Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-24T11:47:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeter Gomes Gonçalves Santana.pdf: 8062439 bytes, checksum: 853abaca5582e665565f9f6fddee288e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T11:47:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeter Gomes Gonçalves Santana.pdf: 8062439 bytes, checksum: 853abaca5582e665565f9f6fddee288e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper, which is part of the research line "Reading and writing", aims to evaluate the reading and writing difficulties presented by Pedagogy students from a private institution located in the state of São Paulo. We focus on their formation aspects, to verify how a text reading and writing practice, implemented in the course, is being built. For this, we have made a historical recovery of pedagogy and its educational practices, presenting a study about the teachers' graduation. The methodological procedures adopted were: analysis of the Curriculum Guidelines of the Pedagogy Course and application of a questionnaire for a class composed by 65 students from the .3rd semester. The questions were about the students' socioeconomic profile and how these two skills have been worked on graduation. According to students' responses, the concern with reading and writing teaching, most of them say that the training time for the subject is short and for that reason, they don't feel secure to teach these skills on the end of their graduation / Este trabalho, que se insere na linha de pesquisa "Leitura e Escrita", tem por objetivo avaliar as dificuldades de leitura e da escrita apresentadas por alunos de Pedagogia de uma instituição particular situada no estado de São Paulo. Focamo- nos nos aspectos da formação do pedagogo, a fim de verificar como está sendo construída a prática de leitura e de escrita de textos implementadas no curso. Para isso, fizemos uma retomada histórica da pedagogia e suas práticas educativas, apresentando um estudo acerca da formação do pedagogo. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados foram: análise das Diretrizes Curriculares do Curso de Pedagogia e aplicação de um questionário a uma turma composta por 65 alunos, sendo eles do terceiro semestre. As perguntas encontradas no questionário tiveram como foco analisar o perfil socioeconômico dos alunos e verificar como estão sendo trabalhadas essas duas habilidades na graduação. Observamos nas respostas dos alunos preocupação com o ensino da leitura e da escrita. A maioria deles conta que o tempo de formação destinado a essa disciplina é curta e, por essa razão, não se sentem preparados para ministrar esse ensino de maneira eficaz, quando finalizarem o curso.

Levando em conta os processos de socialização familiar, escolar e profissional de um grupo de professores, este trabalho propõe examinar as repercussões de um programa de formação continuada nas práticas de ensino de docentes da Educação Básica, em particular, nas práticas de leitura e escrita. O referencial teórico do estudo vale-se de conceitos de Bourdieu, Lahire, Elias e Setton. Por meio do exame de diferentes arranjos das experiências socializadoras dos professores, o trabalho indaga sobre as possibilidades de transformação das práticas docentes, sobretudo, as relacionadas ao ensino da leitura e da escrita pelo fato de serem as que foram priorizadas e enfatizadas pelo referido programa de formação. O trabalho empírico, de cunho etnográfico, adotou como procedimentos metodológicos a observação participante e a entrevista semiestruturada. Oito professores (seis mulheres e dois homens) egressos do PEC-Municípios programa especial de formação de professores de modelo semipresencial que diplomou alguns milhares de professores em nível superior foram acompanhados. As análises desenvolvidas indicam que a transformação do habitus docente por meio de dispositivos de formação continuada só se faz possível mediante determinadas condições. Professores submetidos a outras experiências formativas similares, oferecidas pelas secretarias de educação e/ou buscadas pelos docentes em outros contextos, apresentam maior probabilidade de alterar suas práticas pedagógicas. Por outro lado, a força da experiência socializadora secundária pode funcionar como um fator que dificulta fortemente a mudança das práticas, favorecendo a manutenção de uma perspectiva tradicional do ensino. Igualmente, a falta de condições objetivas no contexto profissional acarreta conflitos entre crenças e disposições para agir por parte dos professores, resultando em práticas frustradas ou apropriações superficiais que funcionam como travas à transformação do habitus docente. Assim, a socialização profissional, diante das forças das socializações primárias e secundárias e das condições contextuais de trabalho, no máximo, pode enfraquecer certas disposições docentes contribuindo, desse modo, para a formação de um habitus pedagógico híbrido (Setton). A respeito das práticas de leitura e escrita dos professores, as análises revelam que as potencialidades do modelo de formação continuada em foco são limitadas para uma transformação de maior abrangência, uma vez que atingem tão somente as práticas de ler para estudar e de ler para fins de trabalho. A hipótese inicial de investigação relacionada a um possível fomento do gosto pela leitura e escrita por prazer nos professores cursistas, tendo como pano de fundo a simetria invertida, não foi confirmada. Tais práticas apareceram cerceadas, principalmente, pela falta de condições objetivas de cunho material e temporal. O exame dos processos que configuram o habitus dos professores ao longo da vida, nos vários espaços de socialização em que foram formados, confirmou os pressupostos das teorias da ação, porém, indicando a necessidade de novos aprofundamentos que possam conduzir a uma compreensão maior sobre os determinantes da prática pedagógica e suas relações com o capital cultural herdado do campo familiar e escolar. No nível micrológico em que as análises foram desenvolvidas, foi possível chegar a um resultado que vai ao encontro da tese da reprodução cultural de Bourdieu: professores que nutrem o gosto por ler e escrever são melhores docentes quanto ao estímulo do gosto pela leitura e escrita de seus alunos. / Taking into account the processes of family, school and professional socialization of a group of teachers, the work proposes to examine the repercussions of a program of continued education on the teaching practices of basic education teachers, particularly on their reading and writing practices. The theoretical framework of the study uses concepts from Bourdieu, Lahire, Elias, and Setton. Through the examination of different arrangements of teacher socialization experiences, the work enquiries about the possibilities of transformation of teaching practices, particularly those related to the teaching of reading and writing, since they were prioritized and emphasized in the above-mentioned continued education program. The empirical work, of an ethnographic nature, adopted as methodological procedures the participant observation and the semi-structured interview. Six female and two male teachers who had finished the PEC-Municípios a special teacher education program following a semi-presence model that gave thousands of teachers a higher education certificate were followed. The analyses developed indicated that the transformation of the teaching habitus through devices of continued education is only possible if certain conditions are given. Teachers subjected to similar formative experiences offered by the State Secretariats and/or found by teachers in other contexts have a higher probability of changing their pedagogical practices. On the other hand, the strength of the secondary socializing experience can act as a factor that strongly hinders the change of practices, simulating the permanence of a traditional perspective of teaching. Likewise, the lack of objective conditions in the professional context brings conflicts between the beliefs and disposition to act on the part of teachers, resulting in frustrated practices or superficial appropriations that thwart the transformation of the teaching habitus. Thus, the professional socialization faced with the forces of primary and secondary socialization and of the prevailing working conditions can, at most, weaken certain teaching dispositions, thereby contributing to the formation of a hybrid pedagogical habitus (Setton). With respect to the teachers reading and writing practices, the work revealed that the potential of the continued education model under analysis is insufficient for a wider transformation, since it reaches only the practices of reading to study and reading for work. The initial hypothesis of this investigation related to a possible increase in the taste for reading and writing for pleasure in the teachers that took the program, under the logic of inverted symmetry, was not confirmed. Such practices appeared surrounded mainly by the lack of objective working conditions of a material and temporal nature. The examination of the processes that configure the teachers habitus during their lives, within the various socialization spaces in which they were educated, confirmed the assumptions of action theories, indicating, however, the need for new and deeper studies that may lead to a better understanding of the determining factors in the pedagogical practices and of their relations with the cultural capital inherited from the family and school fields. At the micro-logical level in which the analyses were developed, the study reached a conclusion that sits well with the cultural reproduction thesis (Bourdieu): teachers that cultivate a taste for reading and writing are better teachers in terms of stimulating the taste for reading and writing in their students.

Orientador: João Pedro Pezzato / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar e analisar a participação de leitores escritores presos e presas em três presídios do sul do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, que aderiram, durante os anos de 2015 e 2017, ao projeto “Remição pela Leitura”, no âmbito do sistema prisional brasileiro. Esse projeto integrador fundamenta-se na Lei Nº 12.433/2011, que dispõe sobre a remição de parte do tempo de execução da pena por estudo ou por trabalho, e na Portaria Conjunta JF/DEPEN N.º 276/2012, do Ministro Corregedor-geral da Justiça Federal e do Diretor-geral do Departamento Penitenciário Nacional, que disciplina o Projeto da “Remição pela Leitura” no Sistema Penitenciário Federal. Em Minas Gerais, o projeto “Remição pela Leitura” foi instituído pela Resolução Conjunta SEDS/TJMG N° 204/2016. A partir de uma perspectiva de pesquisa qualitativa, e adotando um caminho de investigação denominado Paradigma Indiciário, foram analisadas as resenhas elaboradas por presos leitores sob o ponto de vista da experiência de leitura e escrita. O paradigma indiciário busca interpretar os escritos mediante a observação de sinais e indícios reveladores de significados. A fundamentação teórica baseia-se em documentos legais (BRASIL, 2011, 2012; MINAS GERAIS, 2016) e produções teóricas de autores como Petit (2008; 2013), Iser (1996a; 1996b; 1999; 2002), Cândido (2004), Larrosa (2002a; 2002b), Jauss (1994; 2002), Manguel (1997; 2004), Calvino (1982; 1993; 1994; 2001) dentre outros. A questão que s... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The current research aims to investigate and analyze the participation of readers writers imprisoned in three prisons in the southern state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, that joined, during the years of 2015 and 2017, the project "Remission for Reading", within the brazilian prison system. This integrative project is based on the Law Nº 12.433/2011, which provides the remission of part of the penalty execution time due to study or work, and in the Joint Ordinance JF/DEPEN N.º 276/2012, of the Minister of the Comptroller General of the Federal Court and the general Director of the National Penitentiary Department, which disciplines the "Remission for Reading" Project in the Federal Penitentiary System. In Minas Gerais, the project "Remission for Reading" was instituted by the Joint Resolution SEDS/TJMG N° 204/2016. From a qualitative research perspective, and adopting an inquiry path entitled Indiciary Paradigm, were analyzed the reviews elaborated by imprisoned readers from the point of view of the experience of reading and writing. The indiciary paradigm seeks to interpret the writings through the observation of signs and evidence that reveal meanings. The theoretical construct is based on legal documents (BRASIL, 2011, 2012, MINAS GERAIS, 2016) and theoretical productions of authors such as Petit (2008; 2013), Iser (1996a; 1996b; 1999; 2002), Cândido (2004), Larrosa (2002a; 2002b), Jauss (1994; 2002), Manguel (1997; 2009), Calvino (1982; 1993; 1994; 2001), among others. The ques... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumen: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo investigar y analizar la participación de lectores escritores presos y presas en tres cárceles del sur del estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, que se adhirieron, durante los años 2015 y 2017, al proyecto "Remisión por la lectura" en el marco del sistema penitenciario brasileño. Este proyecto integrador se fundamenta en la Ley Nº 12.433 / 2011, que dispone sobre la remisión de parte del tiempo de ejecución de la pena por estudio o por trabajo, y en la Portaria Conjunta JF / DEPEN Nº 276/2012, del Ministro Corregidor- de la Justicia Federal y del Director General del Departamento Penitenciario Nacional, que disciplina el Proyecto de la "Remisión por la Lectura" en el Sistema Penitenciario Federal. En Minas Gerais, el proyecto "Remisión por la Lectura" fue instituido por la Resolución Conjunta SEDS / TJMG N ° 204/2016. A partir de una perspectiva de investigación cualitativa, y adoptando un camino de investigación denominado Paradigma Indiciario, se analizaron las reseñas elaboradas por presos lectores desde el punto de vista de la experiencia de lectura y escritura. El paradigma indiciario busca interpretar los escritos mediante la observación de signos e indicios reveladores de significados. La fundamentación teórica se basa en documentos legales (BRASIL, 2011, 2012, MINAS GERAIS, 2016) y producciones teóricas de autores como Petit (2008, 2013), Iser (1996a, 1996b, 1999, 2002), Cándido (2004), (2002, 2002b), Jauss (1994; 2002), Manguel... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:30:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Celia Silva Andrade Pires.pdf: 1385036 bytes, checksum: 3945c6afe7eea1681a3c006dac5ce053 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The theme in search for meaning in reading: an interdisciplinary research assumes that reading interdisciplinary projects will contribute to the formation of competent readers and writers. To investigate the issue of reading involve opening up the other assumptions of this theme. The understanding of the concepts studied and indicators that will arise during the production of new knowledge may contribute to the formation of new readers. Research finds benefits for teacher training in the theory of interdisciplinary. The research is organized by dialogue and metaphor of the mandala as a possibility to find the meanings of the proposed projects readings in teacher education, interdisciplinary by five principles: humility, consistency, wait, respect and detachment. Based on these principles interdisciplinary projects readings may enable the development of reader ability of students in the 5th year of primary education, teacher training by the search to be interdisciplinary. Articulated by the projects of readings, students and teachers can access information and languages different from usual. The reading will allow the activity of verbal communication and, as such, liable to be examined by writing. To read become an intellectual practice is necessary that it is more than letters, rather than registration, it must be capable of understanding by those who do. Reading as a social object is an achievement of humanity, a great step forward for all forms of communication, previously produced by the bias that the dialogue should propose certain spaces to time to announce advances in the area, in teacher education, for projects that help in teacher training and student perspective to be competent readers and interdisciplinary / O tema Em busca do sentido da leitura: uma investigação interdisciplinar parte do pressuposto de que projetos interdisciplinares em leitura contribuirão na formação de leitores e escritores competentes. Investigar a temática da leitura implica na abertura a outros pressupostos dessa temática. A compreensão dos conceitos estudados e dos indicadores que surgirão durante o processo na produção de novos conhecimentos poderão contribuir na formação de novos leitores. A pesquisa encontra subsídios para a formação do professor na teoria da interdisciplinaridade. A pesquisa se organiza pelo diálogo e pela metáfora da mandala, como possibilidade de encontrar os significados da proposta de projetos de leituras na formação do professor, pelos cinco princípios interdisciplinares: humildade, coerência, espera, respeito e desapego. Partindo desses princípios interdisciplinares, os projetos de leituras poderão possibilitar o desenvolvimento da habilidade leitora dos alunos do 5º Ano do Ensino Fundamental, por meio da formação de professores na busca de serem interdisciplinares. Articulados pelos projetos de leituras, alunos e professores poderão acessar informações e linguagens diferentes das habituais. A leitura possibilitará a atividade de comunicação verbal e, como tal, passível de ser analisada pela escrita. Para a leitura se transformar em uma prática intelectual é necessário que seja mais que letras, mais que registro; ela deve ser passível de compreensão por quem a faz. A leitura como objeto social é uma conquista da humanidade, um grande avanço para todas as formas de comunicação, anteriormente produzidas, que pelo viés do diálogo, deverá propor espaços em tempos determinados para anunciar avanços da área, na formação do professor, por projetos que contribuirão na formação docente e discente com perspectiva de serem leitores competentes e interdisciplinares

<p>Syftet med denna studie är att ge en insikt i hur elever med kombinerade läs- och skriv och matematiksvårigheter tänker och resonerar vid problemlösning.</p><p>Tre elever i år 8, som alla ingår i samma specialundervisningsgrupp i matematik, har arbetat med olika typer av matematisk problemlösning, såväl individuellt som i grupp. Med utgångspunkt i deras arbete skapas början till en grundad teori.</p><p>I forskningssammanhang behandlas ofta denna kategori elever (med kombinerade problem) som en enhetlig kategori som jämförs med t ex elever med enbart matematiksvårigheter, normalpresterande elever osv. Denna undersökning visar dock att de svårigheter eleverna uppvisar är av mycket olika karaktär.</p><p>Studien omfattar tre delar: en presentation av fältstudien och resultaten från denna, en metoddel innefattande en pilotstudie som koncentreras på datainsamlingsmetoden samt en omfattande litteraturstudie som behandlar problemlösning och inlärningssvårigheter.</p>

<p>Reading Recovery är ett vida spritt, individcentrerat men reproducerbart program för de svagaste eleverna efter sitt första skolår. Reading Recovery har sitt ursprung på Nya Zeeland, där professor Marie Clay med kollegor med början under 1970-talet bedrev omfattande läsforskning.</p><p>Den enskilda undervisningen sker enligt en strukturerad lektionsram under 30 minuter dagligen. Programmet bygger på genomgripande utbildning och kontinuerlig fortbildning av redan framgångsrika grundskollärare för att rusta dem för att fatta individuella, pedagogiska beslut med syfte att accelerera läs- och skrivinlärningen hos de utsedda barnen. Eleverna stimuleras att lära sig läsa och skriva genom att främst läsa korta, intresseväckande böcker samt engageras i anslutande skrivande. Betoning ligger på att eleverna ska bli självständiga och utveckla metakognitiva strategier. Elever väljs ut till Reading Recovery genom klasslärarens rekommendation samt utifrån elevens resultat på en omfattande serie tester inom den s.k. Observation Survey of Early Literacy Achievement; en observation av den tidiga läs- och skrivförmågan. Vanligtvis erbjuds Reading Recovery-undervisning till de 20 procent på respektive skola, vilka uppnått lägst resultat på ovanstående tester. Det grundläggande syftet med programmet är att reducera antalet elever med grava svårigheter att utveckla läs- och skrivförmåga samt att minimera kostnaden för deras utbildning.</p><p>En majoritet av eleverna i Reading Recovery når avsedda mål och i internationella jämförelser ligger Nya Zeeland vanligen bland de högst rankade länderna i läsning. Samtliga av mina respondenter vittnade om de stora fördelarna med Reading Recovery. Enligt mina observationer stämmer pedagogernas faktiska utförande väl överens med programmets ursprungliga teoribas.</p> / <p>Reading Recovery is a widely disseminated, replicable, early intervention program for the lowest performing first-grade students. Originally, Marie Clay and colleagues constructed Reading Recovery in New Zealand on the base of broad research from the 1970’s and onwards. It utilizes a uniform lesson framework and extensive professional development to help already successful teachers make individual, instructional decisions designed to accelerate the literacy learning of the selected children within one-to-one, 30-minute daily lessons. The children are stimulated to learn to read and write by reading and writing. Short stories are used and writing activities are connected to reading. Emphasis is on teachers guiding children to be independent and learn metacognitive strategies.</p><p>Reading Recovery students are identified for services based on teachers’ recommendations and the students’ performances on the Observation Survey of Early Literacy Achievement, with a number of wide-ranging assessments. Usually, students who score at or below the 20th percentile on the survey at a particular school are provided the intervention.</p><p>The fundamental purpose of the program is to reduce the number of students who have severe difficulty developing literacy skills and to reduce the cost of educating them. A majority of the Reading Recovery students do reach the intended goals and in international comparative studies New Zealand usually is among the top ranking countries in reading.</p><p>All my interviewees testified of the great advantages of Reading Recovery and, according to my conclusions, actual practice is well correlated with theory.</p>

<p>The purpose of the paper is to examine how teachers in preschool is working with language stimulation for the prevention of difficulties in reading and writing before school starts. The method that was used to illuminate the problem is a qualitative interview. A specialpedagog and six preschool teacher, which is specifically focused on language stimulation in the work with children, have been included in the study. The results indicated that preschool teacher are working a lot with language stimulation. They work mostly with children throughout the group, to encourage and provide children with the tools to be able to communicate with each other and staff. Decks language are used in daily activities. The form of language stimulation creates the conditions for participation and activity, where children are stimulated by each other. Student teachers stressed that <em>signs as a support</em> is something good to work with at nursery, because it gives all the children a chance to communicate. It appears that preschool teatcher want to work more consciously with language stimulation for the prevention of reading and writingproblems and thereby affect the whole child's development positively. In my literature review it is shown that previous researches have reached similar results. Something that is highlighted in the literature are that <em>signs as a support</em> increased opportunities for communication. It could involve children, who, for various reasons do not have access to the Swedish language, such as small children who have not yet developed the language, children with bad hearing or immigrant children.</p> / <p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur pedagoger i förskolan arbetar med språkstimulering för att förebygga läs- och skrivsvårigheter inför skolstarten. Metoden som har använts för att belysa problemområdet är kvalitativ intervju. En specialpedagog och sex förskollärare, som är speciellt inriktad på språkstimulering i arbetet med barnen, har ingått i studien. I resultaten framkommer att pedagoger arbetar en hel del med språkstimulering. De arbetar oftast med hela barngruppen, för att stimulera och ge barnen verktyg till att kunna kommunicera med varandra och personalen. Språklekar används i den dagliga verksamheten. Den formen av språkstimulering skapar förutsättningar för deltagande och aktivitet, där barnen stimuleras av varandra. Pedagogerna framhåller att, <em>tecken som stöd</em> är någonting bra att arbeta med på förskolor, eftersom det ger alla barn en chans att kommunicera. Det framkommer att pedagogerna vill arbeta mer medvetet med språkstimulering för att förebygga läs- och skrivsvårigheter och därigenom påverka hela barnets utveckling positivt. I min litteraturstudie har tidigare forskning kommit fram till liknande resultat. Någonting som framhålls i litteraturen är, <em>tecken som stöd,</em> för att skapa ökade möjligheter för kommunikation. Det kan gälla barn, som av olika skäl inte har tillgång till det svenska språket, exempelvis små barn som ännu inte utvecklat språket, barn som hör dåligt eller invandrarbarn.</p>

<p>The purpose of this report is to contribute with knowledge about the views within special education. I want to explore and compare the way students with special needs are approached within two different pedagogies in Sweden: Waldorf pedagogy and Montessori pedagogy.</p><p>I have closely studied these pedagogies, read the literature from existing research and also by conducting two interviews with a representative from each pedagogy Both pedagogies claim that their teaching methods are most suitable for children with reading and writing difficulties..</p><p>The Waldorf pedagogy was founded in 1919 in Germany by Rudolf Steiner. The pedagogy believes in the development of the students into independent children who can use their bodies as a tool for the learning of knowledge. The Montessori pedagogy was also founded in the beginning of the nineteenth century and stands for developing the students into independent individuals. However, the pedagogical approach to reading, writing and dyslexia is different. The Waldorf teachers avoid the term dyslexia because many of them have the opinion that these children are being diagnosed too easily.  The method of teaching is relatively relaxed and to be able to read and write is not necessary during the first years in school. On the other hand, the Montessori teachers are planning their students education so that they learn how to read and write during the first year, when they are only six years old. They believe that all students have different backgrounds and that a child who is attending a Montessori school is no different than the children who are studying within the traditional school system in Sweden.</p> / <p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att bidra med kunskap inom synen på specialpedagogik. Jag vill se och jämföra bemötandet av elever med speciella behov inom två pedagogiker i Sverige; Waldorfpedagogik och Montessoripedagogik.</p><p>Jag har studerat dessa pedagogiker närmare, gjort en litteraturstudie av den tidigare forskningen och även genomfört två intervjuer med en representant från vardera pedagogik. Båda pedagogikerna hävdar att deras undervisningssätt är mest lämpat för elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter, detta trots de stora skillnaderna i deras sätt att undervisa.</p><p>Waldorfpedagogiken grundades 1919 i Tyskland av Rudolf Steiner. Pedagogiken står för att utveckla eleverna till själständiga människor som kan använda sin kropp som ett verktyg för kunskapsinlärning. Montessoripedagogiken uppkom även den i början av 1900-talet och står också den för att utveckla eleverna till självständiga individer. Dock skiljer sig synsättet på läs- och skrivinlärning samt dyslexi betydligt. Waldorfpedagogerna drar sig för att använda begreppet dyslexi i skolan då många anser att eleverna diagnostiseras allt för lätt. Undervisningssättet har ett relativt lugnt tempo och att kunna bruka läsning och skrivning är inget som krävs under de första åren i skolan. Montessoripedagogerna å andra sidan lägger upp arbetssättet så att eleverna lär sig läsa och skriva redan i förskoleklassen och arbetar utefter det. De menar att alla har olika bagage med sig och att det inte är någon skillnad på eleverna som läser enligt Montessoripedagogik jämfört med den traditionella skolgången.</p>

The thesis describes what happens when twelve students learn to read and write. The main purpose of this thesis is to shed light on the learning process of the students, with respect to reading and writing, based on the specific learning environment. Special attention is given to the relationship between the individual and the environment. It is the author's strong belief that one needs to look at both these aspects together. Further, the intention of the thesis is not to compare different environments in terms of good or bad, but rather to use them as examples of situated social practices for reading. The investigation has an ethnographic approach and is based primarily on qualitative data collected by personal studies of the students' reading and writing processes in the classroom environment. Secondly, estimations of the students' reading abilities have been performed in order to validate various kinds of data. Twelve students have been studied from August 1998 when they started in first grade and until March 2001. The analysis derives from Vygotskij's theory, the sociocultural perspective, and to get a better understanding of differences and similarities between the environments, Bernstein's theory about the visible and invisible pedagogic was used. The result indicates that in a classroom, students show a variety of specific behaviours related to the setting in different ways. The conclusion of this thesis is that it is urgent to make teachers observe and pay attention to the behaviour pattern of each group of readers. Teachers hereby receive a tool that gives them a chance to identify students with negative patterns in purpose to make them choose a constructive way of learning. Through guidance the teacher may transfer successful strategies and/or design situations that make it possible for the students to discover an alternative way of learning.

Reading Recovery är ett vida spritt, individcentrerat men reproducerbart program för de svagaste eleverna efter sitt första skolår. Reading Recovery har sitt ursprung på Nya Zeeland, där professor Marie Clay med kollegor med början under 1970-talet bedrev omfattande läsforskning. Den enskilda undervisningen sker enligt en strukturerad lektionsram under 30 minuter dagligen. Programmet bygger på genomgripande utbildning och kontinuerlig fortbildning av redan framgångsrika grundskollärare för att rusta dem för att fatta individuella, pedagogiska beslut med syfte att accelerera läs- och skrivinlärningen hos de utsedda barnen. Eleverna stimuleras att lära sig läsa och skriva genom att främst läsa korta, intresseväckande böcker samt engageras i anslutande skrivande. Betoning ligger på att eleverna ska bli självständiga och utveckla metakognitiva strategier. Elever väljs ut till Reading Recovery genom klasslärarens rekommendation samt utifrån elevens resultat på en omfattande serie tester inom den s.k. Observation Survey of Early Literacy Achievement; en observation av den tidiga läs- och skrivförmågan. Vanligtvis erbjuds Reading Recovery-undervisning till de 20 procent på respektive skola, vilka uppnått lägst resultat på ovanstående tester. Det grundläggande syftet med programmet är att reducera antalet elever med grava svårigheter att utveckla läs- och skrivförmåga samt att minimera kostnaden för deras utbildning. En majoritet av eleverna i Reading Recovery når avsedda mål och i internationella jämförelser ligger Nya Zeeland vanligen bland de högst rankade länderna i läsning. Samtliga av mina respondenter vittnade om de stora fördelarna med Reading Recovery. Enligt mina observationer stämmer pedagogernas faktiska utförande väl överens med programmets ursprungliga teoribas. / Reading Recovery is a widely disseminated, replicable, early intervention program for the lowest performing first-grade students. Originally, Marie Clay and colleagues constructed Reading Recovery in New Zealand on the base of broad research from the 1970’s and onwards. It utilizes a uniform lesson framework and extensive professional development to help already successful teachers make individual, instructional decisions designed to accelerate the literacy learning of the selected children within one-to-one, 30-minute daily lessons. The children are stimulated to learn to read and write by reading and writing. Short stories are used and writing activities are connected to reading. Emphasis is on teachers guiding children to be independent and learn metacognitive strategies. Reading Recovery students are identified for services based on teachers’ recommendations and the students’ performances on the Observation Survey of Early Literacy Achievement, with a number of wide-ranging assessments. Usually, students who score at or below the 20th percentile on the survey at a particular school are provided the intervention. The fundamental purpose of the program is to reduce the number of students who have severe difficulty developing literacy skills and to reduce the cost of educating them. A majority of the Reading Recovery students do reach the intended goals and in international comparative studies New Zealand usually is among the top ranking countries in reading. All my interviewees testified of the great advantages of Reading Recovery and, according to my conclusions, actual practice is well correlated with theory.