas, pressupÃe que concebam e interpretem o cenÃrio econÃmico no qual figuram como agentes construtores e modificadores. A adaptaÃÃo, todavia, nÃo se faz o cerne das discussÃes em torno deste debate, mas sim o processo ou a fase de conversÃo do voluntarismo adaptativo em vantagens competitivas resultantes em ascensÃo da performance. O arcabouÃo teÃrico sedimentado pela VisÃo Baseada em Recursos (RBV) pÃe a competÃncia e a idiossincrasia organizacional como variÃveis de distinÃÃo entre as empresas (BARNEY, 1991). Nesse sentido, pode-se pressupor que a gestÃo dos recursos e a estratÃgia a ela atrelada podem alavancar os retornos das firmas em virtude da diferenciaÃÃo. A inovaÃÃo pode ser referida como um desses potenciais fatores estratÃgicos chave. TambÃm com a RBV, Hart (1995) estabelece que a incorporaÃÃo da responsabilidade socioambiental tambÃm à passÃvel de incrementar vantagens competitivas, jà que concede Ãs organizaÃÃes a consecuÃÃo de distinÃÃo no mercado. Por meio da reflexÃo exposta, este estudo investigou os possÃveis efeitos dos perfis estratÃgios com foco na inovaÃÃo e na sustentabilidade ambiental e social na rentabilidade de firmas que pertencem a contextos econÃmicos distintos, neste caso, o brasileiro e o europeu. A seleÃÃo de empresas que compÃs o grupo avaliado compreendeu companhias de capital aberto participantes de Ãndices de sustentabilidade da BM&FBovespa (Ãndice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial â ISE; Ãndice Carbono Eficiente â ICO2) e da NYSE Euronext (Low Carbon 100). Foram selecionadas 78 indÃstrias, investigadas em corte longitudinal de quatro anos (2010-2013). O estudo à descritivo, com dados extraÃdos de bases documentais (Demonstrativos Financeiros, Notas Explicativas, RelatÃrios Anuais, de Sustentabilidade e da AdministraÃÃo), e dotado de abordagens qualitativa (anÃlise de conteÃdo) e quantitativa (AnÃlise de CorrespondÃncia; Teste de DiferenÃas de MÃdias e de TendÃncia â Teste de Kruskal-Wallis, Jonckheere-Terpstra, Mann-Whitney; RegressÃo Linear MÃltipla). Os resultados apontam os seguintes posicionamentos: (i) a inovaÃÃo, medida pelos intangÃveis de inovaÃÃo, as patentes, a P&D e o ITI (GU; LI, 2003), à superior, em termos de divulgaÃÃo e investimentos, nas empresas europeias; (ii) apesar da publicaÃÃo de RelatÃrios de Sustentabilidade, seguindo as diretrizes da GRI, se mostrar relativamente maior no grupo de empresas brasileiras, o disclosure à maior nas empresas europeias; (iii) nÃo se pode observar a conjugaÃÃo estratÃgica da inovaÃÃo e da sustentabilidade em patamares relevantes; (iv) em alguns perÃodos especÃficos, em relaÃÃo à inovaÃÃo e à sustentabilidade, desempenhos superiores e contÃnuos foram observados, sem diferenÃas significativas; (v) o engajamento estratÃgico (inovaÃÃo e sustentabilidade) interfere, de diferentes formas, na performance das empresas; (vi) a inovaÃÃo e a sustentabilidade, quando avaliadas por meio dos intangÃveis de inovaÃÃo e patentes, e da divulgaÃÃo ambiental e social, respectivamente, influenciam a rentabilidade positivamente. Conclui-se que inovaÃÃo e sustentabilidade podem favorecer, em algum nÃvel, a rentabilidade, porÃm esse impacto depende de como as empresas divulgam as informaÃÃes sobre essas estratÃgias. Discute-se aqui que à imperativo à gestÃo avaliar o trade-off do custo informacional, ponderando acerca das vantagens, de curto e longo prazo, econÃmicas e de mercado, passÃveis de serem absorvidas ou negligenciadas pelas firmas em decorrÃncia da associaÃÃo estratÃgica da inovaÃÃo com a sustentabilidade ambiental e social. Esses resultados ratificam os pressupostos da RBV, uma vez que recursos especÃficos podem ser convertidos em favor do desempenho das empresas, sejam elas pertencentes a diferentes cenÃrios econÃmicos, com maior ou menor nÃvel de comprometimento com as estratÃgias de inovaÃÃo e sustentabilidade. / The perception that the structure of organizational arrangements and strategies, by firms necessarily assume that conceive and interpret the economic environment in which figure as builders and modifying agents. Adaptation, however, is not the core of the discussions around this debate, but rather the process or the conversion phase of the adaptive voluntarism into competitive advantages resulting in rise of performance. The theoretical framework settled by the Resource Based View (RBV), according to Barney (1991), puts the expertise and organizational idiosyncrasy as a distinguishing variable between companies.In this sense, it can be assumed that the management of resources and strategy linked to it can leverage firms returns due to the differentiation.Innovation can be referred as one of those potential key strategic factors. Through theory RBV, Hart (1995) states that the incorporation of environmental and social responsibilities of companies is also likely to enhance the competitive advantages, in other words, sustainability, in theory, grants organizations the achievement of distinction in the market. Through the exposed reflection, this study aimed to investigate the possible effects of the strategic profiles focused on innovation and environmental and social sustainability in the profitability of firms belonging to distinct economic contexts, in this case, the Brazilian and European. The selection of companies that composed the evaluated group included public companies listed in sustainability indexes of Bovespa (Corporate Sustainability Index â ISE; Carbon Efficient Index â ICO2) and NYSE Euronext (Low Carbon 100). It was selected 78 companies, which were investigated in longitudinal section of four years (2010-2013). The Research is descriptive, with data extracted from document databases (Financial Statements, Notes, Annual, Sustainability and Management Reports) with its qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative approaches (Correspondence Analysis â ANACOR; Mean Differences and Trend Test â Kruskal-Wallis, Jonckheere-Terpstra, Mann-Whitney Test; Multiple Linear Regression). The demonstrated results support the following positions: (i) innovation is superior, in terms of disclosure and investments, measured by intangibles of innovation, patents, R&D and TII (GU; LI, 2003), in the developed economic context; (ii) despite the publication of sustainability reports, in accordance to guidelines of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), be relatively higher in the group of Brazilian firms, the disclosure is higher in European group; (iii) one can not observe the strategic combination of innovation and sustainability in relevant levels; (iv) in specific periods, superior and continuing advantages were observed in relation to innovation and environmental and social Sustainability, with absence of significant differences; (v) strategic engagement interfere, in different ways, in the performance of companies; (vi) innovation and sustainability, when evaluated using the intangibles of innovation and patents, and environmental and social disclosure, respectively influence the profitability positively. This research concludes that innovation and sustainability can promote somehow profitability, but its impact depends on how companies disclose information about these strategies. It is argued here that it is imperative for management to evaluate the trade-off inherent in the informational cost, pondering the economic and market advantages, of short and long term, that can be absorbed or neglected by firms as a result of the strategic association of innovation with environmental and social sustainability. These results confirm the assumptions of RBV, since specific resources can be converted in favor of corporate performance, whether belonging to different economic scenarios, with varying levels of commitment to innovation and sustainability strategies.

Att vara lönsam är en förutsättning för företags långsiktiga överlevnad. Samtidigt blir det generellt sett allt hårdare konkurrens och antalet konkurrenter ökar ständigt. Företag behöver således hitta sätt för att kunna fortsätta vara konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden. Enligt resursbaserad teori kan företag inneha eller skapa resurser inom sin verksamhet som kan leda till varaktiga konkurrensfördelar, och som följaktligen är viktiga att identifiera och utnyttja på bästa sätt. En tillfällig konkurrensfördel anses vara värdefull, ovanlig samt icke utbytbar. För att resursen ska kunna anses vara varaktig ska den inte heller gå att imitera av konkurrenter. I denna rapport ligger fokus på hur företag inom dagligvaruhandeln försöker skapa varaktiga konkurrensfördelar genom arbetet med miljövänliga förpackningar. Miljövänliga förpackningar utgör en betydande del av branschens miljöpåverkan då dessa kännetecknas av hög omsättning och snabb förbrukning. Idag utgör egna varumärken allt större del av omsättningen bland företagen. Dessa varumärken har företagen självklart en betydande möjlighet att påverka, bland annat produktens egenskaper och inte minst dess förpackning. Denna studie bygger på intervjuer med respondenter från tre företag inom dagligvaruhandeln med varierande marknadsandelar. Studien visar att företagen arbetar med miljövänlig förpackningsutveckling på många sätt. Rapporten redogör för hur företagen arbetar för att effektivisera förpackningskedjan, utveckla förpackningar som minskar matsvinn samt hur samarbeten mellan förpackningskedjans användare ser ut och dess betydelse. Det diskuteras även huruvida åtgärderna syftar till att utveckla varaktiga konkurrensfördelar eller ej. Det beskrivs även hur företagen kommunicerar sitt arbete med miljövänliga förpackningar samt hur de strävar efter att utveckla förpackningsinnovationer.

Bakgrund: Outsourcing är inget nytt fenomen då transaktionskostnadsteorin formades 1937 som beskrev att företag bör vända sig till marknaden i de fall detta gynnade företaget ekonomiskt. Sedan dess har teorier kring outsourcing förändrats och i dag handlar outsourcing om att kunna fokusera på företagets kärnkompetens och vilka möjligheter och risker outsourcing medför. Läkemedelsbranschen har på senare år börjat outsourca forskning och produktutveckling, vilka ses som kärnprocesser. Det råder därför delade meningar om branschen faktiskt har en kärnprocess. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att förstå hur och varför läkemedelstillverkningsbranschen outsourcar, om de outsourcade processerna har koppling till företags kärnprocesser och hur outsourcing faktiskt påverkar företaget, både monetärt och icke-monetärt. Metod: Det empiriska materialet insamlades med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod. En enkätundersökning genomfördes för att få en generell bild av hur läkemedelstillverkningsbranschen outsourcar för att sedan genomföra tre intervjuer för att få djupare kunskap om varför företag gjort de angivna val kring outsourcing. De intervjuade företagen valdes ut genom ett typiskt urval där företag valdes som svarat utifrån vissa bestämda kriterier. Slutsats: Uppsatsen har belyst att den vanligaste processen att outsourca är tillverkning, men att även forskning och produktutveckling outsourcas till viss del. Detta berodde på att företag upplevde resurs- och kunskapsbrist inom de outsourcade processerna. Studien fann även att sambandet mellan anledningen till och utfallet av outsourcing var svagt. Däremot hamnade den ökade lönsamheten sist inom båda kategorierna. Det påvisades också att det är svårt att definiera en kärnprocess till branschen med anledning av den diversifiering som i dag karaktäriserar branschen. Däremot framkom produktutveckling som den vanligaste kärnprocessen inom företag, där det visade sig att företag inte tenderar att outsourca sin kärnprocess. / Background: Outsourcing is not a new phenomenon. Transaction cost theory was formed in 1937, which described that companies should transfer activities externally when this benefited companies financially. Since then, theories of outsourcing have changed and today, it has been switched to outsourcing of core competencies and a discussion of both opportunities and risks. In recent years the pharmaceutical industry has started to outsource their research and product development, which is considered a core process. Due to this there is a debate whether or not the industry has a core process. Purpose: The purposes of this thesis are to understand how and why the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry is outsourcing, how the outsourced processes relate to their core processes and how outsourcing affects the companies, both monetary and non-monetary. Method: The empirical evidence was gathered with both quantitative and qualitative methods. Firstly, a survey was conducted to get a general picture of how the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry outsources which was then followed by three interviews to gain an in-depth knowledge of why companies have made specified decisions regarding outsourcing. The companies were selected according to a number of specific criteria. Conclusion: The thesis has highlighted that manufacturing is the most common process of outsourcing, but also that research and product development is outsourced to some extent. This was due to the fact that companies experienced resource and knowledge shortage in the outsourced processes. The study also found that the relation between the reason and the outcome of outsourcing was weak. However, the increased profitability ended last in both categories. It was also found that it is difficult to define a core process within the industry due to the diversification that today characterizes the industry. On the other hand, product development appear to be the most common core process within companies, where it also shows that companies tend not to outsource their core process.

Cette thèse traite des fonds d’Investissement Socialement Responsables (ISR) français. D’après la Théorie Moderne du Portefeuille leur performance devrait être inférieure à celle des fonds traditionnels. Cependant des recherches antérieures présentent des résultats contradictoires. Nous choisissons de faire appel à la Resource Based View (RBV) pour interpréter cette incohérence entre théorie et pratique.Nous employons une méthodologie qualitative exploratoire, combinant des entretiens avec une analyse lexicale. Nous validons quantitativement une partie de nos résultats qualitatifs en modélisant la performance d’un fonds ISR par rapport à son indice de référence à l’aide d’une régression linéaire multiple. En se basant sur notre grille de lecture nous pensons avoir identifié deux ressources stratégiques à la disposition des fonds ISR, transformées en avantage compétitif par le biais de deux leviers stratégiques. Les deux ressources sont la compétence du gérant du fonds ISR et la subvention indirecte des frais du fonds ISR par leur Société de Gestion de Portefeuille (SGP). Les deux leviers sont la disposition de la SGP à la différentiation et l’apprentissage organisationnel à l’intérieur de la SGP.Notre recherche présente un triple apport : pour les universitaires, elle offre un cadre théorique alternatif au MEDAF qui expliquerait mieux la performance erratique des fonds ISR ; pour les praticiens, elle nous permet de faire des propositions aux fonds ISR concernant leur organisation ; pour les consommateurs, elle décortique les fonds ISR dans leurs composantes, leur proposant un aperçu non-conventionnel de leurs fonctionnements et leurs motivations. / The focal interest of this doctoral thesis is French Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) funds. According to Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) their performance should be inferior to “traditional” fund performance. The results from previous research however have been contradicting; we have thus chosen to make use of the Resource Based View (RBV) in order to interpret this incoherency between theory and practice and shed some light into the complex interactions that govern their behavior.We approach the field using an exploratory qualitative methodology, combining interviews with lexical analysis. We validate part of our qualitative results quantitatively through a multiple linear regression of SRI funds’ performance relative to their benchmark. Based on our framework, we believe we have identified two strategic resources available to SRI funds, leveraged into competitive advantage by two drivers. The two resources are the fund manager’s competency and the indirect subsidizing of the fund’s fees by its Asset Management (AM) company. The two drivers are the tendency of AM companies to diversify their services and organizational learning inside AM companies.Our research should appeal to three types of readers: researchers, since RBV offers a more compelling (as per Occam’s Razor) interpretation of SRI funds’ erratic performance than MPT; managers, since it enables us to formulate proposals for SRI funds’ organization; and laymen, since it breaks down SRI funds to their components, offering a rarely seen view of their inner workings and ulterior motivations.

[pt] A Pandemia de Covid-19 acelerou a transformação digital que já estava em curso, e não só mudou a forma de trabalho, como também a forma das empresas verem a computação em nuvem como solução para o trabalho remoto, redução de custos, ter flexibilidade e mobilidade. A indústria de serviços de TI, principalmente de implementação de infraestrutura em nuvem, teve que se adaptar a essa nova realidade, bem como lidar com a falta de mão de obra especializada, não só no mercado brasileiro, mas também no mercado mundial. Esse novo contexto trouxe oportunidades e desafios às empresas. A inovação se tornou cada vez mais importante para que as empresas consigam se reorganizar e se adaptar a esse cenário, a fim de atender às novas demandas que o mercado impõe e gerar uma vantagem competitiva. Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo de caso, aplicando um modelo teórico integrativo, em uma empresa de pequeno a médio porte (até 20 milhões de reais de faturamento anual), que atua no mercado de serviços de TI, mais especificamente em serviços de implementação de infraestrutura em nuvem. Foram analisados os fatores externos - ambiente onde a empresa se situa e a estrutura da indústria - e os fatores internos - recursos, alianças estratégicas e capacidades - se combinam e interferem na inovação e no desempenho, para se alcançar vantagem competitiva sustentável. Uma importante implicação prática é que esse modelo teórico integrativo pode ser aplicado em outras empresas de serviços de TI, de tamanhos diferentes da empresa estudada. / [en] The Covid-19 Pandemic accelerated the digital transformation that was already underway, and not only changed the way of working, but also the way companies see cloud computing as a solution for remote work, reducing costs, having flexibility and mobility. The IT services industry, mainly in the implementation of cloud infrastructure, had to adapt to this new reality, as well as deal with the lack of skilled labor, not only in the Brazilian market, but also in the world market. This new context has brought opportunities and challenges to companies. Innovation has become increasingly important for companies to be able to reorganize and adapt to this scenario, in order to meet the new demands that the market imposes and generate a competitive advantage. This work aims to carry out a case study, applying an integrative theoretical model, in a small to medium-sized company (up to 20 million annual revenue), which operates in the IT services market, more specifically in implementation services. of cloud infrastructure. External factors were analyzed - environment where the company is located and the structure of the industry - and internal factors - resources, strategic alliances and capabilities - combine and interfere in innovation and performance, to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. An important practical implication is that this integrative theoretical model can be applied in other IT service companies, of different sizes from the company studied.

Purpose: Finding which resources and capabilities are deployed among Istanbul-based apparel manufacturers, evaluating to what extent they are tangible, intangible as well as capabilities as well as lastly analysing them according to the valuable, rare, inimitable and non-substitutable framework. Design/methodology: The research design consists of a case study held at several firms. Empirical data was collected using semi-structured interviews. Empirical data: Empirical data was primarily collected at nine different apparel manufacturers within the greater Istanbul region. Conclusion: Conclusions show that within the bundles of resources and capabilities, a large variation was noted with high international competitiveness. However there are areas such as design and quality which could be continuously developed among firms. In the end, whatever bundle of resources and capabilities a firm has, it’s the end price that speaks. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

Submitted by AMANDA DOS SANTOS NEGRETI null (amandanegreti.unesp@gmail.com) on 2017-02-15T23:15:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Negreti_AmandadosSantos_PGAD_TUPA_12_2016.pdf: 1529743 bytes, checksum: e278be46c55be5ad324c2dd2c5e3c254 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T17:42:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 negreti_as_me_tupa.pdf: 1529743 bytes, checksum: e278be46c55be5ad324c2dd2c5e3c254 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-20T17:42:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 negreti_as_me_tupa.pdf: 1529743 bytes, checksum: e278be46c55be5ad324c2dd2c5e3c254 (MD5) / A internacionalização é uma das estratégias utilizadas pelas empresas para permanecer no mercado e/ou obter a vantagem competitiva frente a seus concorrentes. Uma das correntes teóricas que explica a vantagem competitiva das empresas, assim como o seu ingresso no mercado internacional é a teoria da Visão Baseada em Recursos (VBR). Sob a perspectiva teórica da VBR, o processo de como as empresas respondem às pressões e exigências do ambiente internacional (na medida em que aumentam o comprometimento dos seus recursos internos) torna a entrada e a permanência em novos mercados estrangeiros de forma estruturada. Similarmente à VBR, a abordagem das Capacidades Dinâmicas atribui importância aos recursos empresariais, sendo que a combinação e adaptação destes ocorre diante de um ambiente dinâmico e de rápidas mudanças, como o do mercado internacional. Diante da diversidade de recursos existentes na empresa, os recursos humanos, assim como suas práticas de gestão, são considerados importantes por apresentarem fonte de vantagem competitiva para o alcance dos objetivos estratégicos da organização. Desta forma, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a adaptação dos recursos humanos realizada pelas empresas alimentícias instaladas no estado de São Paulo que utilizaram a exportação como estratégia de internacionalização. Como procedimento metodológico, utilizou-se da pesquisa de multicasos em nove empresas, a coleta de dados por meio de formulário semiestruturado, com análise descritiva. A partir dos resultados, observou-se a capacidade dinâmica desenvolvida pelas empresas em adaptar seus recursos humanos e suas práticas de gestão diante do mercado internacional. Porém, as adaptações ocorreram de maneira pontual e mimética, devido ao fato das empresas não apresentarem a habilidade de inovar em relação a recursos e aos seus processos de gestão de maneira estratégica, isto é, de forma antecipada, inovadora a fim de atender as possíveis mudanças que estão ocorrendo e previsivelmente poderiam ocorrer no mercado internacional. Dentre todas as empresas pesquisadas, oito delas adaptaram as práticas de treinamento e desenvolvimento, consideradas como as práticas de gestão que receberam maior quantidade de adequações, no que diz respeito ao atendimento a normas e exigências, das ações que envolvem o mercado internacional. Por outro lado, não foi possível identificar adaptações realizadas na prática de remuneração. As práticas de avaliação de desempenho, treinamento e desenvolvimento, assim como a característica de conhecimento, presente nos recursos humanos, foram consideradas de suma importância e como diferencial competitivo no mercado internacional. O conhecimento, habilidades e atitudes, de maneira combinada à path dependence e também adaptados em conformidade aos objetivos empresariais fizeram com que os recursos humanos fossem considerados valiosos, raros e insubstituíveis. Em relação à estratégia de exportação, identificaram-se maiores adaptações realizadas entre as empresas que utilizam a exportação indireta como principal canal de vendas, comparadas às empresas que utilizam exportação direta majoritariamente, este resultado pode ser explicado devido ao faturamento ser expressivo entre as empresas cuja exportação indireta é o principal canal de vendas utilizado. / Internationalization is one of the strategies companies use to stay in the market and / or gain the competitive advantage over their competitors. One of the theoretical currents that explains the competitive advantage of companies, as entry into the international market is the Resource Based View (RBV) theory. Under the RBV´s theoretical perspective, the process of how companies respond to the pressures and demands of the international environment, as they increase the commitment of their internal resources, makes the entry and stay in new foreign markets in a structured way. Similar to RBV, the Dynamic Capabilities approach attributes importance to business resources, the combination and adaptation of these capabilities occurs in a dynamic environment and rapid changes, such as the international market. Against diversity of resources in the company, human resources, as well as their management practices, are considered important because they present a source of competitive advantage in achieving the strategic objectives of the organization. The aim of this research was to analyze the adapt human resources, aiming at the internationalization of food companies located in the state of São Paulo. As a methodological procedure, a multicases survey was used in nine companies to collect data using a semi-structured form, with a descriptive analysis. From the results, it was observed the dynamic capacity developed by the companies in adapting their human resources and their management practices in the international market. However, the adaptations occurred in a timely and mimetic way, because companies do not present the ability to innovate these resources and their management processes in a strategic way, that is, in an innovative way in order to attend to possible changes that are occurring and also predictably could occur in the international market. Among all the companies surveyed, eight of them adapted the training and development practices, considered as the management practices that received the most amount of adjustments, regarding the compliance with norms and requirements, of the actions that involve the international market. On the other hand, it was not possible to identify adjustments made in the practice of remuneration. The practices of performance evaluation, training and development, as well as the knowledge characteristic, present in the human resources, were considered of paramount importance and as competitive differential in the international market (according to the opinion of the interviewees). Knowledge, skills, and attitudes, combined with path dependence and also adaptade to business objectives, have made human resources valuable, rare, and irreplaceable. In relation to the export strategy, greater adaptations were identified among companies that use indirect export as the main sales channel, compared to companies that use direct export mustly, this result can be explained due to the significant turnover among companies whose is the main sales channel used.

Growing numbers of America's 1,281,432 active licensed attorneys open their own law firms due to strained employment opportunities. With 50% of small businesses failing within 5 years, and solo law offices accounting for 75% of attorneys in private practice, there is a need for preparing solo criminal law practitioners for business success. Some solo criminal law practitioners do not understand the critical business performance variables that impact small business success. The total population for this quantitative correlational study included solo criminal law practitioners from the Philadelphia Bar Association Legal Directory and Pennsylvania Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers members. Barney's resource-based theory (RBV) and Lussier's nonfinancial success-failure business prediction model were the foundational frameworks of this study. I used Lussier's nonfinancial success-failure questionnaire to collect data via a self-administered survey. A Kendall tau correlation was used to determine the relationship between Lussier's 16 independent variables measuring success or failure and a single dependent variable of 'level of profits' for the 31 participants. 31 participants (4%) is a very low response rate. Increased participation is needed for better research results. Fifteen of the 16 variables showed no relationships with the level of success. Only 1 hypothesis showed a relationship between the type of start-up plan developed by the firm and the level of success (Ï? = .322, p = .032). The findings from this study support the Small Business Association's definition of a business plan as a living roadmap for business success. The implications for positive social change include the potential to increase employment opportunities by directly impacting the economy in creating economic expansion.