Dans les études géophysiques, l'assimilation de données a pour but d'estimer l'état d'un système ou les paramètres d'un modèle physique de façon optimale. Pour ce faire, l'assimilation de données a besoin de trois types d'informations : des observations, un modèle physique/numérique et une description statistique de l'incertitude associée aux paramètres du système. Dans ma thèse, de nouvelles méthodes d'assimilation de données sont utilisées pour l'étude de la physico-chimie de l'atmosphère: (i) On y utilise de manière conjointe la méthode 4D-Var avec un modèle sous-maille statistique pour tenir compte des erreurs de représentativité. (ii) Des échelles multiples sont prises en compte dans la méthode d'estimation BLUE. (iii) Enfin, la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance est appliquée pour estimer des hyper-paramètres qui paramètrisent les erreurs à priori. Ces trois approches sont appliquées de manière spécifique à des problèmes de modélisation inverse des sources de polluant atmosphérique. Dans une première partie, la modélisation inverse est utilisée afin d'estimer les émissions de monoxyde de carbone sur un domaine représentant la France. Les stations du réseau d'observation considérées sont impactées par les erreurs de représentativité. Un modèle statistique sous-maille est introduit. Il est couplé au système 4D-Var afin de réduire les erreurs de représentativité. En particulier, les résultats de la modélisation inverse montrent que la méthode 4D-Var seule n'est pas adaptée pour gérer le problème de représentativité. Le système d'assimilation des données couplé conduit à une meilleure représentation de la variabilité de la concentration de CO avec une amélioration très significative des indicateurs statistiques. Dans une deuxième partie, on évalue le potentiel du réseau IMS (International Monitoring System) du CTBTO pour l'inversion d'une source accidentelle de radionucléides. Pour évaluer la performance du réseau, une grille multi-échelle adaptative pour l'espace de contrôle est optimisée selon un critère basé sur les degrés de liberté du signal (DFS). Les résultats montrent que plusieurs régions restent sous-observées par le réseau IMS. Dans la troisième et dernière partie, sont estimés les émissions de Composés Organiques Volatils (COVs) sur l'Europe de l'ouest. Cette étude d'inversion est faite sur la base des observations de 14 COVs extraites du réseau EMEP. L'évaluation des incertitudes des valeurs des inventaires d'émission et des erreurs d'observation sont faites selon le principe du maximum de vraisemblance. La distribution des inventaires d'émission a été supposée tantôt gaussienne et tantôt semi-normale. Ces deux hypothèses sont appliquées pour inverser le champs des inventaires d'émission. Les résultats de ces deux approches sont comparés. Bien que la correction apportée sur les inventaires est plus forte avec l'hypothèse Gaussienne que semi-normale, les indicateurs statistiques montrent que l'hypothèse de la distribution semi-normale donne de meilleurs résultats de concentrations que celle Gaussienne. / Data assimilation in geophysical sciences aims at optimally estimating the state of the system or some parameters of the system's physical model. To do so, data assimilation needs three types of information: observations and background information, a physical/numerical model, and some statistical description that prescribes uncertainties to each componenent of the system.In my dissertation, new methodologies of data assimilation are used in atmospheric chemistry and physics: the joint use of a 4D-Var with a subgrid statistical model to consistently account for representativeness errors, accounting for multiple scale in the BLUE estimation principle, and a better estimation of prior errors using objective estimation of hyperparameters. These three approaches will be specifically applied to inverse modelling problems focussing on the emission fields of tracers or pollutants. First, in order to estimate the emission inventories of carbon monoxide over France, in-situ stations which are impacted by the representativeness errors are used. A subgrid model is introduced and coupled with a 4D-Var to reduce the representativeness error. Indeed, the results of inverse modelling showed that the 4D-Var routine was not fit to handle the representativeness issues. The coupled data assimilation system led to a much better representation of theCO concentration variability, with a significant improvement of statistical indicators, and more consistent estimation of the CO emission inventory. Second, the evaluation of the potential of the IMS (International Monitoring System) radionuclide network is performed for the inversion of an accidental source. In order to assess the performance of the global network, a multiscale adaptive grid is optimised using a criterion based on degrees of freedom for the signal (DFS). The results show that several specific regions remain poorly observed by the IMS network. Finally, the inversion of the surface fluxes of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are carried out over Western Europe using EMEP stations. The uncertainties of the background values of the emissions, as well as the covariance matrix of the observation errors, are estimated according to the maximum likelihood principle. The prior probability density function of the control parameters is chosen to be Gaussian or semi-normal distributed. Grid-size emission inventories are inverted under these two statistical assumptions. The two kinds of approaches are compared. With the Gaussian assumption, the departure between the posterior and the prior emission inventories is higher than when using the semi-normal assumption, but that method does not provide better scores than the semi-normal in a forecast experiment.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-11-07T15:00:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Cristina Reis Conceição Rodrigues_.pdf: 1745527 bytes, checksum: be8c61c46823490ebcd75bddeec91fb4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-07T15:00:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Cristina Reis Conceição Rodrigues_.pdf: 1745527 bytes, checksum: be8c61c46823490ebcd75bddeec91fb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-20 / Nenhuma / O texto desta dissertação destaca a potencialidade da Escola de Educação Infantil como ambiente de socialização e reconhecimento das diferenças étnico-raciais. Consistirá na retomada da aplicação efetiva da lei 10.639/03 CNE 03 através de atividades que fazem as crianças refletirem sobre a cultura negra e desmistificar preconceitos criados na sociedade. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas escolas municipais localizadas no município de São Leopoldo, sendo denominadas como Escola A e Escola B. Participaram da pesquisa duas turmas de faixa etária de 5 anos, compostas por 27 e 21 crianças. A metodologia qualitativa foi utilizada no processo de elaboração da pesquisa, realizando a coleta de dados a partir de observações do grupo focal, entrevistas com seis professores da escola A e quatro da escola B e dois e relatos das professoras que receberam a pesquisadora em suas turmas, tendo como objetivo principal analisar as representações sociais e raciais da criança negra na educação básica. Foram levados em consideração os seguintes questionamentos: De que forma o ambiente educacional influencia na formação da identidade étnico-racial da criança afrodescendente? Quais as implicações da falta de visibilidade no ambiente escolar na aprendizagem e autoestima da criança negra na educação infantil? Diante da formação educacional adquirida, como esse sujeito se manifesta na realidade social e racial debatida nesses últimos tempos? Os resultados da pesquisa foram os seguintes: melhor socialização das crianças; diminuição de conflitos gerados por situação de preconceito e exclusão; melhora da autoestima das crianças afrodescendentes; alegria e representatividade das crianças negras através da consciência da existência de princesas, príncipes, super-heróis, e guerreiros negros, no imaginário das crianças; conscientização das professoras que prosseguiram com a inserção de histórias que favoreçam a representatividade e visibilidade da criança negra no ambiente escolar, bem como possibilitando uma educação antirracista baseada na equidade e do respeito pelas diferenças. / The dissertation will highlight the potential of the School of Early Childhood Education as an environment of socialization and recognition of ethnic-racial differences. It will consist of the resumption of effective application of Law 10.639 / 03 CNE 03 through activities that make children reflect on black culture and demystify prejudices created in their environment. The research was realized in two municipal schools located in São Leopoldo, being denominated as School A and School B. Two groups of age group 5, composed of 27 and 21 children, participated in the study. The qualitative methodology was used in the process of elaboration of the research, performing the data collection from observations of the focus group, interviews with 6 teachers from school A and 4 from school B and 2 and reports from the teachers who received the researcher in their classes with the main objective of analyzing the social and racial representations of the black child in basic education. The following questions were taken into account: How does the educational environment influence the formation of the ethnic-racial identity of the Afrodescendant child? What are the implications of the lack of visibility in the school environment in the learning and self-esteem of the black child in early childhood education? In front of the educational formation acquired how is this subject manifested in the social and racial reality debated in recent times? The following results were obtained in this research: better socialization of the children; reduction of conflicts generated by situations of prejudice and exclusion of the black children; improvement in the self-esteem of Afro-descendant children; joy and representativeness of black children through the awareness of the existence of princesses, princes, superheroes and warriors in the children's imagination; awareness of the teachers who continued with the insertion of stories that favor the representativeness and visibility of the black culture in the school environment, as well as enabling an antiracist education based on equity and respect for the differences.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:56:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Aparecida Venturozo de Queiroz.pdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The growth of unemployment, together with the changes in the labor market and their own economic organization in Brazil and worldwide, is triggering a strong process of expansion of new forms of work and production organization. The Solidarity Economy has been widely presented and discussed, both in academia and in the institutional environment, as a possible alternative to unemployment and job insecurity, and have the cooperative movement as an important tool in this process. The cooperative garbage collectors, like other members, working for the same ideals and united by the same goals, directing its activities to meet their personal and financial needs, and the appreciation of the work. In this sense, the objective of this study is to discuss the role of labor unions in promoting solidarity economy, from a case study conducted by the Badameiros Cooperative of Feira de Santana (COOBAFS), identifying that economic and social benefits this organization provided to their members. An analytical survey was conducted, conducted in the form of a case study with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the initiative despite facing problems related to the absence of external supporters and local government, has managed to maintain its continuity over time, fairly ensuring the survival of its members which, in most cases, receive monthly up to one minimum wage They are women and have not finished elementary level. It is concluded that the initiative has contributed to enable the withdrawal of its public economic marginalization and precarious spaces and working conditions, but still need to take significant steps to ensure that these better quality of living conditions and health, which It could be solved if there were in the local community, effective support from public authorities, in promoting solidarity economy, through projects that congregassem support to recyclers, which reveal a niche market to be explored in the city, reserved for political neglect / O crescimento do desemprego, juntamente com as modificações no mercado de trabalho e na própria organização econômica no Brasil e no mundo, está desencadeando um forte processo de expansão de novas formas de organização do trabalho e da produção. A Economia Solidária vem sendo amplamente apresentada e discutida, tanto no meio acadêmico como no ambiente institucional, como uma possível alternativa ao desemprego e à precariedade do trabalho, e tem o cooperativismo como um importante instrumento neste processo. Os catadores de lixo cooperativados, assim como outros cooperados, trabalham em prol dos mesmos ideais e unidos pelos mesmos objetivos, direcionando suas atividades para a satisfação das suas necessidades financeiras e pessoais, e da valorização do trabalho. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse estudo é discutir o papel das cooperativas de trabalho na promoção da Economia Solidária, a partir de um estudo de caso realizado junto à Cooperativa de Badameiros de Feira de Santana (COOBAFS), identificando que benefícios econômicos e sociais esta organização proporcionou a seus associados. Foi realizada uma pesquisa analítica, conduzida sob a forma de um estudo de caso, com abordagem qualitativa. Os resultados demonstraram que a iniciativa apesar de enfrentar problemas relacionados à ausência de apoiadores externos e do governo local, vem conseguindo manter sua continuidade ao longo dos tempos, garantindo razoavelmente a sobrevida de seus cooperados que, em sua maioria, recebem mensalmente até um salário mínimo, são mulheres e possuem o nível fundamental incompleto. Conclui-se que a iniciativa tem contribuído para possibilitar a retirada de seu público da marginalização econômica e do precarização de espaços e condições de trabalho, mas ainda precisa avançar de modo significativo para garantir a esses melhores condições de qualidade de vida e saúde, o que poderia ser resolvido, se houvesse na comunidade local, apoio efetivo das entidades públicas, na promoção da economia solidária, por meio de projetos que congregassem o apoio aos recicladores, que revelam um nicho de mercado a ser explorado no município, reservado ao descaso político

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:56:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Kenji Murahara.pdf: 2267328 bytes, checksum: e636ca3a25dffd917ee961f9ff0e6b82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study consisted on a phenomenological study about the representativeness process of scholars with intellectual disability in a public school of São Paulo. The aim of the study was to investigate how the inclusion actors comprehended this process. The first theoretical chapter contained a discussion about the intellectual disability while the second chapter discussed the concepts of inclusive education, social movements and inclusive practices in the school. Regarding the method, the epistemological aspects were initially introduced, followed by the descriptions of preparatory meetings and all activities related to representativeness in among the scholars. The chosen approach was the reflective interview, and the participants were: the SAAI educator, the representative scholars, the pedagogical coordinators and the mother of a representative scholar. The analysis of the data has shown that the process of representativeness was comprehended, in its educative dimension, by a wide variety of aspects. On the other hand, the theoretical studies and the analysis indicated a dichotomy among the social participation and inclusive education. Becoming a representative was a very meaningful experience for the scholars with intellectual disabilities. Furthermore, having their opinion expressed and the sensibility of being comprehended are the basis of an effective school participation. We realized that it is important for the school to make adaptations as a guarantee for the scholars with intellectual disability to get involved in a representative environment. Finally, the present research may contribute to future discussions about public policies, that should aim on the appropriation of the representative spaces in school and on the encouragement of the active participation of scholars with intellectual disability / O presente trabalho consistiu em um estudo fenomenológico sobre o processo de representatividade de educandos com deficiência intelectual em uma escola municipal de educação fundamental de São Paulo, com o objetivo de investigar como o processo de representatividade escolar é compreendido pelos diferentes atores envolvidos na inclusão desses educandos. O primeiro capítulo fundamentou teoricamente a deficiência intelectual, enquanto o segundo capítulo referiuse às noções de educação inclusiva, movimentos sociais e práticas inclusivas escolares. Com relação ao método, apresentouse uma discussão sobre os aspectos epistemológicos da pesquisa, seguido da apresentação do contexto da pesquisa, que contemplou a descrição das reuniões preparatórias e das atividades relativas aos educandos representantes ocorridas na escola. O instrumento de coleta escolhido foi a entrevista reflexiva, sendo os participantes: a educadora da SAAI, os educandos representantes, as duas coordenadoras pedagógicas e a mãe de uma educanda representante. As análises apontaram para o fenômeno da representatividade como um processo que pode ser compreendido em sua dimensão educativa, que revelou muitos aspectos sobre a inclusão escolar do educando com deficiência. No entanto, tanto os estudos teóricos quanto as análises indicaram uma dicotomia entre as questões da participação social e da educação inclusiva. Verificouse que a experiência de se tornar representantes foi muito significativa para os educandos com deficiência intelectual. Além disso, compreendeuse a importância na relação entre a expressão dos educandos e a disposição sensível na escuta pelos educadores, condição para que haja uma efetiva participação na escola. Percebeuse ser necessário realizar adaptações como garantia para o envolvimento do educando com deficiência em um ambiente de representatividade. O presente estudo pode contribuir para futuras discussões sobre políticas públicas que foquem na apropriação dos espaços de representatividade escolar e sobre a participação do educando com deficiência na escola

La négociation collective est une pratique apparue, en France, à l’aube du XXe siècle. Elle compense au niveau collectif le déséquilibre entre employeur et salarié inhérent à tout contrat de travail individuel. L’essor de la pratique conventionnelle a conduit le législateur à élaborer un véritable droit de la négociation collective tendant à l’amélioration des conditions de vie et de travail des salariés.Depuis 1982, la négociation collective a également pour finalité l’amélioration de l’organisation de l’entreprise et des relations de travail. Les accords collectifs organisationnels défendent des intérêts plus généraux tels que l’intérêt de l’entreprise ou de la société et non plus uniquement l’intérêt catégoriel des salariés. Ils peuvent ainsi créer des obligations à la charge des salariés ou contenir des dispositions qui leurs sont moins favorables.Pour permettre aux accords organisationnels de développer pleinement leurs effets, le législateur a réformé les règles protectrices des salariés et autorisé les accords collectifs – notamment d’entreprise – à déroger, dans un sens moins favorable, à la loi ou à un accord supérieur.Cette étude a pour objet de démontrer qu’une autre voie était possible. En effet, la consécration des accords organisationnels pouvait se réaliser sans porter atteinte aux règles protectrices des salariés, traditionnellement inhérentes au droit du travail. Néanmoins, le caractère potentiellement dérogatoire ou « donnant-donnant » des accords organisationnels obligeait à réformer les règles relatives à leur légitimité. / As the 20th century dawned in France collective bargaining emerged as a new practice. At mass-level it compensates the inequality between an employer and an employee in the power relationship which stems from any individual employment contract.Following the development of that conventional practice lawmakers have established a new field of lawconcerning collective bargaining which aims at improving the working and living conditions of salaried workers.Since 1982, the aim of collective bargaining has been extended to cover the improvement of organization andrelations on the workplace. Organizational collective agreements have come to defend (more) general interestssuch as the interest of a given company or of society and not only the interests of the different categories of salaried workers. These agreements can thus create duties for the employees or contain clauses witch are less favourable to them.In order for the organizational agreements to be fully effective law-makers have reformed the regulations which govern the protection of employees and in some cases even approved collective agreements -namely company agreements- which depart from the law or higher level agreement, and become less favourable.This study will demonstrate that it was possible to act differently.Indeed organizational agreements could have existed without infringing the protection of worker’s rights, such asit is required by labour law. Nevertheless, the potentially less favourable character or quid pro quo principle of organizational agreements required reforming the rules relating their legitimacy

Ce travail de recherche porte sur la mise en place d’outils permettant d’évaluer le transfert en éléments trace des sols agricoles vers les plantes. Il a été ciblé sur quatre éléments trace métalliques réglementés dans le sol et/ou la plante à savoir le cadmium, le cuivre, le plomb, le zinc, ainsi qu’un élément trace supplémentaire en voie de réglementation, l’arsenic. Dans un premier temps, un protocole d’échantillonnage a été développé afin de disposer d’un outil de diagnostic pré-récolte. Le cahier des charges a été défini de telle façon que ce protocole soit opérationnel, représentatif de la parcelle, applicable pour différentes parcelles et cultures et autorise une spatialisation de la concentration en éléments trace. Il est de type aléatoire stratifié afin de pouvoir couvrir la totalité de la surface étudiée. Dans un second temps, l’étude s’est portée sur le développement d’une méthode d’analyse des sols par électrochimie afin de disposer d’un outil d’évaluation de la biodisponibilité potentielle des éléments traces et donc du risque de transfert sol - plante. Pour ce faire, les concentrations des éléments sous leurs formes électrolabiles ont été déterminées par voltammétrie de redissolution anodique utilisant des électrodes sérigraphiées élaborées au laboratoire. La méthode a été développée et validée à partir d’une solution de sol de référence minéralisé. Elle a été par la suite appliquée à des solutions de différents sols agricoles obtenues par lixiviation selon un protocole normalisé (NF ISO 18772). / This study concerns the establishment of tools, which allow evaluating the transfer of trace elements from agricultural soils to plants. It focused on four metal trace elements regulated in soil and/or in plants, which are cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, as well as a trace element in the process of regulation, arsenic. First, a sampling protocol was developed in order to dispose of a tool of pre-harvest diagnostic. The specifications were defined such that this protocol is operational, representative of the parcel, applicable to various parcels and crops and authorizes a spatial distribution of the trace element concentration. It is based on random stratified type in order to be able to cover the whole of the considered area. Then, the study focused on the development of a soil analysis method by electrochemistry in order to dispose of a tool for assessing the potential bioavailability of trace elements and therefore the risk of the soil - plant transfer. For that, the electrolabile form concentrations of these elements were determined by anodic stripping voltammetry using screen printed electrodes produced at the laboratory. The method was developed and validated from a solution of a mineralized certified reference soil. It was subsequently applied to solutions of different agricultural soils obtained by leaching according to a normalized protocol (NF ISO 18772).

A gestão dos recursos hídricos no Brasil deve ser participativa, por isso foram criados os Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica (CBH), instâncias onde ocorre um processo de tomada de decisões sobre os recursos hídricos. Isto se dá mediante a participação de segmentos sociais envolvidos com esse recurso: usuários da água, população da bacia hidrográfica e poder público. A participação é garantida por lei, mas surgem indagações acerca da garantia da representação efetiva da sociedade. Desse modo, o presente estudo tratou de analisar a representação e a representatividade dos representantes do comitê de bacia hidrográfica do rio Taquari-Antas. A pesquisa baseou-se na abordagem qualitativa e foi dividida em dois blocos: a) História do CBH; b) Representação e representatividade dos representantes do CBH. As técnicas de coleta de dados empregadas foram: a pesquisa documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas, questionário e observação sistemática. As técnicas de análise e de interpretação dos dados utilizadas foram: análise de conteúdo, análise SWOT e análise quantitativa simples (porcentagem). A base sobre a qual se assentou a criação do CBH TA foi sólida, fundamentada nas prerrogativas da legislação de recursos hídricos do Rio Grande do Sul e com ampla participação da sociedade. A pesquisa constatou que a estrutura teórica de composição do CBH contempla os princípios de igualdade e equidade de representação, o que confere aos diversos atores sociais as mesmas condições de influenciar no processo de negociação sobre a gestão dos recursos. No entanto, os aspectos teóricos da representação não se efetivaram na prática. Isso ocorreu porque nem todos os segmentos ocuparam o seu espaço dentro dessa instância participativa. A representatividade foi vista como um dos pilares para o êxito da atuação do CBH dentro da bacia hidrográfica (BH). Contudo, ela poucas vezes foi o foco central das discussões, não ocorrendo o seu aprofundamento. A temática e a quantidade de deliberações e assuntos tratados no CBH TA influenciaram a representação e a representatividade dos representantes. A representação do CBH TA na gestão 7 está atualmente comprometida, pois não garante a presença igualitária de todos os segmentos envolvidos com a questão das águas. Assim, ela não inclui todos os stakeholders de forma equitativa no processo de negociação e tomada de decisões sobre as águas. A representatividade dos representantes ainda é muito fragmentada e não alcança e nem estabelece um diálogo entre as diversas vozes da sociedade da BH. Assim, se está longe de estruturar uma representatividade efetiva dos representantes que garanta que eles sejam de fato os porta-vozes da totalidade da sociedade da BH. O segmento dos usuários da água possui a representação e a representatividade mais expressiva frente aos demais setores. Nesse contexto, estratégias que fortaleçam a representação e a representatividade dos segmentos da população da BH e do poder público devem ser estruturadas para que possam ocupar o seu espaço no CBH. Existem pontos fracos que merecem ser resolvidos para que a representação e a representatividade sejam efetivadas e se tornem cada vez mais significativas. É nesse sentido que a presente pesquisa deve se desenvolver futuramente, aprofundando a compreensão sobre as dificuldades identificadas a fim de estruturar estratégias e metodologias que possam fortalecer a representação e a representatividade social do CBH TA. / As the management of water resources in Brazil must be participatory, Watershed Committees (WSC) were created in order to enable decision making processes on water resources. Such an aim is reached through the participation of social groups involved with this resource: water users, watershed population and government. Even though this participation is ensured by law, some issues may arise on the guarantee of the effective society share. Thereby, the analysis was performed on the representatives of the Antas-Taquari river Watershed Comitee both on their representation and representativeness. The research was based on a qualitative approach and was divided into two blocks: a) History of the WSC; b) representation and representativeness of the WSC representatives. The techniques used for data collection were: documentary research, semi-structured interviews, questionnaire and systematic observation. The techniques used for analysis and interpretation of data were: content analysis, SWOT analysis and simple quantitative analysis (percentage). The TA WSC was established on a solid foundation, based on the prerogatives of water resources law in force in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with broad society participation. The theoretical structure of the WSC composition contemplates the principles of equality and equity of representation, so ensuring all participants to have the same conditions to influence negotiation processes on resources management. However, the theoretical aspects of the representation were not effectively implemented in practice due to the fact that some segments had not covered their role within the participatory instance. The representativeness was seen as one of the pillars for the successful operation of the WSC inside the WS. However, it was rarely the central focus of the discussions, so preventing the deepening of the subject. The theme and the amount of deliberations and issues dealt with in the TA WSC influenced both representatives’ representation and representativeness. The representation of the TA WSC in the management 7 is currently compromised, as the equal presence of all segments involved with the water issue is not ensured. Therefore, it does not include all stakeholders equally in the negotiation and decision-making processes on the water. The representatives’ representativeness is still very fragmented on the WS and does not reach nor establishes a dialog between the diverse voices present in the WS community. Therefore, we are far from structuring an effective representation of the representatives that makes them the actual spokesmen of all the WS community. The segment of water users has more expressive representation and representativeness than other sectors. As a perspective to this aspect, strategies that strengthen the representation and the representativeness of the WS population and of the government must be structured so that they can occupy their space in the WSC. In this context, there are weaknesses that must be addressed so that the representation and representativeness take effect and become increasingly significant. It is towards this objective that this research should be developed hereafter, deepening the understanding about the difficulties identified in order to structure strategies and methodologies that can strengthen the social representation and representativeness in the TA WSC.

Tyrimo tikslas - palyginti vadovų racionalaus/intuityvaus kognityvinių stilių sąsajas su reprezentatyvumo ir pasiekiamumo euristikų panaudojimo dažnumu priimant sprendimus tyrime pateiktose užduotyse. Tyrime dalyvavo 152 Kauno mieste ar rajone dirbantys gyventojai (moterys ir vyrai), kurie buvo suskirstyti į dvi grupes: 1) vadovaujamas pareigas užimantys darbuotojai (N=85), vadovaujantys skirtingam darbuotojų skaičiui, iš kurių buvo 49 (57.6 proc.) moterys ir 36 (42.4 proc.) vyrai; 2) nevadovaujamas pareigas užimantys darbuotojai (N= 67), iš kurių buvo 38 (56.7 proc.) moterys ir 29 (43.3 proc.) vyrai. Tiriamieji turėjo užpildyti anonimines anketas, kuriose buvo panaudotos 2 skalės matuojančios racionalų/intuityvų kognityvinį stilių ir 3 užduotys, kuriose pasireiškia reprezentatyvumo ir pasiekiamumo euristikų panaudojimas. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad reprezentatyvumo euristiką panaudoja dažniau vadovai turintys dominuojantį intuityvų kognityvinį stilių, bei didesnį darbo stažą turintys vadovai pasižymintys dominuojančiu racionaliu kognityviniu stiliumi. Tačiau tyrime reikšmingų skirtumų nebuvo rasta tarp lyties, amžiaus, kognityvinio stiliaus ir reprezentatyvumo euristikos panaudojimo dažnio. / The aim of the research is to compare the correlation between rational/intuitive cognitive styles and usage rate of representativeness and availability heuristics in managers' decision making according to the presented tasks. 152 people (men and women) working in Kaunas city or district have participated in the research. The participants were divided into two groups: 1) people working in management positions (N=85) supervising a different number of employees, this group consists of 49 (57.6 %) women and 36 (42.4 %) men; 2) people working in non-management positions (N= 67), 38 (56.7 %) women and 29 (43.3 %) men among them. Respondents had to fill in anonymous questionnaires which included two scales measuring rational/intuitive cognitive style and thee tasks revealing the usage of representativeness and availability heuristics. The results of the research show that representativeness heuristics is used more often by managers with dominating intuitive cognitive style and managers with higher work experience with dominating rational cognitive style. The research however did not reveal any significant distinctions in sex, age, cognitive style and usage rate of representativeness heuristic.

Data assimilation in geophysical sciences aims at optimally estimating the state of the system or some parameters of the system's physical model. To do so, data assimilation needs three types of information: observations and background information, a physical/numerical model, and some statistical description that prescribes uncertainties to each componenent of the system.In my dissertation, new methodologies of data assimilation are used in atmospheric chemistry and physics: the joint use of a 4D-Var with a subgrid statistical model to consistently account for representativeness errors, accounting for multiple scale in the BLUE estimation principle, and a better estimation of prior errors using objective estimation of hyperparameters. These three approaches will be specifically applied to inverse modelling problems focussing on the emission fields of tracers or pollutants. First, in order to estimate the emission inventories of carbon monoxide over France, in-situ stations which are impacted by the representativeness errors are used. A subgrid model is introduced and coupled with a 4D-Var to reduce the representativeness error. Indeed, the results of inverse modelling showed that the 4D-Var routine was not fit to handle the representativeness issues. The coupled data assimilation system led to a much better representation of theCO concentration variability, with a significant improvement of statistical indicators, and more consistent estimation of the CO emission inventory. Second, the evaluation of the potential of the IMS (International Monitoring System) radionuclide network is performed for the inversion of an accidental source. In order to assess the performance of the global network, a multiscale adaptive grid is optimised using a criterion based on degrees of freedom for the signal (DFS). The results show that several specific regions remain poorly observed by the IMS network. Finally, the inversion of the surface fluxes of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are carried out over Western Europe using EMEP stations. The uncertainties of the background values of the emissions, as well as the covariance matrix of the observation errors, are estimated according to the maximum likelihood principle. The prior probability density function of the control parameters is chosen to be Gaussian or semi-normal distributed. Grid-size emission inventories are inverted under these two statistical assumptions. The two kinds of approaches are compared. With the Gaussian assumption, the departure between the posterior and the prior emission inventories is higher than when using the semi-normal assumption, but that method does not provide better scores than the semi-normal in a forecast experiment.

PESSOA, Márcio Kleber Morais. A crise do sindicalismo e o caso do Sindicato APEOC: uma análise a partir da greve de 2011. 2015. 215f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-16T11:21:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_mkmpessoa.pdf: 22890677 bytes, checksum: 35e4e27d8db56df47def8f7d54133b7e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-16T13:11:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_mkmpessoa.pdf: 22890677 bytes, checksum: 35e4e27d8db56df47def8f7d54133b7e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-16T13:11:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_mkmpessoa.pdf: 22890677 bytes, checksum: 35e4e27d8db56df47def8f7d54133b7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This Master’s dissertation general goal is to discuss the contemporary labor union crisis, having as empirical focus the relationship between teachers from the state of Ceará and their representative entity, the APEOC union, covering the period from the 2011 strike until now. This discussion will seek to elucidate the consequences of that strike on the relationship between the grass roots and the union leaders, given that that movement was ended leaving tensions between the related subjects. To carry out this research, the chosen empirical field consists of the interactions environments between the grass roots and the union leaders, just as: demonstrations, general assemblies and others. Moreover, data was collected in two schools from the state of Ceará: one in the capital, Fortaleza, and another in the interior. The goal is to understand these subjects’ visions on the role of their labor union in the analyzed period. The field research in the school of the capital occurred between February and May of 2014. In the interior one, the investigation occurred between July and December of the same year. The dissertation text presents the narrative of the strike, from social dramas methodological resources, following Victor Turner’s formulations, the analysis of elements of tension and conflicts between the parts during and after the strike movement and the position of interviewed teachers from the two schools chosen as empirical field. Some of the results founded out were: the 2011 strike has generated conflicts between the union leaders and the grass roots; these conflicts reveal processes of oligarchization, bureaucratization and relative nationalization of APEOC union, that foster its representativeness crisis, demobilizing the grass roots. Furthermore, the teaching staff perceived in their profession what Graça Druck names dismantling, what was confirmed by the analysis of laws related to the activity, besides how the Plan of Posts, Careers and Salaries was restructured after 2011. The dissertation concluded that the dismantling appears as a way of fragmentation of the category when it sprays teacher’s demands, what is enhanced by its intern fragmentation, namely, by the category’s intern conflicts related to the way the 2011 strike was ended. / O objetivo geral desta dissertação de mestrado é discutir a crise do sindicalismo contemporâneo, tendo como foco empírico as relações entre professores da rede estadual do Ceará e sua entidade representativa, o sindicato APEOC, abarcando o período que vai da greve de 2011 até o presente. Essa discussão buscará elucidar as consequências daquela greve na relação entre base e sindicalistas, visto que aquele movimento foi encerrado deixando tensões entre os sujeitos relacionados. Para a realização desta pesquisa, o campo empírico eleito se compõe dos ambientes de interação da base com o sindicato, tais como: manifestações públicas, assembleias gerais e outros. Além disso, foi realizado levantamento de dados em duas escolas da rede estadual do Ceará: uma na capital, Fortaleza, e outra no interior. O objetivo disso é buscar apreender as visões desses sujeitos sobre a atuação do seu sindicato no período analisado. A pesquisa de campo na escola da capital ocorreu entre fevereiro e maio de 2014. Já na escola do interior, a investigação ocorreu entre julho e dezembro do mesmo ano. O texto da dissertação apresenta a narrativa da greve, a partir do recurso metodológico dos dramas sociais, seguindo as formulações de Victor Turner, a análise dos elementos de tensão e conflito entre as partes, durante e após o movimento grevista e as posturas dos professores entrevistados das duas escolas escolhidas como campo empírico. Alguns resultados encontrados foram: que a greve de 2011 gerou conflitos entre direção sindical e base, que se mantêm até os dias atuais; que esses revelam processos de oligarquização, burocratização e relativa estatização do sindicato APEOC, que fomentam sua crise de representatividade, desmobilizando a base. Ademais, os docentes percebem em sua profissão o que Graça Druck denomina de desmantelamento, o que foi confirmado pela análise de leis relacionadas à atividade, além da forma como o Plano de Cargos, Carreiras e Salários foi estruturado após 2011. A dissertação conclui que o desmantelamento se apresenta como uma forma de fragmentação da categoria ao pulverizar as demandas dos professores, o que é potencializado pela sua fragmentação interna, isto é, pelos conflitos internos à categoria relacionados à forma como a greve de 2011 foi encerrada.